RAMA1'iLAL GULAB CHAND SHAH ETC v. STA TE OF GUJARAT, ETC & Ors.

Therefore, I Shri M. B. Sheikh, Dist. Deputy Collec tor. Bulsar, in view of the authority vested in me under section 65 of the Tenancy Act, have to inform you and call upon you to show cause as to why the management of the aforesaid land or a portion thereof should not be assumed by the Government under section 65 of the Tenancy Act. . . . . . In consequence of the notice the parties appeared and denied the allegation that for two consecutive years Lhcy had not culti vated these lands. Ramanlal Gulabchand in his stated tnat: . " .... since 1946-4 7 or thereafter we have been getting the said land cultivated by plough and by sowing good seeds of grass therein, we have made . the grass. to ·''65. Assumption of management of lands which re1naincd 11nctdtivated. (1) lf it appears to the State Governn1ent that for any two consecutive years, any land has remained uncultivated or the jidl and efficient use of the land has not been 1nade for the purpose of agriculture, through the default of the holder or any other cause whatsoe~er not beyond his control the State Gov~rnment 1nay, after making such inquiry as it thinks fit, dccla~e that the 1nanagement of such land shall b.! assumed. The declaration so inade' be con clus-ive. (2) On the assumption of the 1nanagement, such land shall vest in the State Government during the continuance of the management and the provisions of Chapter IV shall mutatis 11111ta11dis apply to the said land : Provided that the n1anager n1ay in suitable cases give such !and on lease at rent even equal to the an1ount of its assessment. P<ovided further that~ if the 1nanagement of the land has been a"sun1:::d under sub-section (I) on account of the default of tllo tenant, such tenant shall cease to have any right of privilege under Chapter IT or Ill, as the case may be, in respect of such lanJ, \Vith effect from the date on and from which such manage n1ent has been assu1ned." • • 4G SCl'ROIE COURT REl'ORTS [l969J I SC.R. cultivating grow therein and by ploughing the land it is brought in level and in this manner formerly after cultivating the _land with plough the seeds have been sown therein and since last six years or thereafter by said lands continuously with the Tracmr and sowing seed\ of gr~1ss therein, 1l1c gr:l!-.s is hcing gro\vn in the said 13nd. Therefore. that alleg:11ion that said land has been kept uncultivated continuously Lir two year; namely 1963-64 and I 964-!i5 and for the years prio; lo that nwde in the notice is ·.1bsolutely tdsc and we spectiicaily deny the >:1me. Further, over and ;1hovc the cultivation in the said land we arc al\o making the said l.:nd clean and also we arc erecting hedge round it we arc also removin~ 1hc thorns and other things lying in 1hc said land an(C also keeping continuous \Vatch over the s~in1c as soon a-., th~ :..:ras; Cl'O\\ll therein and when the grass becomes fit to lie cut, we cut the same and brin~ the same at our house for our callle and or cattle eat the same for the whole year .... (.1ic)"' The case was then sent to the Additional Mamiatdar for rcpun. The Mamlatdar\ report is not before us. On Febnrnry 28, 1965 the Dist. Deputy Colkctor, Bulsar made hi; deciaratiun aad we It get the gi>t of the Mamlatdar"s report from his declaration. app(!;).rS that the Mamlatdar reportc:d that the ]ands were "cul tivable"' and '·food crops and fruit trees can be grown"' but the owner,; had merely "al lowed gr;"s natmally to grow therein"' and by such opcrat ions only they had "not m:1dc full and efficient use of the land in the two consecutive vcars viz.. 1963-64 and J 964-65"". The Deputy Collector dc.clared that he was satisfied tkt full and cflicient use of the lands had nll: been made conse cutively during the years J 96:1-64 and 1964-65 as contemplated under s. 65 of the Act and that the default \las not due to cir i-lc also (kclared cumstances hcyond the control oi the owners. tlwt the lands could grow food crops or fruit tre~s. He zccord- ingly appointed the :Vfamlatdars as managers of said lands direct- ing that they "should take immediate steps to lease out the lands for cultivation of food crops and manage !he land as prc·:idcd for management of estates under the provisions cont<lincd Chapter JV of the Bornhay Tenancy and Agricul!ural Lands Act. 1948". This declaration was quc'1ioned by the writ petitions from which the present appeals arise. A B c I) E G Before the High Court six grounds were u:-gcd in support of the petition. Broadly speaking. they were;. the constituticnality of s. 65 of the Act under Arts. 14. 