R. S. JOSHI, S.T.O. GUJARAT ETC. ETC v. AJIT MILLS LTD., AHMEDABAD ETC. ETC & Anr.

The meat of the matter-rather, the core of the dispute-ignoring, for the moment, minor variations among the several appeals which we may relegate for separate treatment-is as to whether it is permissible for the State Legislature to enact, having regard to the triple Lists of the Seventh Schedule and Articles 14 ·and 19, that sums collected by dealers by way of sales tax but are not exigible under the State law and, indeed, prohibited by it-shall be forfeited to the public ex- chequer punitively under Entry 54 read with Entry 64 of List II. The Gujarat State whose Jaw, in this behalf, was held ultra vires by the High Court, has, in its appeal by certificate, raised this issue squarely and argued for an answer affirmatively. The law we are concerned with is the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959 (Bombay Act LI of 1959) (for short, the Act) applicable during the relevant period to the Gujarat State, although the State of Maharashtra itself has since modified the law, as pointed out by Shri Nariman, who intervened on behalf of that State, to supplement and substantiate the validity of the legislation. The statutory provisions which have succumbed to unconstitu tionality (as expounded by the High Court) are ss. 37(1) and 46 of the Act. The High Cdurt of Maharashtra, however, has taken a dia metrically opposite view and other High Courts have ranged them selves on one side or the other in this controversy, while dealing with more or less similar statutes. We confine our judgment to the Act that is before us and do not go into the validity of the other statutes which have been incidentally referred to in court. The point involved is so critical, yet delicate, that, that even short but significant variations in the scheme of the statute may well spell a result which is opposite. We will now proceed to project preliminarily factual-legal setting in order to appreciate whether the legicidal blow delivered by the High Court is merited or not. Fortunately, the fact~ are few and (1) (1876) 94 U.S. 113 (quoted in Lab~r Board v. Jones and Laughlin, 301 · U.S. 1, 33-34-Corwin, Constitution of the U.S.A., Introduct1on, p. xxxi). --f "' y -- /v I - - R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer, J.) 34 5 not in dispute and lend themselves to sharp focus on the legal screen. The respondent, a registered dealer under the Act, was, by 1mpLcation of the provisions, eLgible to pass on sales-tax leviable from him to the purchaser but several commodities, espec•ally the necessaries of life, were not liable to tax (s. 5). Other situations of non-exig1biLty also exist. Yet several dealers showed a tendency, under the guise of sales tax levy, to collect from buyers such tax even in regard to tax free items or sums in excess of the tax payable by them or where the dealers were not even assessable. The l'kelihood of such abuse of the sales-tax law induced the legislature to protect the public burden by enacting a prohibition under s. 46 against such collection from customers. A mere prohibitory provision may remain a 'pious wish', unless, to make it effect ve, the statute puts teeth into it. Sec tion 37(1) (a) and s. 63(1) (h) are the claws of s. 46 which go into action, departmentally or criminallv. when there is violation. Even here we may read s. 46 ( 1) and (2) : "46 (I) No person shall collect any snm by way of tax in respect of sale of any goods on which by virtue of section 5 no tax is payable. (2) No person, who is not a Registered dealer and liable to pay tax in respect of any sale or purchase, shall collect on the sale of any goods any sum by way of tax from any other person and no Registered dealer shall collect any amount by way of tax in excess of the amount of tax payable by him under the provisions of this Act. Although there is no specific provision enabling the dealer to pass on the tax to the customer, there is a necessary implication in s. 46 authorising such recovery, it being optional for him to do so or not. The pr:mary fabi!Hy to pay the tax is on the dealer but it ;s a well estabFshed trade pract'ce which has received express or implied legis lative cognisance, that the dealer is not proh'b'ted from passing on the tax to the other party to the sale. Such a usage is implicit in s. 46 of the Act although what is explicit in the provis'on is that nothing shall be collected by way of tax in respect of sale of any goods exemp ted under s. 5 and no reg'stered dealer shall exact by way of tax any snm exceeding what is payable under the Act. Of course one who is not a registered dealer, cannot collect any sum by way of tax from any In short, there is a triple taboo writ into s. 46. This other person. prohibitory project is made operational, as stated earlier, by two other provisions one sounding in criminal and the other in departmental pro ceedings. Sectipn 63(1) (h) makes it an offence to contravene the provisions of s. 46 (read above) and imposes, on conviction. a punishment of simple 'morisonment (upto 6 months) with or without fine _ (upto Rs. 2.000/-). We may excerpt s. 63 (1 )(h) since that may have to be referred to later : "63(1)(h) Whoever contravenes any of the provisions of section 46, shall on conviction, be punished with simple imprisonment 11-768SCil77 A B c D E F H A B c D E F G H 346 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 S.C.R. which may extend to six months or with fine not exceeding two thousand rupees, or w"th both; and when the offence i.• a continuing one, with a daily fine not exceeding one hundred rupees during the period of continuance of the offence." Section 37 ( 1) relates to imposition of penalty departmentally for con travention of s. 46. It reads : "~7(1)(a) If any person, not being a dealer liable to pay tax under this Act, collects any sum by way of tax in excess of the tax payable by h m, or otherwise collects tax in contravention of the provisions of section 46, he shall be liable to pay, in addition to any tax for which he may be liable, a penalty as follows : (1) where there has been a contravention referred to in clause (a), a penalty of an amoun\ not exceed'ng ·· two thousand rupees; .... and, in additwn, . ... any sum collec ted by the person by way of tax in contravention of section 46 shall be forfeited to the State Government." (emphasis supplied). y • The provisions impugned are ss. 46 and 37(1) (especially the under scored part) and the grounds urged to make out unconstitutionality are dealt with below. It is fair to state that Shri Kaji and Shri B. Sen, appearing for two separate dealers, did dispel the impression that the Trade was often to blame for abuse and did make out that in many cases the Revenue drove the dealers to collect, by way of tax, sums from the customers since the law was uncertain and was often overzealously interpreted against the assessees by the Caesarist officials of the department. For instance, the assessing authority construed the entries in the Act habi- . tually against the assessees or wriggled out of legal and constitutional bans compelling them to go up in litigation to the High Court and the Supreme Court and win their point only to find that, after all expense and delay and strenuous endeavour to establish that the tax forfeiture was not exigible, the department quietly resorted to 'Heads I win, tails you lose'-was the comfortable position provision. of the Revenue, thanks to the draconic attitude of the tax collectors to view with hostility any legitimate cla'm for exemption. The pur- chasing public eventually suffered, as the merchants were not eager for phyrric victories by litigating for tax exemption. Shri Kaji mentioned, for instance, the case of works contracls, forward contracts, hire-purchase agreements, compulsory transfers. casual sales, artistk works and the like where the persistence of the department drove dealers to achieve victorious futilities, for, at the end of the litigation, they d'd succeed in law but lost in fact, the mogey being claimed back under s. 37(1)(a) by the Commissioner. '"'-<·~ Shri B. Sen, appearing for the respondent in Civil Appeal No. 533 of 1975 had a more sorrowful tale to tell. The honest dealer made R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer, J.) . 347 ; A B c D a return of the total sums collected by him on the turnover and it was discovered by the sales tax officer that certain items were· not taxable and, therefore, refund was due. He directed refund and foilowed it up with an ironic post-script, as it were, forfeiting that amount under s. 37(1)(a) of the Act. Certainly, these illustrations do emphasize that the scope of s. 37(1) (a) is not restricted to sums collected along w;th the price by dealers by way of tax with a touch of turpitude but also innocently on the strength of the actual or anticipated (albeit) erroneous view of the tax· officers themselves. Certainly, fiscal minions of Government, if they blatantly misuse power and overtax to bring discredit to a benignant State, must be· publicly punished since respect for the law is not a one-way street. We will bear this in mind when discussing the vires of the challenged provisions, although even here we must mention that a large number of dealers for whom the legislation is made apparently envisage guilty levies under the guise of sales tax. A law has to be adjudged for its consti tufonality by the generality of cases it covers, not by the freaks and In any view, the fact is not disputed that the exceptions it martyrs. dealers against whom s. 46 and s. 37(1) (a) have been applied have collected sums by way of tax which are not exigible tax. The respondents have all collected from their customers amounts qua sales tax which come within the coils of s. 46. The tax officials discovered this deviance and, acting on the prohibition plus penalty contained in the sum s. 46 read withs. 