October, 14 v. ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA

dent and Shri Rajendra Prasad was declared elected. Thereafter Dr. N. B. Khare filed the present petition describing himself as an intending candidate and alleging that there had been violations of the provi sions of the Constitution and that the election was in consequence not valid. The prayers in the petition are "that grave doubts that exist in connection with the Presidential election be enquired into, resolved and decided" and "the entire proceedings of the Presi- · dential election be quashed as void". 1957 Dr. N. B. Khare v. Electio11 Co1111nissio11 of India Ve11kata1'1111111 A1)•a1-,J. The Registrar of this Court returned the petition as not being in conformity with the provisions of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 (XXXI of 1952), and as not satisfying the require ments of the Rules of this Court contained in. 0. XXXVII-A. Section 14 of Act XXXI of 1952 provides that no election shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to the Supreme Court in accordance with the provisions of the Act and of the Rules made by the Supreme Court under Art; .145 of the Constitution; and it further provides that it should be presented by any candidate at such election or by ten or more electors. The Rules framed by this Court .with reference to this matter are contained in 0. XXXVII-A. Rule 3 prescribes that a court-fee of the value of Rs. 250 should be paid on the petition and r. 12 requires the petitioner to deposit a sum of Rs. 2,000 in cash as security for the payment of costs that may become payable by him. The petitioner is not a person entitled to apply under s. 14 of the Act and his petition was also defective as it did not comply with the .requirements or rr. 3 and 12. It was accord ingly returned qy the Registrar. Against that order, the present appeal has been brought. It is firstly contended by Mr. Mani that the present is outside the purview of Act XXXI of petition 1952 and of 0. XXXVII-A of the Supreme Court Rules. It is argued that the Supreme Court is invested with jurisdiction to enquire into and decide all doubts· and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of the President, that Act XXXI of 1952· and 0. XXXVII-A apply only when there is a dispute- 650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 1957 v. Election Commission of I11dia as to the election but where the petition is founded »r. N. B. Khare upon doubts as to the validity of the election, it is not covered either by the Act or the Rules. We are unable to accept this contention. When once an election has been held, any doubt concerning its validity is mate- rial only as a ground for setting aside the election and that in fact is the prayer in the petition itself. In sub stance the petition is one calling the election in ques tion and it must satisfy the requirements of Act XXXI of 1952 and of the Rules in 0. XXXVII-A. .ve,,katarama Aiyar,J. It is next contended that the Act and the Rules in question are void on the ground that they derogate from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to enquire into and decide all disputes and doubts arising out of or in connection with the election of the President or the Vice-President. It is argued that under s. 18, the election could be set aside only on certain grounds and that further under clause (b) it could be done only if the result of the election is shown to have been mate rially affected, and that these are restrictions on the jurisdiction conferred by Art. 71 (1) and are ultra vires, Articies 71 ( 1) merely prescribes the forum in which disputes in connection with the election of the President and Vice-President would be enquired into. It does not prescribe the conditions under which the petition for setting aside an election could be present ed. Under Art. 71(3), it is Parliament that is authoris ed to make law for regulating any matter relating to or connected with the election of the President or Vice-President, and Act XXXI of 1952 has been passed by Parliament in accordance with this provision. The right to stand for election and the right to move. for setting aside an election are not common law rights. They must be conferred by statute and can be enforc- ed only in accordance with the conditions laid down therein. The contention that the Act and the Rules derogate from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court · under Art. 71(1) must accordingly be rejected. The petitioner has, therefore, no right to move for setting aside the election except in accordance with the pro visions of Act XXXI of 1952. J S.C.R. SUPR~E COURT REPORTS 651 And finally it is contended that the petitioner has a right as a citizen to approach this Court under Art. 71(1) whenever an election has been held in breach of the constitutional provisions. For the re~sons already given, this contention must fail. The right of a person to file an application for setting aside an election must be determined by the statute which gives it, and that statute is Act XXXI of 1952 passed under Art. 71(3). The petitioner must strictly bring himself within the four corners of that statute and has no rights apart from it. The order appealed against is clearly right and this appeal is dismissed. Petition dismissed. 1957 Dr. N. B. Khare v. Election Commission of India Venkatarama Aiyar, J. MESSRS. CROWN ALUMINIUM WORKS 'V. THEIR WORKMEN. (BHAGWATI, S. K. DAS and GAJENDRAGADKAR, JJ.~ 1957 October, 15. Industrial Dispute-Adjudication-Constitution of wage struc ture-Revision of such structure, if can be made to the prejudice of workmen-Convention-Governing principle. Although there can be no rigid and inexorable convention that a wage structure once fixed can never be changed prejudice ·of the workmen, there are well-recognised principles on which such revision must be founded, one important principle, to which there can be no exceptions, is that the wages of workmen cannot be allowed to fall below the bare subsistence level. It follows, therefore, that no industry can have the right to exist if it cannot be maintained except by bringing the wages below that level. The Constitution of J ndia seeks to create a democratic welfare state and secure social and economic justice to the citizens. Growth of industries and the advent of collective bargaining between organized labour and capital with consequent industrial legislation have made absolute freedom of contract and the doctrine of laissez faire things of the past and they have now to yield place to principles of social welfare and common good. Industrial adjudication has, thus, to keep in view the ideal of a democratic welfare state and its immediate objectiye in constitut ing a wage structure must be to secure the genuine and whole hearted co-operation between labour and capital in the task of production by a just adjustment of their conflicting interests by