19(1)(11 and !g) and 31: H !lreach of principle' <0f natural justice on ti1e ground that the Deputy Collector who made the .declaratio_n. dit,1 not hear the parties: and lastly that.the declaraoon "'a~ vtt1ater_ on accaunt of • - A B c D E F G • RAMANLAL \'. GUJARAT (Hidayatu!lah, C.J.) 47 omission to take into consideration factors relevant for the pur pose of taking action. Another ground of attack was that the exercise of power was mala fide and actuated by political con siderations. This last ground was not presented to us and there fore may not be mentioned again. The constitutional validity of the addition to s. 65 by Amending Act was also questioned before us. The argument was that th~ added words introduced a condition which, even if taken with the Rules, was destructive of the right of a person to hold and enjoy his property arid to deprive him of it for all times It was also submitted that in !he law without compensation. thus made too much power and discretion was left to the ilfficer concerned, without indicating any standards of an objective nature to control them. It was also contended that the appeliants, in any event, were fulfilling the requirements of cultivation as laid down in the Act itself. Before entering into . a discussion of these points we may first see what the Act enacts to achieve by itself and by its Rules. The Act has a long preamble which indicates the object of the law. It says inter alia : - "AND WHEREAS on account of the neglect of a landholder or disputes between a landholder and his tenants, the culti\T~tion of his. estate has seriously suffer ed, or for the· purpose of improving the economic and social conditions of peasants to ensuring the full and efficient use of land for agriculture, it is expedient to assume management of estates held by landh0lders and to regulate and impose restrictions on the transfer of agricultural lands, dwelling houses, appurtenant thereto belonging to or occupied by agricul, turists, agricultural labourers and artisans in the Pro vince of Bombay and to make provisions for certain is hereby other purposes hereinafter appearing; enacted as follows :-" sites and The following deflutions are material to our purpose. Section 2 (I) provides : "Agriculture" includes horticulture, the raising of crops, grass or garden produce, the use by an agricul turist of the land held by hlm or a part thereof for the grazing of his cattle, the use of any land, whether or not an appendage to rice or paddy land, for the purpose of rab manure but does not include allied pursuits, or the cutting of wood only; • Provided that in the case of such tracts of abounding in natural growth of gras~ as the State • 48 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1969] I S.C.R. Government may, by notification, in the official Gazelle, specify, 'agriculture' shall include the cutting of grass for any purpose." 'To cultivate" is defined by s. 2( 5). It reads : ""to cultivate" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means to till or husband the land for the purpose of raising or improving agricultural produce, whether by manual labour or hy means of cattle or machinery, or to carry on any agricultural operation thereon; and the expression "uncultivated" shall be construed correspondingly. Explanation-A person who takes up a contract to cut grass or to gather the fruits or other produce o[ trees on any land, shall not on that account only be deemed to cultivate such land.'" "To hold land" is defined by s. 2 ( 6c) and means only that the person must be lawfully in actual possession of the land as an -owner or tenant, as the case may be. "Land-holder" is defined in s. 2(9) thus: ""Land-holder" means a zamindar, jagirdar, saran jamdar, inamdar, talukdar, malik or a khot or any per son not hereinbefore specified who is a holder of land or who is interested in land and whom the State Government bas declared on account of the extent and value of the land or his interest therein to be a land holder for the purposes of this Act." It must be noticed that this definition does not take into account a tenant. That word is defined in s. 2( 18) and reads : "Tenant means a person who hold~ land on lease and includes : - (a) a person who is deemed to be a tenant under section 4; ( b) a person who is protected tenant; and ( c) a person who is pcnnanent tenant; and the word 'landlord' shall be construed accordingly.