37(1), imposed penalties and collected by the persons by way of tax in contravention of s. 46 less amounts shown to have been refunded to the customers as wrong levy of sales tax. The last limb of forfeiture, sustainable ifs. 37(1) were intra vires in toto, has been invalidated by the High Court; and the aggrieved State, bewailing the huge financial implications of th;s hold- ing and urging that the morality and competency of the impugned provi- sion ;s unassailable, has appealed. We may also state that Shri S. T. Desai has assured the Court that the conscionable stand of the State is-and they will abide by this assurance-that if the dealer repays to the purchaser the forfeiture will not apply to such sums. forfeited The trinity of points in controversy turns on (a) legislative com- petency; (b) contravention of Art. 19; and (c) breach of processual equality guarnateed under Art. 14. The pivotal problem is one of legis lative competency. The other two, if good, are sufficient to void the provisions under challenge but have been feebly put forward, counsel being perhaps aware of the bleak prospects. F He who runs and reads gets the facts without difficulty since the G Revenue has done nothing more than forfeit the sums recovered from customers by dealers in the teeth of s. 46, less refunded sums, if any. Even so, the State, under our constitutional scheme, bas limited legis lative powers restricted to List II and List III of the Seventh Schedule. Ifs. 37(1) (a) spills over the Entr'es in List II (Entries 54 and 64) and cannot· be salvaged under the doctrine of ancillary powers. law must be bad, morality notwi•bstanding. The State bas no divine H ·right to rob the robber. The money, if illegally gathered either by mistake or by mendac; ty, must go back to whom it belongs, and not to the State. Nor is there any legislative entry which arms the State to / / • I , 348 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 s.c.R. sweep all. illegal levies connected with sales from the merchant com mun.ty into its coffers. This is the kernel of the submission which has appealed to the High Court. The counter-argument wh ch has been urged by Shri S. T. Desai, for the State, reinforced by added glosses by ~hri Nariman, is that the State has the right not merely to impose tax on sales but to ensure that the sales tax law is not misused by the commercial community to fob off pseudo-fiscal burden upon the con It is elementary economic theory that while the sumer community. legal burden of sales tax falls upon the dealer, the fiscal impact logos and eventually on the consumer. A Welfare State, w.th its legend as social justice, has a sacred duty while it exercises its power of taxation to police the operation of the law in such manner as to protect the public from any extra burden thrown on it by merchants under cover of the statute. legislature Bearing in mind the quintessential aspects of the rival contentions, let us stop and take stock. The facts of the case are plain. The pro fessed object of the law is clear. The motive of the irrelevant to castigate an Act as a colourable device. The interdict interests against on public misch, ef and the insurance of consumer likely, albeit, unwitting or 'ex abundanti cautela' excesses working of a statute are not merely an ancillary power but surely a necessary obligation of a social welfare state. One potent prohibitory process for this consummation is to penalize the trader by casting a no-fault or absolute liability to 'cough up' to 'unjust' takings snapped up and retained by him 'by way of tax' where tax is not so due from him, apart from other punitive impositions to deter and to sober the merchants whose arts of deal; ng with customers If these steps in reason may include 'many a little makes a mickle'. ing have the necessary nexus with the power to tax under Entry 54 List II, it passes one's comprehension how the impugned leg; slation can be denounced as exceed:ng leg'slative competence or as a 'colour able device' or as 'supplementary, not complementary'. Bot this precisely what the H;gh Court has done, calling to its aid passages culled from the rul'ngs of this Court and curiously distinguishing an earlier Division Bench decision of that very Court a procedure which, moderately expressed, does not accord w"th comity, discipline and the rule of law. The puzzle is how minds trained to objectify law can reach fiercely opposing conclusions. the State B c D E r G H Expressions like 'colourable device" and 'supplementary and not complementary' have a tendency to mislead. Logomachy is a tricky legal trade; semantic nicety is a slippery mariner's compass for courts and the three great instrumentalities have, ultimately, to render account to the justice-constituency of the nation. The true diagnosis of inter pretative crises is as much the perplexity of deciphering the b<'und aries of constitutional power as attitudinal ambivalence and economic predilections of those who sit to scan the symbols and translate their imonrt. Shakespeare unconsciously haunts the halls of iustice : 'Thy wish was fa'her, Harry. to that thought' (Henry IV, Scene 5). In our view, the true key to const; tutional construction is to v'ew the eauity of the statute and sense the social mission of the law, language oerm'tt ing, against the trirme facets of justice high-lighted in the Preamble .-.,.i --I.~ I > ' R. s. JOSHI V. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer, !.) 349 to the Paramount Parchment, read with a spacious s.gnification of the A . the listed entnes concerned. judicial cerebration with the presumpt'on of constitutionality super added, the result tells us whether the measure is ultra vires or not. The doctrine of anc llary and incidental powers is also embraced within this scheme of interpretation. If then we feed this programme mto An overview of the relevant string of rulings of this Court may B now be undertaken. The basic ratio, if we may condense the legal test that divides the constitutional from the unconstitutional, is that if all that the legislation means to do is to take over, whatever the verbal veils worn, the collections which were ex hypothesi not sales tax but were illegal additives as if sales tax were due, charged along with the price by the dealer, then such an expropriation of expropriators (putting it in a morally favourable, though exaggerated, C light for the State) is beyond Entry 54 and therefore ultra vires. On the other hand, all real punit:ve measures, in.eluding the dissuasive penalty of confiscating the excess collections, are valid, being within the range of ancillary powers of the legislature competent to exact a sales tax levy. The punitive impost in s. 37 (1) (a) is therefore If we accept this test, the appeals must succeed, legitimate and valid. so far as this point is concerned. D Before scanning the decisions to discover the principle laid down therein, we may dispose of the contention which has appealed to the High Court based on 'colourable device'. Certainly, this a malignant expression and when flung with fatal effect at a representative instru If, forgett mentality like the Legislature, deserves serious reflection. ing comity, the Legislative wing charges the Jud.cative wing with 'colourable' judgments, it will be intolerably subversive of the rule of law. Therefore, we too must restrain ourselves from making charge except in absolutely plain cases and pause to understand the import of the doctrine of colourable exercise of pubfo power, especial- ly legislative power. In this branch of law, 'colourable' is not tainted with bad faith or evil motive'; it is not pejorative or crooked. Con ceptually, 'colourability' is bound up with 'Colour', according to Black's Legal Dictionary, is 'an appearance, semblance or simulacrum, as distinguished from that which is real. . . a deceptive appearance ... a lack of reaMy'. A thing is colourable which is, in appearance only and not in reality, what it purports to be. In Indian terms, it is maya. In the jurisprudence of power, colourable exercise of or fraud on legislative power or, more frightfully, fraud on Constitution, are express'ons which merely mean that the legislature is incompetent to enact a particular law, although the label of com petency is stuck on it, and then it is colourable legislation. It is very important to notice that if the legislature is competent to pass the parti cular law, the motives which impel it to pass the law are really irrele vant. To put it more relevantly to the case on hand, if a legislation, apparently enacted under one Entry in the List, falls in pla'n truth and fact, within the content, not of that Entry but of one assigned to another legislature, it can be struck down as colourable even if the In other words, the letter of the motive were most commendable. law notwithstanding, what is the pith and substance of the Act ? Does incompetency. E F G H • ._._, A B c D E F G H 350 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978) 1 S.C.R. it fall within any entry ass·gned to that legislature in pith and subs tance, or as covered by the ancillary powers implied in that Entry ? Can the legislation be read down reasonably to bring it within legislature's constitutional powers ? If these questions can be answered affirmat.vely, the law is valid. Malice or motive is beside the point, and it is not permissible to suggest parliamentary incompetence on the score of ma/a fides. So much is well-established law. Therefore, if the dealers in the appeals before us charge the enactment with the vice of colourability, they must make out that in pith and substance the impugned legislation does not fall within Entry 54 read with Entry 64 of List II, that it not embraced even by the expansive connotation of ancillary powers and that it is not possible to save the law even by reading down some In the present case, the narrow issue is of the wide expressions used. as to whether the forfeiture clause in s. 3 7 (1) is bad because of the If it is a punitive measure to protect besetting sin of colourability. pub:ic interest in the enforcement of the fiscal legislation, it falls squa rely within the area of implied powers. stressed by Shri Kaji is that the expression 'forfeiture' is a ritualistic recital to cover up a secret design to snatch from the traders which cannot be reached at except by the device of forfeiture. In frank fact, it is not a measure of penalty but an oblique methodology to do an illegitimate thing which is beyond the legislature's legitimate reach. We have, therefore, to examine this short point in the light of the decisions of this Court. Therefore, the finer If it is an act of mere transference of money from Coming to 'forfeiture', what is the true character of a 'forfeiture' ? Is it punitive in infliction, or merely another form of exaction If it is penal, it falls within implied money by one from another ? powers. dealer to the State, then it fa]s au.side the legislative entry. Such is the essence of the decisions which we will presently consider. There was a contention that the expression 'forfeiture' did not denote a penalty. This, perhaps, may have to be decided in the specific setting of a statute. Bu', speaking generally, and having in mind the object of s. 37 read with s. 46, we are inclined to the view that forfeiture has a punitive impact. Black's Legal Dictionary states that 'to forfeit' is 'to lose, or lose the right to, by some error, fault, offence or crime', 'Forfeiture', as judicially annotated, is 'a punish 'to incur a penalty.' ment annexed by law to some illegal act or negligence .... ', 'some thin~ imposed as a punishment for an offence or delinquency.' The word, in this sense, is frequently associated with the word 'penalty', According to Black's Legal D'ctionary. "The terms 'fine', 'forfeiture', and 'penalty', are often uscx! loosely, and even confusedly; but when a discrimination h made, the word 'penalty' is found IQ be generic in character, including both fine and forfeiture. A 'fine' is a pecuniary penalty, and is comrnontly (perhaps always) be collected by suit in is a penalty by which one loses his rights and interest in his pro perty." some form. A 'forfeiture' • R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer, !.)

