High Court · 2025

1. Heard Shri Umesh Singh, learned counsel for the petitioner, Shri Badrish Tripathi, learned Standing Counsel for respondents no. 1 to 4, and Shri Mohan Singh, learned counsel for respondent no.5 as well as Shri Yogesh Singh, learned counsel for respondent no.6 and perused the record.

2. By means of present petition, the petitioner has challenged the order dated 30.6.2025, passed by the District Magistrate, Ambedkar Nagar, in exercise of power under Section 122 -Kha (4-Ka) of the U.P. Z.A.& L.R. Act, wherein he has allowed the revision, preferred by respondent no.6, and he has set aside the order dated 31.5.2025, passed by the Tehsildar- Jalalpur, District Ambedkar Nagar .

4. It has been submitted by learned counsel for the petitioner that the land situated at Gata No. 2821 (281 Ka measuring area 0.126 Hectare and 2821 Kha area 0.177 Hectare), Village Manjhariya Marhara, Pargana- Surhurpur, Tehsil- Jalalpur, District Ambedkar Nagar, is recorded as a Banjar/ public utility land and was alleged that respondent no. 6 has encroached upon the said public utility land and accordingly on the report of the Lekhpal proceeding under Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act initiated against the respondent no.6. From the order dated 31.5.2025 passed by the Tehsildar it is clear that the proceeding initiated on the report of the Lekhpal and concluded exparte on 6.9.2001 where the order for eviction has been passed. Subsequently respondent no. 6 appeared in the proceedings and moved an application for recall, the respondent no. 6 also filed objections that the disputed land is recorded as 'Abadi' and after due consideration of his objection, order was passed in his favour, on 1.5.2010 and notices were recalled. Against the order dated 1.5.2010 another application for recall was filed, which was rejected on 3.9.2016 and another recall for the same order was filed on 29.6.2017, which was allowed on 7.1.2019 and the previous order was set aside restoring the proceedings under Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act against the respondent no.6. The proceedings were again reopened and heard and the objection of respondent no.6 was rejected and order for eviction and imposition of penalty and fine were imposed against him, by the order dated 31.5.2025.

5. Respondent no.6 thereafter filed a revision before the Collector, Ambedkar Nagar, against the order dated 31.5.2025. Before the revisional court it was stated that the initial orders for evictions were passed but on the appearance having been put in by the revisionist, the orders for eviction was set aside, by means of order dated 1.5.2010. During the revisional proceedings an objection was raised that, it is only Ganon Sabha would be aggrieved person against any order passed in favour of any encroacher but the Gaon Sabha has never moved any application for restoration and it was only the petitioner, has repeatedly moved applications for recall of any order, passed in favour of respondent no.6.

6. It is, in this regard, the arguments raised on behalf of respondent no.6, was recorded by the revisional authority stating that once order was passed on merit on 1.5.2010, the Gaon Sabha did not move any application for recall nor did file any revision, but it is only the petitioner, who has filed an application for recall, which was rejected at the first instance and while another application subsequently was allowed. Accordingly, it was argued that the petitioner is stranger to the said proceedings and any application for recall at this instance, would not be maintainable.

7. It is in the aforesaid circumstances, that the revisional authority has considered the allegations that there was certain manipulation in the revenue record, especially, C.H. Form 41 and 45 due to a Committee has been constituted by the S.D.M., Jalalpur and he has allowed the revision and set aside the order dated 31.5.2025. He has also considered the fact that the said land is recorded as 'Abadi', in which proceeding under Section 122 of the U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act cannot be initiated.

8. At the very outset, this Court has put up a query with regard to the locus of the petitioner for filing of the petition against the impugned order of the District Magistrate under Section 122 -Kha (4-Ka) of the U.P. Z.A.& L.R. Act. The only argument raised by the petitioner is that he is a villager and the land involved is a Gaon Sabha land and accordingly, he has locus to maintain the present petition.

9. It is not disputed that proceedings under Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act were not initiated at his behest but during the proceedings he had moved an application for recall. Therefore the question which arisen for determination is as to whether such a person would fall under the category of "aggrieved" person so as to maintain a writ petition assailing the order passed in favour of notice under Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act.