~ Chapter II deals with tenancies, but with its provisions we are not concerned because they bear only upon matte~ con- ' nected with the setting up of tenancies, their continuance and termination, ::1e quantum of rent payable. and other ~uch r.;atters. Section 5 of this Cha, pter prescribes the ceiling area of tenancy lands with reference to jira.vat, seasonal irrigated and perennially irrigated lands. Section 7 :mthorises Government to vary • • A II c D E ' G H -- A B c D E F H RAMANLAL v. GUJARAT (Hidayatullah, C.J.) 49 ceilini; area and economic hol~ing takin~ in~o consi~ra~on the stuation of the land, its producuve capacity, its s1tua11on m ~ack­ ward areas and any other factor that may be prescnbed. Chapter III then deals with special rights and privileges of ten~ts and makes provision for distribution of land for .personal c_ult1v_a tion. We are not concerned with any matter mvolved m 1t. Chapter IV deals with management of est~tes held by landhold~rs. In view of the definition of 'landholder' this part cannot be applied directly to non-landholders but the provisions of s. 65 (2) make the provisions of Chapter IV applicable to the lands of non landholders. The intention of Chapter IV. is to arrange for the management of the land of landholders with a view to better management and the liquidation of their debts. The relevant sections in this chapter (which applies in this indirect manner to non-landholders lands) are ss. 44 to 48, 58, 59 and 61. Section 44 reads: "Notwithstanding any law for the time being in force, usage or custom or the terms of contract or grant, when the State Government is satisfied that on account of the neglect of a landholder or disputes between him and his tenants, the cultivation of his estate has seriously suffered, or when it appears to the State Government that it is necessary for the -said purpose or for the pur pose of ensuring the full and efficient use of land for agriculture to assume management of any landholder's estate, a notification announcing such intention shall be published in the Official Gazette, and the Coilector shall cause notice of the substance of such notification to be given at convenient place in the locality where estate is situated. Such notification shall be conclu sive." Section 45 vests the estate in the State Government and management is deemed to commence from the date on which the ~otification is published. Section 46 gives the effect of declara tio~ of management. As a result of the publication of the notifi cation under s. 44 all proceedings and processes in civil courts in respect of actions against the landholders get automatically stayed and while the management continues, no further proceed ings can be commenced. The holder of the estate also becomes incapable of entering into -any contract, mortgage, etc. or grant valid receipts for rents and p.rofits. The manager, however, has competence to do all these things. Section 4 7 then enume rat~s the powe;s of the Manager in the management. He entitled to receive and recover all rents and profits due in respect of the property under management and for this purpose possesses all the powers of the holder as well as the' powers of the Collector under the law for the time being in force. Under s. 48 • • - SW' REM I. coun REPORTS [l 969J : S.CR. Manager is entitled to deduct from the recoveries the cost of the mana~ement and repairs. Government revenue and all other debh to Government, and rent to a superior holder and such periodical all0wanccs "' the Collector from time to time fixes for the main ten:mcc and other expenses of the holder and such members of his lamily as the Collector directs and th~ costs of such improvc mc111s of the estates as t11e thinks necessary or as '.\-Linager approved hy the CoUcctor. The balance is then applied by the Manager for the liquidation of the debrs and liabilities of the land-holders and if anything remains thereafter, it is paid to rhe land-holder. Sections 49 to 57 deal with claims to be made against the csrate and the power ro rcnwve pos;c"ion. Sections 58 and 59 111:1y be read here. They confer powers of s:des and lease on rhc Man.iger and to pass receipts for any moneys. rents or profits raised or received by him and rhe discharge of the persons on the 'trenglh of such receipts. the mortgage "58. Subject to the rules mode lli!dcr this Act, th.: Manager after the liquidation scheme has been sanc tioned as aforesaid. shall have power to sell or grant on lc<ise all or any part of Jnanagc1ncnt : esl~te under Provided that the esrate or any part thereof ~hall not be sold or leased for a period exceeding ten years without 1he previous permission of the Collector: Provided further that the Collector shall not give such permission unless he is satisfied that such sale or lease is necessary for the benefit of the esrate (or unless such sale is in favour of a tenant under section 32, 32F, 32 I or 32 0). The decision of the Collector shall be final. :'19. i·hc Manager\ receipt for uny inoncys, rents or profits raised or received hy him under this Act shall discharge the person