#351. More explicitly, the U. S. Supreme Court has explained the con- A Chief cept of 'forfeiture' in the context of statutory construction. Justice Taney, in the State of Maryland v. The Baltimorr & Ohio RR Co.(') observed : "And a provision, as in this case, that the party shall forfeit a particular sum, in case he does not perform an act required by law, has always, in the construction of statutes, been regarded not as a contract with the delinquent party, but as the punishment for an offence. Undoubtedly, the case of individuals, the word forfeit is construed to be the language of contract, because contract is the only mode in which one person can become liable to pay a penalty another for breach of duty, or the failure to perform an obligation. In legislative proceedings, however, the cons truction is otherwise, and a forfeiture is always to be regar ded as a punishment inflicted for a violation of some duty enjoined, upon the party by law; and such, very clearly, is in question." the meaning of the word the act The same connotation ha< been imparted by our Court too. A A Bench has held : (2) "According to the dictionary meaning of the word 'for feiture' the loss or the deprivation of goods has got to be in consequence of a crime, offence or breach of engagement or has to be by way of penalty of the transgression or a punish ment for an offence. Unless the loss or deprivation of the goods is by way of a penalty or punishment for a crime, offence or breach of engagement it would not come within the definition of forfeiture." B c D E This word 'forfeiture' must bear the same meaning of a penalty for breach of a prohibitory direction. The fact that there is arithmeti- cal identity, assuming it to be so, between the figures of the illegal collections made by the dealers and the amounts forfeited to the State cannot create a conceptual confusion that what is provided is not F If this view be correct, and punishment but a transference of funds. we hold so, the legislature, by inflicting the forfeiture, does not outside the crease ·vhen it hits out against the dealer and deprives him, by the penalty of the law, of the amount illegally gathered from the customers. The Criminal Procedure Code, Customs & Excise Laws and several other penal statutes in India have used diction which ac- cepts forfeiture as a kind of penalty. When discussing the rulings G of this Court we will explore whether this true nature of 'forfeiture' is contradicted by anything we can find in ss. 37(1), 46 or 63. Even here we may reject the notion that a penalty or a punishment cannot be cast in the form of an absolute or no-fault liability but must The classical view that 'no mens rea, no preceded by mens. rea. India and crime' has long ago been eroded and several laws in (I) 11 Led. 714, 722. (2) Bankura Municipality v. La/ji Raja and Sons: A.LR. 1953 S.C. 248,

#250. Ht ; ' 352 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19.78] 1 S.C.ll. A abroad, especially regarding economic crimes and departmental penal- ties, have created severe punishments even where the offences have been defined to exclude mens rea. Therefore, the contention that s. 37 (1) fastens a heavy liability regardless of fault has no force in depriv- .ing the forfeiture of the character of penalty. -f ~ We shall now tum to the plethora of precedents which have ac cumulated over the years dealing with sales tax legislations from diffe- rent States, the patterns varying in stmcture, although the financial The landmark case is . Abdul impact on toe dealers is the same. and Annapoorna Quader('), although Ashoka Marketfng Co.( 2 ) Biscuit Mfg. Co.( 3 ), among others are also pertinent decisions. While there are earlier d<!eisions, we may as well start off with Abdul Qua- der('). There, the appellant dealer collected sales tax purchasers of betel leaves but did not pay the amount so collected to the government. When the tax authorities directed the appellant pay the said amounts into the treasury, he filed a writ petition ques tioning the validity of s.11 (2) of the Hyderabad General Sales Tax Act, 1950 which was the authority relied on by the government make the direction. The problems and the answer thereto were squarely stated by Shri Justice Wanchoo, speaking for the Court. We may except that portion which formulates the question and furnishes the answer. B c D "The first question therefore that falls for consideration is whether it was open to the State legislature under powers under Entry 54 of List II to make a provision to the effect that money collected by way of tax, even though it was not due as a tax under the Act, shall be made over to Go vernment. Now it is clear that the sums so collected way of tax are not in fact tax exigible under the Act. So it cannot be said that the State legislature was directly legisla ting for the imposition of sales or purchase tax under Entry 54 of List II when it made such a provision, for on the face of the provision, the amount, though collected by way of tax, was not exigible as tax under the law. The provision how ever is attempted to be justified on the ground that though it may not be open to a State legislature to make provision for the recovery of an amount which is not a tax under Entry 54 of List II in a law made for that purpose, it would still be open to the legislature to provide for paying all the amounts collected by way of tax by persons, though they really are not exigible as tax, as part of the in cidental and ancillary power to make provision for the levy and collection of such tax. Now there is no dispute the heads of legislation in the. various Lists in the Seventh Schedule should be interpreted widely so as to take in all matters which are of a character incidental to the topics men Even so, there is a limit to such incidental tioned therein. or ancillary power flowing from the legislatiVle entries (I) [19641 6 S.C.R. 867. (2) [1970] 3 S.C.R. 455. (3) [1973] 3 S.C.R. 987. G H , ; , ) R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer, l.)

3.53 the various Lists in the Seventh Schedule. These incidental and ancillary powers have to be exercised in aid of the main topic of legislation, which, in the present case, is a tax on sale or purchase of· goods. All powers necessary for the levy and collection of the tax concerned and for seeing that the tax is not evaded are comprised within the ambit of the legislative entry as ancillary or incidental. But where the legislation under the relevant entry proceeds on the basis that the amount concerned is not a tax exigible under the law made under that entry, but even so lays down though it is not exigible under the law, it shall be paid over to Government, merely because some dealers by mistake or otherwise have collected it as tax, it is diflicult to see how such provision can be ancillary or incidental to the collection of tax legitimately due under a law made under the relevant taxing entry. We do not think •bat the ambit of ancillary or incidental power goes to the extent of permitting the legis lature to provide that though the amount collected-may be wrongly-by way of tax is not exigible under law as made under the relevant taxing entry, it shall still be paid over to Government, as if it were a tax. The legislature cannot under Entry 54 of List II make a provision to the effect that even though a certain amount collected is not a tax on the sale or purchase of goods as laid down by the law, it will still be collected as if it was such a tax. This is whats. 11 (2) has provided. Such a provision cannot in our opinion be treated as coming within incidental or ancillary powers which the legislature has got under the taxing entry to ensure that the tax is levied and collected and that its evasion becomes impossible. We are therefore of opinion that the provision contained in s. 11 (2) cannot be made under entry 54 of List II and cannot be justified even as an incidental or ancillary provision permitted under that entry." (pp. 872- 873). relevant \ ' The Court proceeded to refer to an attempt made to justify the pro vision as providing for a penalty, but found nothing in the text to justify the impugned sub-section (2) of s. 11, as a penalty for breach of any pmhibition under the Act. On the other hand, in the setting of the statute, the Court came to the contrary conclusion : "Section 11 (2) in our opinion has nothing to do with penalties and cannot be justified as a penalty on the dealer. Actually s. 20 makes provision in cl. (b) for penalty in the case of breach of s. 11 ( 1) and makes the person commit ting a breach of that provision liable, on conviction by a Magistrate of the first class, to a fine ...... In this connection we may refer to cl. ( c) of s. 20 which provides that any to pay the amounts specified in sub person who fails section (2) of section 11 within the prescribed time' shall, It is on a conviction by a Magistrate, be liable to fine. remarkable that this provision makes the person punish able for his failure to pay the amoont which is not autho It rised as a tax at all under the law, to Government. B • E G 354 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1978] 1 S.C.R. A B c D F H does not provide for a penalty (sic) collecting the anwunt wrongly by way of tax from purchasers which may have been justified as a penalty for the purpose of carrying out If a dealer bas col the objects of the taxing legislation. lected anything from a purchaser which is not authorised by the taxing law, that is a matter between him and the pur chaser, and the purchaser may be entitled to recover the amount from the dealer. But unless the money so collected is due as a tax, the State cannot by law make it recover able simply because it has been wrongly collected by the dealer. This cannot be done directly for it is not a tax at all within the meaning of Entry 54 of List II, nor can the State legislature under the guise of incidental or ancillary power do indirectly what it cannot do directly." (p. 874) (underscoring ours) The crucial ratio lies in the underscored passage. Had there been a penalty, including forfeiture, coupled with a prohibition against col lecting any amount wrongly by way of tax frbm purchasers, it 'may have been justified as a penalty for the purpose of carrying out the In a sense, Abdul Quader (supra) objects of the taxing legislation. demarcates the constitutional watershed between merely laying hands upon collections by way of tax by traders although they are not exigible from traders (a provision for which the State is under powered by Entry 54 of List II even expanding it by the doctrine of implied powers) and the policing by penalizing, including for feiting illegal exactions, the working of a taxing statute and inhibiting injury to the public. We may now pass on to Ashoka Marketing Co. (supra) where this Court had to consider a slightly different provision from what fell for decision in Abdul Quader (supra). In the latter, the provision directed that every person who had collected any amount by way of tax otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the Act ;;hould pay over to the government. ... the amount so collected by nim ...... This was a naked se:zure of money collected by the dealer there being no prohibition and no penalty and no obligation tor the government to return such sums to the purchasers from whom they were taken. In Ashoka Marketing Co. (supra) the provision in s. 20A went further. While the illegal collections were to be made over to the Government treasury it was further provided that such amounts shall be held by the State Government in trust for the person trom whom it was realized by the dealer and the dealer himself on deposit ing these sums into Government treasury shall be discharged from his obligation to return the sums to the purchasers. 111ere was an incidental direction that, on a claim being made by aggrieved buyers, these driblets shall be refunded. The scheme of cl. (8) of s. 20A made it clear that the legislatioo was in public interest, that while suits against dealers to recover paltry sums by a large number of customers would lead to endless and expensive litigation, a simpler process of returning those sums on application by the relevant pur chasers would protect the common buyer while depriving the dealers It was manifestly a consumer protecti~ of their unjust gains. - ; - ) .. ) R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer, /.) 