pavin~ the same therefrom or frn111 hcing concerned tci -~ce'" to the application ther~of." A. B c D E F Scc1ion 61 nest provides for the termim1tion of the management. G It must be read in full : '·r, I. The State Government, when ii is of opinion that it is not necessarv to continue the management of the cM:ne. by order jrnblished in the Official Gazette direct that the said management ~hall be tcrn1mated. On the termination of the 'said management. the estate shall be delivered i~to the posscs>ion of the !!older. or, if he is dead. of any person entitled to the s:11d estate t~- gcthcr wi1h any balance' which may be due to the credit • • H A B c D E F G H - RAMANLAL v. GU.TARAT (Hidayat111/ah, C.J.) 51 of the said holder. All acts done or purporting to be done by the Manager during the continuance of the management of the estate shall be binding on the holder or to any person to whom the possession of the estate has been delivered." The provisions though applicable to landholders are applied by In s. 6512) mutatis mutandis to the lands of non-landholders. other words, the scheme of the management (apart from liquida. tion of debts) applies to non-landholders. The other provisions. dealing with management for the liquidation of debls, which are in the nature of the provisions of the Court of Wards Act, may not be considered here because they are not to our purpose. relevant We may next see some of the Rules which have been framed under s. 82 of the Act. Rule 30 provides for a notice before action under s. 44 is taken and provides that the landholder's statement shall be recorded as regards the intention of the Govern ment to assume management of the estQte. Rule 33 provides !hat when a Manager proposes to sell any estate or any part thereof under s. 58 he shall give notice to the landholder to show cause why the estate or a part thereof should not be sold -and· must afford him an heai:ing .. The method of selling or leasing of the estate under management or any part thereof is indicated in· Rule 34 and it is by public auction unless such a course is, in the opinion of the Manager, unnecessary or inexpedient. Rule· 35 is important and may be set down in extenso : "35. Period of continuance of management of estates : - ( 1) The Manager of an estate of which manage ment has been assumed shall, before the 31st day of March following the year in which the 1nanagen1ent has been assu111ed: State Governn1cnt a report regarding the n1ana gcment of the estate and shall state whether in his opinion it management for the purpose for which it was assumed. is necessary to continue (2) After taking into consideration the report of the Manager made under sub-rule (1), the State Government shall decide whether the manage ment should be terminated under section 61 or continued further and if so, for what period, suc!1 period not being in exc~ss of five years at a tune. • • "52 SUPREME COuRT REPORTS il 969] I S C.R. ( 3) If the State Government decides to continue the management the Manager shall, from time to time, forward his repon through the Collector and shall in any case submit a report not later than two months before the expiry of the cur- rent period of to enable Government to decide. whether the management shall be terminated under sectim1 61 or shall further be continued : the management Provided that if the mana~cn1cnt is to be continued bcyimd the expiry of ten yea1; from the Jate on which the Collector shall hold a formal in- it was assumed, quiry in the manner prescribed by the Bombay Land Revenue Code, 1879, and, after recording !he state- ment of the landholder or any person acting on his behalf, shall submit the record and proceeding of the inquiry and his report to tl1c State Govanmcnt, which shall be taken into consideration by the State Govern- ment before it decides to continue the management <my further." A B C D Tl•e other Rules do not bear upon the pre,~nt eontroversy and m~y be left out of consideration. We may now proceed to con sider tllis case. E The first question to consider is the vires of the addition to s. 65 by the Amending Act, which additio!l has been shown in tile section quoted already. This matter has to be comidered with reference to Arts. 31-A and 31-B read with the Ninth Schedule. The protection is claimed on the hasis of tllese two articles by the State. Article 31-B no doubt gives protection to ~11 statutes listed in Schedule IX of the Constitution and this Act is so listed. But it was listed before the amendment of s. 65 and that amendment c~ said to have been considered \1hen the Amendment of the Constitution was made. That Amend ment if accepted as unassailable will have the indirect effect of <unending