355 measure, as we see it. Shah, J. speaking for the Court, held ttiat A this pro bono publico purpose did not dissolve the constitutional dis ability and ruled : "The State Legislature may under entry 54 List 11, be competent to enact a law in respect of matters neces sarily incidental to 'tax on sale and purchase of goods'. But a provision compelling a dealer who has deliberately or erroneously recovered an amount from the purchaser on a representation that he is entitled to recover it to recoup himself for payment of tax, to pay over that amount to the State cannot, in our judgment, be regarded as necessarily incidental to levying an amount as tax which the State is incompetent to levy. A mere device cannot be permitted to defeat the provision of the Constitution by clothing claims in the form of a demand for depositing the money with the State wnich the dealer has collected, but which he (p. 463-464) was not entitled to collect." This decision has been followed by a smaller Bench in Annapoornu (supra) with no additional reasons adduced. In Ashoka (supra) the Bench di.ct not follow Orient Paper Milts (' J where fairly similar provisions were attacked, but repulsed by this Court with the observation : "The Legislature of the Orissa State was therefore com petent to exercise power in respect of the subsidiary or ancillary matter of granting refund of tax improperly or ille gally collected, and the competence of the Legislature in this behalf is not canvassed by counsel for the assessees. If com petence to legislate for granting refund of sales-tax improper ly collected be granted, is there any reason to exclude the power to declare that refund shall be claimable only by the person from whom the dealer has actually amounts by way of sales-tax or otherwise? We see none." (p. 461 : Ashoka) reaiized Despite this holding in Orient(') the Court-a larger Bench-held that the taking over of sums collected by dealers from the public under guise of tax solely with a view to return them to the buyers so deprived was not 'necessarily incidental' to 'tax on the sale and purchase of goods'. We respectfully disagree. In a develQPing co~ntry, with the mass of the people illiterate and below the poverty !me, and most of the commodities concerned constitute their daily requirements. we see sufficient nexus between the po"'.er to ~ and the incidental power to protect purcha, ers from bemg subiected to an unlawiul burden. Social iustice clauses, mtegrally connected with the taxing provisions, cannot be viewed as (I) [1962] I S.C.R. 549. B C E G H A B c D E F G H 356 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 s.c.R. a mere device or wanting in incidentality. Nor are we impressed with the contention turning on the dealer being an agent (or not) of the State vis a vis sales tax; and why should the State suspect wbcn it obligates itself to return the moneys to the purcharers ? We do not think it is moce feasible for ordinary buyers to recover from the common run of dealers small sums than from government. We expect a sensitive government not to bluff but to hand back. So, we largely disagree with Ashoka(supra) while we generally agree with Abdul Quader(supra). We must mention that the question as to whether an amount which is illegally collected as sales tax can be forteited did not arise for consideration in Ashoka (supra). We may conclude with the thought that Parliament and the State Legislatures will make haste to inaugurate viable public interest liti gation procedures cutting costs and delays. After all, the reality of rights is their actual enjoyment by the citizen and not a theoretical set of magnificient grants. 'An acre in Middlesex', said Macaulay, 'is better than a principality in Utopia'. Added Prof. Schwartz : 'A legal system that works to serve the community the academic conceptions of a bevy of Platonic guardians unresponsive to public needs'.(') is better .. A march past the other decisions of this Court having some rele vance to the point at issue is at this stage useful. Kantilal Babu/al(") dealt with a provision substantially similar to the one that falls lor consideration in the present case. After laying down a prohibition against collection by dealers from purchasers of amounts by way of sales tax 'unless he is a registered dealer and is liable to pay tax himself', Section 12A of the concerned Act (Bombay Sales Tax Act V of 1946) provided that collections contrary to the provision shall be forfeited to the State Government. The Revenue urged that s. 12A( 4), which dealt with 'forfeiture· was a penal provision incidental to, the power to tax sales. · The Court expressly declined to investigate whether the provision was penal at all. However, it was assumed that a penal provision was within the legislative competence of the State Legislature and the entire discussion, and therefore the sole ratio, turned on the alleged violation of Art. 19 (1 )( f). It was held that Art. 19 was vic\lated because, in the Court's view the forfeiture clause was silent as to the machinery and procedure to be followed in determining the question as to whether there had been a contravention of s. 12A(l) and (2) and, if so, to what extent. Processual reasonableness being absent Art. 19 (1) ( f) stood contravened. In short, the whole decision focus sed on the procedural portion of the law being repugnant to Art. 19(1)(f) read with Art. 19(5). It did not engage in a consideration of legislative competence. (1) Berna_rd Schwartz; The Law in America; p. 7: American Heritage-Bicen tennial Series. (2) [1968] I S.C.R. 785. \ ,. ... R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer, I.) 35 7 Aside frQm this case, the other rulings of this Court like Manek 'Jal('), George Ooakes( 2 ), lhaveri(') and Abdulla(') have only a peri pheral relevancy. While we have listened, persued and reflected over these citations, we have screened them from specific reference in this judgment since these decisions were cited by counsel merely to drive home the significance of some stray thought expressed in these judg ments having but marginal meaningfulness. A Skilful submissions were made on the construction of the text of s. 37(1) of the Act tOi convince us that the sub-section itself made a distinction between penalty and forfeiture, suggesting that forfeiture was not regarded as a penalty. Side references to a few other sections were made to reinforce this thesis. The identity of the forfeit and the illegal collection was also urged by the assessee as a tell-tale circumstance to contend that it could not be a penalty. Moreover, the express penalty in s. 37(1)(a) had a ceiling while the additive. forfeit was unlimited. A penny worth of penalty and a pound worth of forfeiture proved that the· statute itself meant the latter to be not a penalty. From a verbal, syntactic and structural angle there is something to be said for this submission. But the heart of the matter is that the forfeit in the inartistically worded section is plainly pum tive, not nakedly confiscatory. The marginal note which, in ambiguous situations, may shed some light, treats the forfeit also as a penalty. Secondly, the words of a statute are purposeful symbols to be decoded straight-forwardly, not by unveiling the words behind the words. And so, when s. 3 7 ( 1) expressly says that the wrongful collections shall be forfeited it means what it says. Forfeiture being penal, terminologically, it must bear the same sense here too. Moreover, so far as the Act of 1959 is concerned, there is no case of outwitting any anterior judicial ver dict. The fact that mens rea is excluded and the penal forfeiture can be enormous are germane to leqislative oolicy, not for iu\licial compassion. A limited penalty, without forfeiture, may prove illusory where the illegal collections run into millions. The inevitable conclu sion is that the forfeiture in s. 37 ( 1) is competent legislation. Before we move on to a considerntion of the fragile charges of flouting Arts. 19(1 )(f) and 14, we may state that Shri Nariman's invitation to take a new look at the problem need not be considered in the view we take. The Maharashtra State, for whom he appears, is the intervener and the Maharashtra legislation has a better sense of equity, the dealer being absolved from purchasers' claims and Gov ernment squarely nndertaking to repay them. We expect Guiarat to legislate not merelv to forfeit but also to be fair to the dealer and The possible consequences of inaction, which we are not buyer. examining, will not be lost on that State, we hope. c D E F G (ll [19671 3 S.C.R. 65. (2) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 570. (3) (1973] 2 S.C.R. 691. (4) [1971] 2 S.CR. 817. 358 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] J S.C.R. A B The challenge based on Art. 14 is met by this Court's ruling in Magan/al Chhaganlal('). The High Court has found no merit in it either, although, as will be presently seen, we have to read s. 37 (I) in such manner as to pare down the gaping disparity in impact between s. 37(1) ands. 64(1)(h). Article 19(11(1) also cannot avail, lli view of Kantilal (supra) where the only infirmity found by this Court was procedural. This shortfall has been made good in the present Act and the High Court itself has rejected the plea as not pressed. c D E F Shri Kaji has urged that the dealers will, under the scheme ol the Act, have the worst of both the worlds and that is unreasonable. The State forfeits the whole illegal (often erroneous) collections and the purchasers can demand back the very same sums. There is in justice here. Without holding that Art 19(5) is violated, we think the ends of justice can be met by reading down the forfeiture clause interpretatively. Section 37 (I) does say that 'any sum collected by the person by way of tax ...... shall be forfeited ...... '.. Literally read, th~ Let us suppose the dealer has returned whole sum goes to the State. the whole or part of the collections to the customers. Should the whole amount, regardless of such repayment, be forfeited ? We think not. • Section 37 (1) uses the expressions, in relation to forfeiture, 'any sum collected by the person .... shall be forfeited.' What does 'col lected' mean here ? Words cannot be construed effectively without The setting colours the sense of the word. reference to their context. The spirit of the provision lends force to the construction that 'collect ed' means 'collected and kept as his' by the trader. dealer merely gathered the sum by way of tax and kept it in suspense account because of dispute about taxability or was ready to return it if even tually it was not taxable, it was not collected. 'Collected', in an Aus tralian Customs Tariff Act, was held by Griffith C. J., not 'to include money deposited under an agreement that if it was not legallv payable it will be returned', (Words & Phrases, p.274). We therefore seman ticise 'collected' not to cover amounts gathered tentatively to be given back if found non-exigible from the dealer. If the The expression 'forfeiture' may now be examined. For one thing, there is authority to hold that 'shall be forfeited' means 'liable to forfeited', depending on the setting and the sense of the statute. Lord Porter, in Attorney General v. Parsons( 2 ) observed, in the context of language suggestive of automatic forfeiture, negativing such inference : G H "The strength of the opposite opinion rests upon the fact that 'forfeiture' in section 1 (1) must, on the construction which I have adopted, mean 'liable to forfeiture', whereas, as my noble and learned friend Lord Morton of Henryton points out in his opinion, which I have ,had an opportunity of read ing, it bears the meaning of 'forfeited' and not liable to 'for feiture' in sub-section (2) (iv). This is true, but the collec tion is different. Admittedly the word 'forfeited' may bear (I) [1975]1 S.C.R. 1. (I) [1956! A.C. 421. R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer, J.'). 359 the meaning 'liable to forfeiture' at the will of the person to whom the right of forfeiture is given and does not, in every case, imply automatic forfeiture." (p. 443) · A Lord Cohen, in the same judgment, considered it appropriate read 'forfeiture' as meaning 'liable to be forfeited'. Although there was a conflict of opinion on this point, it is sufficient to state that such a construction is tenable. Moreover, ,s: 37 itself contains a clue indicative of the sense in which 'shall be forfeited' has been used. Section 3 7 (2) directs the Commissioner to issue notice to the assessee to show cause why a penalty, with or without forfeiture, should not be imposed on him. Such notice, with specific reference to forfeiture, points to an option in the Commissioner to forfeit or not to forfeit or This is made plainer in s.37(3) which reads: 'The partly to forfeit. Commissioner shall, thereupon, hold an enquiry and shall· make such c foreiture. order as he thinks fit.' Therefore the Commissioner is vested with a discretion to forfeit whole or any lesser sum or none at all. W limit the sense of 'shall be forfeited' as meaning 'shall be liable to be forfeited.' This order embraces penalty and clear B This signification of 'forfeiture' as 'liability ,to forfeiture' saves the The Commissioner must have regard to all the D equity of the statute. circumstances of the case, including the fact that amounts i'llegally col lected have been returned to the purchasers to whom they belong before passing the final order. We are clear in our minds that the forfeiture should operate only to the extent, and not in excess of, the total collec tions less what has been returned to ·the purchasers. We may go a step further to hold that it is fair and reasonable for the Commissioner to consider any undertaking given by the dealer that he will return the E amounts collected from purchasers to them. a provision may bear upon its constitutionalism. Counsel have argued, is it not unreasonable to forfeit huge sums and still to expose the dealer Is it not discriminatory to make the departmental to several actions ? punishment disproportionately onerous vis a vis criminal inflictions nnder s. 64(1) (h) ? Blessed are they who are prosecuted, for the criminal law is benign ! These possibilities only underscore the neces- sity, even on conviction, of deprivation of illicit collections as departmental ·penalty imposts, coupled with discharge for dealers pro tanto plus inexpensive and prompt return of sums to purchasers by rough and ready verifications followed by money order remittances. While we uphold the legislation. we suggest such salvationary modifica tions, if constitutionality is to be impregnable. There is no last word in constitutional law. The humanism of F G For the nonce, we are satisfied that these speculative interrogations do not destabilize the constitutional pasition. Moreover, our construc tion obligates the State not to forfeit sums already returned, undertaken to be returned and the like. Our direction that the State shall dis- .gorge the sums by some easy process, back to the buyers helps dealer against claims from the former. H The apparent apprehension that the financial burden of forfeiture can be avoided if the dealer is prosecuted is also not correct. The cri- 360 SUPREME COUllT REPORTS [1978] 1 S.C.R. A B c D E F The word 'penalty' in its limited sense Forfeiture is a penalty, in its generic sense, minal court can punish only to the extent specified ins. 64(1). Section 37 ( 4), properly read, forbids penalty plus prosecution, but permits for feiture plus prosecution. s. 37(1) and s.37(4) does not include forieiture which is a different punitive category. not a penalty in the specific signification in s.3 7 (1) and ( 4). After all, the functionary is exercising quasi-judicial powers and not insisting on maximum exactions. Every consideration which is just and rele vant must enter his verdict lest the order itself be vitiated for being un The fulfilment of the reasonable or perverse exercise of discretion. undertaking mnst be ensured by necessary guarantees so that the dealer may not play a double grame and the purchaser stands betrayed. We are not giving any hidebound prescriptions but stating guidelines for There is taxing authorities who exercise these quasi-judicial powers. judicial powers a tendency for valiant tax executives clothed with In to remember their former capacity at the expense of the latter. a Welfare State and in appreciation of the nature of the judicial process, such an attitude, motivated by various reasons, cannot be commended. The penalty for deviance from these norms is the peril to the order pas sed. The effect of mala {ides on exercise of administrative power is well-established. In strict legality, once the money is forfeited to the State, there is no obligation to make it over to the purchaser, but in the welfare orientation of our State and certain constitutional emanations we leave unexplored, such an obligation should be voluntarily undertaken. A fairly exhauative survey of case-law has been made, consuming considerable industry of counsel and presenting a sky-view and ground view a' judicial mentation in this branch of sales-'ax law, bedrocked on constitutional law. While we are edified by the immense project undertaken, in these crowded days of explosive docket backlog, the fine art 0f miniaturization, without traumatization, may well be a crea tive Darwinan mutation in forensic submissions for the survival of the great judicial institution. Moreover, small can be beautiful, both in judgments and arguments. But we must append our appreciation of the thoroughness, thoughtfulness, perspicacity and persuasiveness of Sarvashri Kaji, B. Sen, S. T. Desai and F. S. Nariman (for the inter vener), the plurality of counsel presenting each a separate facet geared to the same goal of enlightening the Court. For the reasons set out above we allow the appeals, but, in circumstances, without costs. G It was submitted by the learned counsel at the time of the conclusion of the arguments that some of the appeals raise points unconnected with constitutionality but turning on facts and legislative construction. Separate directions will be issued in regard to such appeals. H KAILASAM, J. Civil Appeals Nos. 1410 and 1671-85 of 1976 are by Certificate and the rest are by special leave granted by this Court. The ~late of Maharashtra is the intervener in Civil Appeal No. 1410 of 1976. R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Kai/asam, 1.) 361 While I agree with the conclusion reached by V. R. Krishna Iyer J. that the appeals should be allowed, I would confine my discussion to the points that arise for decision in the appeals. The main question that was raised before the High Court was whether sections 37(1)(a) and 46(2) of the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959 are beyond the legislative power conferred by Entry 54, List Il, Schedule VII of the Constitution. The court held that the impugned therefore sections are beyond the power of the State legislature and ultra vires. Aggrieved by the decision the State has preferred appeals. Section 37(l)(a) and (b) runs as follows: "37. (I) If any person- (a) (i) not being a dealer liable to pay tax under Act, collects any sum by way of tax, or (ii) being a registered dealer, collects any amount by way of tax in excess of the tax payable by him, or (ii-a) being a registered dealer, collects any amount by way of additional _tax in contravention of the pro- visions of sub-section (2) of section lSA-1, or (iii) otherwise collects tax in contravention of provisions of section 46, or (b) being a dealer liable to pay tax under this Act, or being a dealer who was required to do Commissioner by a notice served on him fails in con travention of sub-section ( l) of section 43 to keep a true account of the value of the goods purchased or sold by him, or fails when directed so to do under that section to keep any account or record in accord ance with the direction,- so by he shall be liable to pay in addition to any which he may be liable, a penalty of an amount as follows:- ( i) Where there has been a contravention referred to in clause (a) (i) or (iii), a penalty of an amount not exceeding two thousand rupees or double the sum collected by way of tax-whichever is less. (ii) Where there has been a contravention referred to in clause (a)(ii) or (ii-a) or clause (b), a penalty of an amount not exceeding two thousand rupees, and in addition, any sum collected by the person by way of tax in contraver:tion of sub section (2) of section 15A-I or sectton 46 shall be forfeited to the State Government. When any order of forfeiture is made, the Commis- sioner shall pnblish or cause to be published a 12-768SC!l77 A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 362 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] I S.C.R. notice thereof for the information of the persons concerned giving such details and in such manner as may be prescribed." Section 46 ( I) prohibits collection of tax in certain cases by providing that no person shall collect any sum by way of tax in respect of sales of any goods on which by virtue of section 5 no tax is payable. Sub section (2) which is held to be ultra vires runs, "46(2) No person, who is not a Registered dealer and liable to pay tax in respect of any sale or purchase shall collect on the sale of any goods any sum by way of tax from any other person and no Registered dealer shall collect any amount by way of tax in excess of the amount of tax payable by him under the provisions of this Act; Provided that, this sub-section shall not apply where a person is required to collect such amount of the tax separately in order to comply with the conditions and restrictions impos ed on him under the provisions of any law for the time being in force." Entry 54, List II, which is relied on by the State as conferring powex to enact the impugned sections is : - "54. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, subject to the provisions of entry 92A of List I." The principle in consJJuing words conferring legislative power is that the most liberal construction should be put on the words so that they may have effect in their widest amplitude. None of the items in the List is to be read in a narrow restricted sense. Each general word should be held to extend to all ancillary or subsidiary matters which can fairly and reasonably be said to be comprehended it. All powers necessary for the levy and collection of the tax concerned and for seeing that the tax is not evaded are comprised within the legislative ambit of the Entry as ancillary or incidental. It is also permissible to levy penalties for a.ttempted evasion of taxes or default in the payment of taxes properly levied. It has been held that the State legislature under its powers under Entry 54, List II. cannot make a provision to the effect that the mcmey collected by way of tax even though it is not due as a tax under the Act shall be m'•de over to the Government. The legislature may pro vide for a penalty for collecting any amount wrongly by way of tax from purchasers, as being for the purpose of carrying out the objects of taxing legislation. The impugned section 37(1)(a) imposes a penalty for contravening It provides that if ;i person not being a dealer certain provisions. liable to pay tax collects any sum by way of tax, or being a Registered dealer collects any amount by way of tax in excess of the tax payable by him, or being a registered dealer, collects any amount by way of additional tax in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (2) of R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Kal/asam, J.) 3 63 section 15A-I, or otherwise collects tax in contravention of the provi sions of section 46, he shall be liable to pay in addition to any tax for which he may be liable, a penalty. The penalty that is imposed is (1) a penalty of an amount not exceeding two thousand rupees or double the sum collected by way of tax whichever is less; (2) in certain