the original Schedule IX by including something in it which was not them before. This is undoubtedly beyond the competence of any State legislature. The argument of the learned G A:torney General that the general schemes of the Preamble and the provisions of s. 44 made applicabk by s. 65(2) both of which 11ave the protection of Art. 31-B must give protection is falla cious. Even if the preamble and s. 44 could be read (and we <lo not decide that they can be so read) to give validity it is clear ·1hat the preamble talked only of landholders and the addition H <if the words to s. 65 is intended to apnty the principle to non lanc.lholdcrs. Similarl1 the provisions of s. 44 under the un- 01mcndcd Acl. could not have been made applicahlc to such non- I' • • A B c 0 E F G H RAMANLAL v. GUJARAT (Hidayatullah, C.J.) 53 landholders. The amendment of s. 65 was really carrying the Act into new fields and not being considered as an amendment. · of the Constitution, how can it claim the protection given to the unamended Act? Therefore Art. 31-B and the Ninth Schedule cannot be called in aid. The matter may, however, be considered nnder Art. 31-A. If Art. 31 .. A gives protection there would be an end. appellants' contention i~ not the matt.er must be cons1~e~ed on principles settled by thL~ Court. Article 31-A was reboo UJ?On strongly by the learned Attorney General. He attempted to bnng the amendment of s. 65 under clauses (a) and (b) of Art. 31-A (1 ) . We may now consider the matter under these two clauses separately. Article 31-A(l) (a) and (b) read: "31-A(l) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for- "(a) the acquisition by the. State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modi fication of any such rights, or · ( b) the taking over of the management of any pro perty by the State for a limited period either in the public interest or in .order to proper management of the property, or" secure shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is in consistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14, article 19 or article31." The amendment of s. 65 gives additional power of taking over lands of non-landholders for management on two grounds. The· first is that the land must have remained uncultivated for the two consecutive years and the second is that full and efficient use In so far as the first of the land had not been made of the land. is concerned s. 65 in its original form included that condition and' it cannot be challenged because of the prot.ection of Art. 31-B read wil\h the Ninth Schedule. Therefore action could be taken agafost any land which had remained uncultivated for two years. The action in this case is not taken because of this part of s. 65. But in so far as the second part is concerned the question must arise whether taking over of management can be said to be (a) acquisition by the State. or .Cb) extinguishment of the rights of t be holder or ( c) mod1fica11on of any such rights. Of these it' is impossible to say that this was an acquisition by the State. That phrase has received construction on more than one occasion in· this Court. Although the decisions canl1tlt be said to be uniform,_ • • 5 .j SCPKOIE COCRT KEPOKTS Ll%9J I Sc.IC enc !lung i, certain that the taking away •nust be for the S:atc and by the State. Such acquisiuon mtbt transfor the ownership ·Ol the property to the State 01 to a corporation owned or con trolled by the State. Since s. 65 or the other provJS1ons of the Act do not spell out any such thing, there is no acquisition by the State. There is also no extinguishment of the rights of the holder. The rights arc merely suspended and he continues to he the owner. There can of course be cxtinguishment of rights with .out acquisition by the State but there must be rxti11g11is/11~1e11t, that is complete termination o[ the rights. The scheme of the Act in s. 61 contemplates return of the lands unless sold to others and is those cases in which a sale is not affected it cannot be said .that there is an extinguishment of the rights. Therefore that part . of Art. 31-A (I) (a) docs not apply. The third part namely modification of rights might have been considered by us but this ·Court in Th11k11r R11g/111bir Singh v. Court of Ward,-, Ajmer and . another( 1 ) gave a limited meaning to the expression and that It was observed -case has been applied on many occasions. ·there : 'The learned Attorney-General laid emphasis on the word "modification .. used in article 31-A. That word in the context of the article only means a 111odificatio11 of the proprietary right of a citizen like an exti11g11islz me11t of tlwt right and cannot include within its ambit a mere suspension of the right