other cases a penalty not exceeding two thousand rupees, and in addition, any sum collected by the person by way of tax in contravention of sub section (2) of section 15A-I or section 46 shall be forfeited to the State Government. The rest of the section prescribes the procedure for It is thus provided that a contravention levy of penalty or forfeiture. would incur levy of a penalty of an amount not exceeding two thousand rupees in addition to the sum collected by way of tax being forfeited to the State Government. If the forfeiture is levied for the purpose of enforcement of the enactment, it would be valid but if the forfeiture is for the purpose of collecting the amount which is wrongly collected by the assessee, the use of the word "forfeiture" would be merely a device to get at the sum which had been collected in contravention of the provisions of the Act, and beyond the power of the State legislature as the intention of the State is to secure the sum which has been collect- ed by the assessee which is not exigible as a tax. While the contention of the State fs that it is within the competence of the State legislature under List II, Enry 54, to impose any penalty including forfeiture of the sum unauthorisedly collected by the assessee for the purpose of proper enforcement of the Act, the contention on behalf of the assessee is that the forfeiture of the amount is a device by the State to secure the amount unauthorisedly collected by assessees, though the amount so collected is not exigible as tax. The decisions of this Court bearing on the point may now be examined. The earliest case is the Orient Paper Mills Ltd. v. The State of Orissa and Others. (1). The dealers in the case were assessed to and paid tax on the turnover which included sales outside the State of Orissa, but after the decision of this Court in State of Bombay v. The United Motors (India) Ltd.,( 2 ) they applied under section 14 of the Act for refund of tax paid on the ground that sales outside the State were not taxable under clause (1) (a) of Art. 286 of the Constitution read with the Explanation. Refund was refused by the Sales Tax Authorities and the assessees moved the High Court which ordered the refund of the tax paid for certain periods. The Orissa Sales Tax Act was amended in 1958 with retrospective effect incorporating section 14-A which provided that refund could be claimed only by way of sales- tax or otherwise. The effect of this amendment was that the dealer could not claim the refund of tax paid on sales outside the State but only the person from whom the dealer had realised the amount. A B c D E ' G ' Section 14-A of the Orissa Sales Tax (Amendment) Act, 1958, provides thus : "Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act where any amount is either deposited by any person under sub· H (I) [1962] 1 S.C.R. 549. (2) [1953] S.C.R. 1069. .. 364 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 S.C.R. section (3) of section 9B or paid as tax by a dealer and where such amount or any part thereof is not payable by such person or dealer, a refund of such amount or any part thereof can be claimed only by the person from whom such person or dealer h~s actually realised such amounts whether by way of sales-tax or otherwise and the period of limitation provided in the proviso to s. 14 shall apply the aforesaid claims." legislate The Court held that the legislature was competent to granting refund of sales tax improperly collected; there is no reason to exclude the power to declare that refund shall be claimable only by the person from whom the dealer has realised the amount as sales-tax or otherwise. Dealing with the power of the State un, der Entry 54, List II, it held : "The Legislature of the Orissa State was therefore competent to exercise power in respect of the subsidiary or ;mcillary matter of granting refund of tax improperly or illegall~ collected, and the competence of the Legislature in this behalf is not canvassed by counsel for the assessees." the Legislature was competent to legislate for granting refund of the sales tax improperly collected, there is no reason why the power to declare that refund shall be claimable only by the person from whom the dealer has actually realised the amounts by way of sales-tax or otherwise, should be excluded. the State legislature is competent in granting refund of tax unauthorisedly collected and to declare that refund is claimable only by the person , In fact the competence from whom the dealer realised the amount. improperly to legislate for granting the collected was, not questioned. This decision did not consider question whether a direction by the Government directing the assessee to pay the amount to the Government is within legislative compe tence. It was thus found that the sales-tax refund of It was further held that if ~~ This question came up for decision in R. Abdul Quader and Co. v~. Sales Tax Officer, Hyderabad.('). The assessee collected sales tax from the purchasers _of betel leaves in connection with the sales made by it. But it did not pay the amount collected to the Govern ment. The Government directed the assessee to pay the amount the Government and it thereupon filed a writ petition in the High Court questioning the validity of section 11 (2) of the Hyderabad General Sales Tax Act, -1950. The contention of the assessee before the High Court was that section 11 ( 1) of the Act which authorised the Government to recover a tax collected without the authority of law was beyond the competence of the State legislature because a tax collected without the authority of law would not be a tax levied under the law and it would therefore not be open to the State to collect any such amount under the authority of a law enacted under Entry- 54 of List II of the VII Schedule to the Constitution. While High Court held that Section 11(2) was good as an ancillary provi sion with regard to the collection of sales or purchase tax, this Court reversed the, decision and held that it cannot be said that the State (I) [196416 S.C.R. 867. B c D E F G H R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Krishna Iyer,!.)( 365 legislature was directly legislating for the purchase tax under Entry 54, List II, when it made the provisions of section 11 (2) for on the face of the provisions the amount, though collected by way of tax, was not exigible as tax under the law. sec• tion 11(2) of the Act provides- imposition of sales Oii A . "Notwithstanding to the contrary contained in any order of an officer or tribunal or judgment, decree or order of a Court, every person who has collected or collects on or before !st May, 1950, any amount by way of tax otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act shall pay over to the Government within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed the amount so collected by him, and in default of such payment the said amount shall be recovered from him as revenue." it were arrears of Under section 11(2) any person who has collected any amount by way of tax otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of )·" Act, shall pay over to the Government in the manner prescribed. \ ...._,, This Court held that as the sums collected by way of tax are not in the State ;~ fact tax exigible under the Act, it cannot be said legislature was directly legislating for the imposition of sales • 01'\ p11rchase tax under Entry 54 of List II. As what was collected was not tax exigible under the Act, though collected as a tax, this Court held that the amount collected cannot be recovered as tax. The posi- tion is explained thus : - "We do not think that the ambit of ancillary or inciden- tal power goes to the extent of permitting the legislature to provide that though the amount collected-may be wrong- ly-by way of tax is not exigible under the law as made under the relevant taxing entry, it shall still be. paid over to Government, as if it were a tax." B D E Referring to the Orient Paper Mills Ltd. vs The State of Orissa and Others,("') the Court held that the decision had no application to the F facts of the case before them on the ground that the matter dealt with the question of refund and observed that "it cannot be doubted that refund of the tax collected is always a matter covered by inciden- tal and ancillary powers relating to levy and collection of tax". An attempt to iustify the provisions of section 11 (2) on ground that it was by way of penalty was not accepted as '1pinion of the Court section 11 (2) cannot be justified as a provision G for levying a tax or as incidental or ancillary provision the collection of tax. But the Court added that the provision did not provide for a penalty for collecting the amount wrongly by way of tax from purchasers which may have been justified as a penalty for the purpose of carrying out the objects of the taxing legislation. The decision therefore is not only an authority for the propositions law! H unless tl)e money coHected is due as a tax, the State cannot l!y make it recoverable because it has been wrongly collected by the dealer relating (I) [1962] I S.C.R. S49. " A B c D E F G 366 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 s.c.R. but also declares that State Government may provide for a penalty for collecting the amount wrongly as the levy would have been justified as a penalty for the purpose of carrying out the objects of the taxing legislation. If what is levied under section 3 7 ( 1 )(a) of the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959, with which we are concerned, is a penalty for the proper enforcement of the taxing legislation it will be valid while if it is a devise to collect the amount unauthorisedly collected without the levy being a penalty it will not be competent. The next important decision which is strongly relied upon on behalf of the assessee is the case of Ashoka Marketing Ltd. vs. State of Bihar<, and Anr.,('11) The Sales Tax authorities included an amount represent ing Railway freight in the assessee's sales of cement. The Appellate authority set aside the orders directing the inclusion of the Railway freight in the turnover. The excess tax paid was not refunded but an amendment to the Bihar Sales Tax Act was made by introduction of section 20-A(3) which called upon the assessee to show cause why freight whicl:! an amount representing Sl!les Tax on the became refundable under the orders of assessment, be not forfeited. The provisions of section 20-A were challenged. They are- railway " ( 1) No person who is not a registered dealer shall collect from any person any amount, by whatever name or description it may be callecl towards or purporting to be tax on sale of goods. (2) No registered dealer shall collect from any person any such amount, except ir1 a case in which and to the extent to which such dea!er is liable to pay tax under this Act. anything (3) (a) Notwithstanding to the contrary contained in any any judgment, law or contract or decree or order of any Tribunal, Court or authority, if the prescribed authority has reason to believe that · any dealer has or had, at any time, whether before or after the com mencement of this Act, collected any such amount, in a case in which or to an extent to which the said dealer was or is· not liable to pay such amount, it shall serve on such dealer a notice in the prescribed manner requiring him on a date and at a time and place to be specified attend in person or through authorised show cause why he should not deposit into the Government treasury the amount so collected by him. thi![ein either representative fb) x x x x x. ( 4) Where any amount so collected by the dealer and deposited by him into the Government Treasury has already been refunded to the dealer in pursuance of or as a result of any judgment, decree or order of any Tribunal, Court or authority, but the dealer has not refunded the amount to the person from whom he had collected it, the prescribed authority shall, notwithstanding such refund to the dealer, proceed to take action in accordance with the provisiOl}_s of sub-section, (3) for securing deposit blf such amount.