of management of estate for a time. definite or indefinite." (emphasis added) A B c D t: Thus mere suspension of the right of management of one's pro. perty without modification of the proprietary right was not held suflicient to give protection of Art. :i 1-A (I) (a). We would have given more thought to this matter but for the re-enactment .o( Art. 31-A with retrospective effect after Thakur Raghubir Si11~/i's case('). Thakur Ragluibir Si11gh's case did not interpret the -article as it is today. In view of the retrospective amendment of the article it may he said that this Court interpreted an article -which never was enacted in that form. Therefore the less we speak of the matter from the angle of observations in T!wki:r G Rngllllhir Si11gh'.1· case the better. But even so the matter l ' not advanced much further. F - - - e Lookino at the matter in the light of Art. :i I -A "' it is today . (and it must be deemed to have been"' always) management 1s speciallv provided in (b) and must he considered under that clause. - The words of that clause arc 'the taking over of 'Any property' means property -management of any property'. ' ' II (I) [19511 SC.R. 1049. • • • RAMANLAL V. GUJARAT (Hidayatullah, C.l.) 55 A 8 of any kind and would embrace land of 'landholders and non landholders alike. The words 'by the State' indicate taking over must be by the State. The next requiremen~ is that this taking over must be either in the public interest or Ill order to secure the proper management of the property. And lasdy the takin<> over must be for a limited period. The case here 1s covered by this clause and clause (a) is therefore not attracted. It is, however, objected that the taking over is not limited to any period. Section 61 which is protected by the Sixth Schedule and cannot be called in question says that the State Government may announce the termination of the management when it is satisfied that it is not necessary. This does not set any leaving the matter at large. The learned Attorney-General how ever desired us to read the rules to show that there is a limit .of time. He says that the rules be read in conjunction with the provisions of s. 61 because the section does not give any indica tion of any limit of time. Although s. 61 may not by itself be challengeable, the rules may be, notwithstanding that they were made under powers given by s. 82. A limit of time was delibe to distinguish rately put in by the constitutional amendment between cases which fall within management from those of extin guishment and modification. Without a limit of time the manage ment woulcl be an excuse for deprivation of property without com pensation and that is not the intention of Art. 31 (a). It is hardly to be thought that an antimony between Art. 31 and 31-A (J) (b) was deliberately introduced. c D IE We do not express an opinion whether the rules can be read to indicate the limited period of management or that the scheme of the Act and the rules must be viewed together in this connec tion. But we are clear that tl1e rules do not improve matters. Although it may not be possible to attack s. 61 which enables the State to hold the property as long as necessary as the section is protected, the action of the State in making such rules as crive no indication of a limit of time may be a circumstance to conslder if the claim of protection is made out. Under clause (b) of Art. 31 A ( 1 ) protection is to State action in taking over manage ment for a limited period and to laws enabling this to be done, but not to management unlimited in time. Section 61 read with s. 81 must therefore require that any rule made should accord with the protection given on these terms by Art. 31-A otherwise the protection will fail. Advantage of the words of s. 61 cannot be taken to create a pennanent deprivation of the proper:y and yet claim protection of Art. 31-A(l) (b). It is in this context that we must examine the provisions. We must first clear one misapprehension and it is that the provisions of Chapter IV can be said to !lpply in toto. It must F G H • • ' • .. . 