· (I) [1970] 3 S.C.R. 455. R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Kallasam, l.) 367 ( 5) Where any such amount has not beeu refunded to the dealer before the commencement of this Act but a refund has been directed by a Court, Tribunal or authority, the amount shall, notwithstanding such direction, be deemed to be a deposit made in pursuance of an orde.r under sub-section (3). (6) x x x x x x (7) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law or contract, when any amount is deposited by a dealer in compliance with an order under sub-section ( 3) or sub section (4) or is deemed, under sub-section (5), to and so deposited, such deposit shall constitute a good and complete discharge of the liability of the dealer in res- pect of such amount to the person from whom it was callee- ted. ( 8) The person from whom the dealer has collected the amount deposited in pursuance of an order under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) or deemed, under sub-section (5), to have been so deposited shall be entitled to apply to pr~cribed authority in the prescribed manner for re~und of the amount to him and the said authority shall allow the . refund if it is satisfied that the claim is in order : Provided that no such refnnd shall be allowed unless the application is made before the expiry of the period within which the applicant could have claimed the amount the dealer by a civil suit had his liability not been discharged in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (7) : Provided further that no claim for such refund shall be rejected without giving the applicant a reasonable opportu nity of being heard." This Court held that sub-sections (3), (4) and (5) of section 20-A are ultra vires of the State legislature and as a corollary sub-sections ( 6) and (7) must also be deemed invalid. On behalf of the State of Bihar it was contended that the legislation is not for levy collection of an amount as tax which the State is not competent levy or collect, but for compelling a registered deakr to pay over the amount collected on behalf of the State as tax so that it may be made available to a person from whom it was unlawfully recovered. While distinguishing Abdul Quader's case on the ground that levy is not ~or collection of an amount as tax . which the State is not competent to levy or collect it relied strongly on the Orient Paper Mills' case. Justice Shah speaking for the Court held that Orient Paper Mills' case had no· bearing on the question whether the State was compe tent to enact section 21 of the Bihar Sales Tax Act as the case. does not support the plea that the State legislature is competent to legislate for demariding payment or for retaining amounts recovered by a ro gistered dealer. bµt . .which are npt due as .sales tax to. the State. In the Orient Paper Mills' case tax ·\Va's collected on sales outside the ~tate of Orissa and when refund was demanded byJhe ass~s~ees . in ' ' .· . ..- .,, .. ) A B C D E E G H A B C D E p G H 368 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 S.C.R. consequence of the decision in State of Bombay v. United Motors (India) Ltd. (supra) which held that sales outside the State concerned were not taxable the legislature intervened providing that the refund could be claimed only by a person from whom the dealer had realise<! In Ashoka Marketing case tax on the amount by way of sales tax. the amount representing railway freight was collected and when such treating the sales tax levy was set aside the legislature intervened Section 20-A (7) collected on the Railway freight as deposit. the Bihar Sales Tax Act, 1959, in the Ashoka Marketing case pro vided that the deposit by the assessee shall coJIBtitute a good and complete discharge of the liability of the dealer in respect of such amount to the person from whom such amount was collected, Sub section (8) provided that the person from whom the dealer had collected the amount shall be entitled to apply for refund of amount to him. In Ashoka Marketing case by the amendment the amount of tax, on railway freight which was collected by the Revenue was sought to be retained by treating the amount as deposit and in the event of the deposit having been returned to recover it. Though the show cause notice called upon the dealer as to why the amount in deposit should not be forfeited, the provisions of the section proceed on the basis that the amount would be treated as deposit. It was held that a provision compelling a dealer who has deliberately erroneously recovered an amount from the purchaser on a represen- tation that he is entitled to recover it to recoup himself for payment of tax to the State cannot be regarded as incidental to Entry 54, List II. A mere device cannot be permitted to defeat the provisions Olij the Constitution by clothing the claim in the form of a demand depositing the money with the State which the dealer has collected, but which he was not entitled to collect. / 1' ~ A case which deals with the power of forteiture is Kanti Lal Babu/al v. H. C. Patel.('} As the sale by the registered dealers outside the State of Bombay were not exigible to tax, the assessees were directed to refund amounts collected from their purchasers in respect of these sales by way of tax failing which it was directed that the amounts would be forfeited under section 12A(4) of the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1946. High Court restraining the authorities from taking action under sec tion 12A(4). The Sup reme Court held that section 12A( 4) of the Bombay Sales Tax Act was void being violative of Article 19(1)(f) of the Constitution. Section 12-A( 4) which is the relevant provision reads as follows.- The High Court dismissed the petition. The assessees filed a writ petition in ( 4) If any person collects any amount by way of in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1) or (2) or if any registered dealer collects any amount by way of tax in excess of the amount payable by him under this Act, the amounts so collected shall, without prejudice to any pro- secution that may be instituted against such person or dealer for an offence under this Act be forfeited to the State. Go vernment and such person or dealer, as the case may be, shall (I) (1968] I S.C.R. 735. R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Kailasam, J.) 369 within the prescribed period, pay such amount into a Go verment treasury and in default of amount shali be recovered as an arrear of land revenue." such payment, A Sub-section ( 4) provides for forfeiture to the State of any amount collected by the dealer by way of tax in excess of the amount pay- It was contended by the Revenue that able by him under the Act. section 12A(4) is a penal provision as it provides for the imposition B of a penalty on those who contra¥ene sect10n 12A(l) and (2) and that such a power was incidental to the power to tax sales and as such valid. A decision of the Gujarat High Court in Ram Gopal v. Sales Tax Officer, Surat and Another (16 S.T.C. 1005) was relied section l 2A on. The Gujarat High Court upheld the validity of ( 4). In Kanti Lal Babu/al' s case this Court observed : "We shall not go into the question whether from language of the impugned provision it is possible to hold that it is a penal provision. For our present purpose we shall assume it to be so. We shall also assume that the legislature had legislative competence to enact that provision. But the question is whether it is violative of Art. 19 (! )(f) which guarantees the freedom to hold property." It was held that the Act is silent as to the machinery and proce dure to he followed in determining the question as to whether there has been a contravention of sections 12A(l) and (2), and if so, to what extent. As the section did not provide for any inquiry as to the disputed question, the forfeiture under section 12A(4) facie infringed Article 19(1 )(f). The decision proceeded on the assumption that the legislature had competence to enact a proV!ision for forfeiture and that the provision is· penal in nature. The deci sion therefore cannot be taken as an authority for the proposition that a provision for levy of a penalty by way of forfeiture is beyond the A sentence in the course of legislative competence of the State. the judgment that "if that decision (16 S.T.C. 1005) lays down the law correctly, then the appellants are out of court. But we think that !he said decision cannot be sustained" cannot be understood as having laid down that a provision levying penalty is not within the In 16 S.T.C. 1005 the Bench competence of the State legislature. of the Gujarat High Court held that section 12A(4) of the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1946 was clearly a provision providing for penalty if any person colJects any amount by way of tax in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1) or (2) of section 12A and therefore it was a valid exercise of incidental or ancillary power of legislation. The Bench followed its earlier decision in Kallfilal Babulal's case reported in 16 S.T.C. 973 an appeal aiminst which was allowed by the Supreme Court(') on the ground that it contravened Art. 19(1)(1). This decision cannot be understood as having held that a leyY of a penalty for contravention of the provisions of Sales Tax Act is beyond the legislative competence of the State. c D E F G H (I) Supra. I ' - A B c D E F G H 370 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] l S.C.R. State of U.P. Anr. v. Annapurna Biscuit Mfg. Co.,(') is a decision by a Bench of two Judges of the Supreme Court. In tliis case the validity of section 29A of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948 was challen ged. Section 29 A runs as follows :-· "Refund in special cases. Notwithstanding anything contained in thi~ Act or any other law for the time being in force or in any judgment decree or order of any court, where any amount is either deposited or paid by any dealer or other person under sub section ( 4) or sub-section ( 5) of section 8-A, such amount or any part thereof shall on a claim being made in that be half in such form and within such period as may be pres cribed, be refunded to the person from whom such dealoc or the person had actually realised such amount or part, and to no other person." Following the decision in Abdul Quader's case and Aslzoka Market ing case this Corurt rejected the contention that the impl)gned section was covered by Entry 54 in List II. Section 29A(l) directs that a dealer shall deposit the entire amount (which is not exigible as tax) realised into the Government Treasury. The validity of the provi sion was not upheld in view of the decision in Abdul Quader's case This case does not advance the matter any further. - At this stage it will be useful to summanse the law declared by In Abdul Quader's case it was held that the decisions cited above. in regard to sums collected by the dealer by way of tax which are not in fact exigible as tax, the State legislature cannot direct these amounts to be paid over to the Government. The reason given that the ambit of ancillary or incidental power does not pennit the State Legislature to provide that the amount which is not exigible as tax under the Jaw shall be paid over to the Government as if it were a tax. The Orient Paper Mills' case held that the legislature was competent to grant refund of a tax unauthorisedly collected and in the hands of the Government to a person from whom the dealer had realised the amount. So far as the right to grant refund is concerned the decision in this case has been approved both in Abdul Quader's In Abdul Quader's case it case and in Ashoka Marketing case. was observed that it cannot be doubted that refund of tax collected incidental and ancillary powers relat is always a matter covered by In Ashoka Marketing case also the ing to levy or collection of tax. principle that the State can provide for refund was not doubted. In Ashoka Marketing case on a consideration of the Orient Paper Mills' case it was held that that case does not support the plea that the State legislature is competent to legislate for demanding payment or retain ing the amounts recovered by a registe.red dealer which were not due as sales tax to the State. These 3 cases relate to ( 1) direction the asscssee to deposit the amount unauthorisedly collected, (2) an attempt by the State. to demand and retain the amount unauthorised ly collected, and (3) the right to dire.ct the refund of the amounts (1) (19731 3 S.C.R. 987. .. .. R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Kailasam, !.) 371 collected from the assessee. The question as to whether the amounts thus unauthorisedly collected can be forfeited is not considered any of these cases. An attempt was made by the assessees derive support from Ashoka Marketing case that it related to a notice issued by the Assistant Commissioner to the assessees under section 20-A(3) of the Bihar Sales Tax Act requiring them to showi cause why the sales-tax. on the railway freight which had become re fundable should not be forfeited. Though the notice uses the words "forfeit" the provision of section 20-A(3) only mentions that amounts collected may be required to be deposited in the Government treasury. For deciding the question at issue it is unnecessary consider the submission made on behalf of counsel that the reasoning in Orient Paper Mills and Ashoka Marketing cases is not consistent. In Abdul Quader's case the Court clearly laid down that it is compe tent for the State legislature to provide for a penalty for collecting any amount wrongly by way of tax for the purpose of carrying out In Kanti Lal Babulal's case this the objects of taxing legislation. Court proceeded on the basis that the· provision was penal in nature and that the legislature was competent to enact that provision though the section was struck down as violative of Article 19(1)(f) of the Constitution. On a scrutiny of all the decisions it is clear that legis lature has power to levy a penalty for the proper enforcement of the taxing statute. The controversy therefore centres mainly on the question whether the provision as to the forfeiture in the impugned section is a penalty or whether it is merely a device to collect the amount unauthorisedly realised by the dealer. The plea of a device or colourable legisla tio11 would be irrelevant if the legislature is competent to enact a particular law. The question is one of competence of a particular If the legislature is competent legislature to enact a particular law. to pass a particular law the motive which impelled it to act is not relevant. After the decision in Abdul Quader' s case where it was pointed out that it was competent for the legislature to provide penal ties for the contravention of the provisions of the Act for. its better enforcement, the provision in an enactment levying such a penalty cannot be challenged. Mr. Kaji, the learned counsel appearing for some of the asses sees, submitted that forfeiture under section 37 is not penalty because penalties by express words are provided by clause ( 1) as well as by section 63 and forfeiture is mentioned as an addition to penalty. Sub-section (2) mentions forfeiture separately and independently of penalty. Sub-section ( 4) refers only to penalty. To examine question it is necessary to refer to certain proyisions of the Act. Sec tion 46 imposes prohibition against collection of tax in certain cases. Section 46 (1) prohibits any person whether dealer or not from col lecting any suni by way of tax in respect of sales on which by virtue of. section 5 no tax is payable. If however any person collects any sum by way of tax on sales by him of such goods he is by operation of section 37 (1) liable to pay penalty and also penalty by way of forfeiture. This punitive measl)re affects all persons who sell non-taxabfo goods. A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 372 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1978] 1 s.c.R. The words "penalty" I am unable to accept In section 37(1) (b)(ii) in addition to penalty not exceeding rupees two thousand, the sum collected by way of tax is directed to be forfeited to the State Government. ,"forfeiture" according to the learned counsel are different in their application and in the present case foreiture relates to the amount which is the same as has been unauthorisedly collected and therefor~ it is only a device by the State to recover the amount so collected. The section proceeds to lay down the procedurej for effecting the forfeiture by requiring the Commission to publish a notice, hear the parties as to why penalty or forfeiture or both as prescribed should not be imposed and make such• order as he thinks fit. A distinction between penalty and forfeiture is maintained. Forfeiture is one form of plea that fmfeiture is not a penalty. penalty and forfeiture is maintained. I am unable to accept for in the Indian Penal Code. For contravention of the Sales Tax Jaw the section provides two fom1s of punishment, levy of penalty and forfeiture, and use of the word "forfeiture" as distinct penalty will not make it any the less a penalty. Section 37(1) (b) (ii) provides that the sum collected by the person by way of tax in contravention shall be forfeited to the State Government Sub-section (2) provides for an inquiry after giving an opportunity to the assessee to show cause. Sub-section ( 3) enables the Commissioner to hold an inquiry and make ~uch order as he thinks fit. The discretion on the Comniissioner "to make such order as he thinks fit" would imply that he has power to direct the forfeiture of the entire 5Uin coiiected by a person by way of tax in contravention of th? proV'ision or con fine it to a portion of the amount so collected or not to forfeit at all if the circumstances so warrant. Section 55 provides for appeals. Section 55(6) provides that every appellate authority shall have power to confirm, reduce, enhance or annul the assessment or set aside the assessment and in an appeal against order importing a penalty the appellate authority! may confirm or caucel such order or vary it so as neither to enhance or to reduce the penalty. In any other case, the appellate authority may confirm or cancel such order or vary it so as Similar powers are conferred on reYisional autho just and proper. These provisions would indicate that it is not obligatory on rity. the Commissioner to direct that the entire amount collected by way of tax in contravention of the provisions of the Act to he forfeited. It is not obligatory on the authorities to levy a penalty· which is identi cally the same amount as the amount unauthorisedly uollccted, as the amount to be forfeited will have to be determined taking into account all the relevant circumstances. We reject the contention of Mr. Kaji that the levy of the forfeiture in the sub-section is only a device for recovering the amount inauthorisedly collected. We agree with the Bombay High Court that the contention of Mr. Kaji tha~ ferleiture is not a penalty cannot be accepted. Mr. Kaji next submitted that forfeiture if it is to be penalty would In other words be confined to acts where there is a guilty mind. he submitted that the penalty would be confined only to wilful acts of omission and commission in contravention of the provisions of the enactment. This plea cannot be accepted as penal consequences can be visited on acts which are committed with or without a guilty mind. - .... ... . ' • , R. s. JOSHI v. AJIT MILLS (Kailasam, !.) 3 73 For proper enforcement of various provisions of law it is common kn<>wledge that absolute liability is mposed and acts without mens rea are mad~ punishable. Mr. Kaji as well as Mr. B. Sen, learned counsel for some of the further brought to our noticed cases in which by the appli assessee.s cation of the provisions of the "Sales Tax enactment considerable hard ship and injustice has been caused to the dealers. It was submitted that where the assessee innocently collected amounts on the impres forfeited sion that tax was leviable, the amounts so collected were while his obligation to the purchasers to refund the amounts continued. If the assessee by a mistake failed to collect tax, from the purchasers, tax was levied and collected from the assessee making him suffer in any event. When after a costly litigation, the assessee suceeded in establishing that sales tax cannot be collected on the railway freight on cement bags or inter-State sales, the Government promptly forfeited such amounts. to . the assessees and deserve Government's attention. But for that reason the Courts cannot say that the act is beyond the legislative compe The fact that in some cases the dealers are prejudiced would tence. not affect the validity of the legislation 'which is the question we are called cpon to decide. On a careful consideration of the points raised, I .@ID satisfied that the provisions of section 3 7 (1) arc with in the competence of the State legislature. instances of hardship I agree these are I am unable to agree with th~ conclusion of the High Court that section 46(2) which prohibits any person who is not a registered dealer and liable to pay tax in respect of any sale or purchase, from collecting on the sale of any goods any sum by way of tax and any registered dealer from collecting any amount by way of tax excess of the amount of tax payable by him under the provisions of the Act is violative of the Constitution. I see no unconstitutionality iu such a provision. For enforcement of sales tax law, the provision is absolutely necessary for without such prohibition unauthorised col lection of tax can never be checked. The sales tax law will have to demarcate the articles on which tax can be collected and prohibit collection of tax in any manner not authorised by law. Lastly, it was contended that the provisions contravene Articles 14 and 19(1) (f) of the Constitution. The High Court held that the provisions do not contravene either of the two Articles. The submis sion is that the authority concerned is given a discretion either to proceed under section 37 or under section 63 (1) and as the Act pro vides no guidelines as to how this discretion is to be exercised. an arbitrary or uncanalised power has been conferred on the authority to determine the question as to under which of the two provisions he levy of penaltv would take action. and forfeiture is provided for while under section 63 (1) (h) the per son becomes liable to be criminally prosecuted for contravening the In my view provisions of section 46 without reasonable excuse. there is no1 arbitrary or uncana!ised power given to the authority. While the proceedings are in the nature of a penalty and forfeiture under section 37, it is, punislunent by criminal prosecution under sec tion 63(1)(h). SectiOJl 37(4) provides : "No prosecution for an section 37 Under A B c D E F G H 374 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 S.C.R. A B c B !Offence under this Act shall be instituted in respect of the same facts on which a penalty has been imposed under this section". As I have construed the word "penalty" to include "forfeiture" also, the section is clear that when proceedings are taken up under section 3 7, no prosecution can be instituted under section 63 (I) (h) on the same facts. The plea as to contravention of Art. 14 has therefore to fail. Equally untenable is the plea that the provisions contravene Article 19(1) (f). In Kantilal Babulal's case the Supreme Court held section 12-A ( 4) is not valid as forfeiture canno~ be enforced without proper inquiry. That plea is no more available for section 37(3) prescribes the procedure which makes it obligatory on the part of the Commissioner to give notice to enable the assessee to show cause against levy of penalty or forfeiture. Further, there are provisions for appeal and revision against any order made by the Commissioner. The plea based 0n Art. 19(1}(f) has to fail. It was submitted by the learned counsel for the assessees tliat apart from the question of legislative comp~tence and the challenge based on Articles 14 and 19(1) {f) certain questions of facts aris0 and they will have to be dealt with by the High Court. On asertain ment of such cases a direction will issue to the High Comt to decide those cases on merits . P.B.R. Appeals allowed. I i 1 1 .t \ -'\ 'I ...