56 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1969] I S.C.R. be remembered that that chapter is primarily concerned with tht: liquidation of liability of land-holders and schemes to effect that purpose. Section 58 does not give a clean poWt:r of sale but only after a liquidation scheme is sanctioned. That applies to land holders and may not be made applicable to non-landholders. To see how the management is to work in respect of non landholders we have to turn to the rules. Herc the pertinent rule is r. 35. That rule requires a report from the Manager after about a year to enable the State Government to consider whether it is necessary to continue management. The State Government may then decide to release the land from management, or continue it. The management may continue for periods of 5 years at a time on the st<ength of periodic reports but if management is to co11- tinue beyond 10 years a formal inquiry is necessary and further. Government may decide to continue the management No limit of time is then indicated. There is, therefore, no limit set at all. The protection of Art. 31 A (I )(b) is available only when there is a definite limit in the law for the period of management. Neither s. 61 alone, nor read with the rules indicates any such limit and the» condition of protection from Articles 13, 14, 19 and 31 is thus not available. The argument of the learned Attomey General that so long as there is a possibility of a return of the land w the original owner, we must construe the management as of a It is hardly to be expected limited period is not acceptable to us. that a return of property which is on the Greek Kalends can be construed as a return within a limited period. Therefore th~ It may not be scheme of the Act ought to have shown the limit. possible to question the unamended section 65 because of Art. 31-B or the provisions of s. 61 which is also protected but in respect of the addition to s. 65 the protection of Art. 31A(l)(b) can only be invoked if the law can show a real limit for the period If the management is likely to continue for an of management. indefinite period it is not in any sense limited and, therefore, the amended part cannot claim protection, s. 6 I notwithstanding. Once the matter can he gone into the provisions of the addi tional part will have to be examined for reasonableness. Here the difliculties arc many for the State. We mention only a few of them. There is nothing to show what are the requirements of action. The deprivation of property is made to depend upon the subjective determination of an officer. Take for example this case itself. Action is taken under the impugned part of s. 65. Agri culture includes growing of grass, and other definitions emphasi>e the need cf ?:rowing grass by including the operation in the word 'cultivation'. Grass is as important for agricultural communities as foodgrains and fruits. Withont the former the cattle must die just as without tlfe latter there would be human starvation. A B c [) E F G H • • I -· • • RAMANLAL v. GUJARAT (Hidayatullah, C.J.) 57 The Act therefore, gives importance to both, naming grass along with crops and garden produce and horticulture. If grass is being grown as an agricultural operation, one cannot just take grass lands and convert them into orchards. Similarly orchards cannot be taken and turned into pastures. Before action is taken it must be quite clearly established that the kind of agriculture which is being carried on is being carried on inefficiently or that there is some distiuct advantage in the new management to carry on the new kind of agriculture. The Deputy Collector merely thinks that the land can grow grain or fruits. But so can any grass laud or pasture. There is nothing to show that from an agrarian point of view grass grown in these lands was not neces sary at all or was being inefficiently grown. A person is entitled to hold aud enjoy his property as he thinks best. If regard is to be had for the benefits of society a clear law and a clear determi It is not nation are required. Both the elements are missing. said in what circumstances cultivation can be said to be inefficient. It is also not said what would be considered efficient cultivation It is also not and what inquiries are needed to determine this. said under what circumstances different kind of cultivation can be imposed upon the land. The faw does not provide for an opportunity to the cultivator to change his cultivation from one It does not even require that the management kind to another. should be efficient. After taking over the lands the Manager can· lease them to others but it is not stated what conditfons .they have· to observe. Merely on the opinion of an officer, land may . be taken away because the officer thinks that wheat is to be preferred to fruits and fruits to grass and so on and so forth. The manage In these ment is taken over without any clear limit of time. circumstances it is difficult to uphold the declarations made in these cases or to give thel)l the protection of Art. 31-A(l)(b). The appeals will, therefore, be allowed with costs aud the orders of the Deputy Collector quashed. There shall be one set of hearing fee in each group, \vhere same counsel appeared for all the appeals. Y.P. Appeals allowed_ A B c D E F • IOSup. C. L/68-5 • • • ~ - I ~