10. Similar controversy was considered by this Court in the case of Ghanshyam Vs. State of U.P. and 5 others in Writ -C No. 6095 of 2023, which was decided on 30.5.2024 and this Court has held that the person an individual, who had challenged the order passed under Section 67 of U.P. Revenue Code, 2006 did not have any locus nor was an aggrieved person to file an appeal or the writ petition. Provision of Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act are premature with provision of Section 67 of the U.P. Revenue Code. For ready reference from paragraph nos. 6 to 14 of the order dated 30.5.2024, are being reproduced hereunder:- "6. Before proceeding further in the matter, it is relevant to go through Section 67 of U.P. Revenue Code, 2006 which is reproduced here under:- "Section 67- Power to prevent damage, misappropriation and wrongful occupation Gram Panchayat property :- (1) Where any property entrusted or deemed to be entrusted under the provisions of this Code to a Gram Panchayat or other local authority is damaged or misappropriated, or where any Gram Panchayat or other authority is entitled to take possession of any land under the provisions of this Code and such land is occupied otherwise than in accordance with the said provisions, the Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti or other authority or the Lekhpal concerned, as the case may be, shall inform the Assistant Collector concerned in the manner prescribed. (2) Where from the information received under sub-section (1) or otherwise, the Assistant Collector is satisfied that any property referred to in sub-section (1) has been damaged or misappropriated, or any person is in occupation of any land referred to in that sub-section in contravention of the provisions of this Code, he shall issue notice to the person concerned to show cause why compensation for damage, misappropriation or wrongful occupation not exceeding the amount specified in the notice be not recovered from him and why he should not be evicted from such land. (3) If the person to whom a notice has been issued under sub-section (2) fails to show cause within the time specified in the notice or within such extended time as the Assistant Collector may allow in this behalf, or if the cause shown is found to be insufficient, the Assistant Collector may direct that such person shall be evicted from the land, and may, for that purpose, use or cause to be used such force as may be necessary, and may direct that the amount of compensation for damage or misappropriation of the property or for wrongful occupation, as the case may be, be recovered from such person as arrears of land revenue. (4) If the Assistant Collector is of opinion that the person showing cause is not guilty of causing the damage or misappropriation or wrongful occupation referred to in the notice under sub-section (2), he shall discharge the notice. (5) Any person aggrieved by an order of the Assistant Collector under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4), may within thirty days from the date of such order, prefer an appeal to the Collector. (6) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Code, and subject to the provisions of this section every order of the Assistant Collector under this section shall, subject to the provisions of sub-section (5) be final. (7) The procedure to be followed in any action taken under this section shall be such as may be prescribed. "

7. From the perusal of the aforesaid provisions, it is noticed that proceedings are initiated as per Section 67(2) of U.P. Revenue Code, 2006 where it is provided that from the information received under sub-section (1) or otherwise, the Assistant Collector is satisfied that any property referred to in sub-section (1) has been damaged or misappropriated, or any person is in occupation of gaon sabha land, he shall issue notice to said person and proceed thereon. It has further been noticed that the information can be derived by the Assistant Collector from any source which can be either a report submitted by any of the revenue authorities or even on an application submitted by any member of villagers who is aware of the said illegal encroachment. The moment information is received that there is illegal encroachment or damages to the gaonsabha land the Assistant Collector immediately on receipt of the said information and after recording his satisfaction has to proceed to issue notice to the alleged encoracher and determine the factum of encroachment and pass orders of eviction in case it is proved that the said notice has in fact encroached upon the gaon sabha land.

8. Needless to say the authorities are competent to protect the government land and will take all steps necessary compliance of the same.

9. In this regard, Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Ravi Yashwant Bhoir Vs Collector reported in (2012) 4 SCC 407 with regard to locus of a complainant has held as under:- "58. Shri Chintaman Raghunath Gharat, Ex-President was the complainant, thus, at the most, he could lead the evidence as a witness. He could not claim the status of an adversial litigant. The complainant cannot be the party to the lies. A legal right is an averment of entitlement arising out of law. In fact, it is a benefit conferred upon a person by the rule of law. Thus, a person who suffers from legal injury can only challenge the act or omission. There may be some harm or loss that may not be wrongful in the eyes of law because it may not result in injury to a legal right or legally protected interest of the complainant but juridically harm of this description is called damnum sine injuria.

59. The complainant has to establish that he has been deprived of or denied of a legal right and he has sustained injury to any legally protected interest. In case he has no legal peg for a justiciable claim to hang on, he cannot be heard as a party in a lies. A fanciful or sentimental grievance may not be sufficient to confer a locus stand to sue upon the individual. There must be injuria or a legal grievance which can be appreciated and not a stat pro rationed valuntas reasons

60. Under the garb of being necessary party, a person cannot be permitted to make a case as that of general public interest. A person having a remote interest cannot be permitted to become a party in the lies, as the person wants to become a party in a case, has to establish that he has a proprietary right which has been or is threatened to be violated, for the reason that a legal injury creates a remedial right in the injured person. A person cannot be heard as a party unless he answers the description of aggrieved party."

10. The Division Bench of this Court in the case of Dharam Raj Vs. State of U.P and Ors reported in (2010) 2 AWC 1878 (All) with respect to the locus of complainant has held has under:- "9. As evident from narration of the facts given above, it is evident that the petitioner was one of the complainants in the complaint against the respondent No. 4 on 12.3.2008. The action has since been taken on the complaint so made by the petitioner and others against the respondent No. 4, and fine of Rs. 5,000 has been imposed.

10. In the circumstances, the petitioner cannot have any grievance in the matter, and he is not an aggrieved person rather he is a person annoyed,

1. In the case of R. v. London Country Keepers of the Peace of Justice, (1890) 25 QBD 357, the Court has held: A person who cannot succeed in getting a conviction against another may be annoyed by the said findings. He may also feel that what he thought to be a breach of law was wrongly held to be not a breach of law by the Magistrate. He thus may be said to be a person annoyed but not a person aggrieved, entitle to prefer an appeal against such order.

12. According to our opinion a "person aggrieved" means a person who is wrongly deprived of his entitlement which he is legally entitled to receive and it does not include any kind of disappointment or personal inconvenience. "Person aggrieved" means a person who is injured or he is adversely affected in a legal sense.

13. It is settled law that a person who suffers from legal injury only can challenge the act/action/order etc. by filing a writ petition. Writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution is maintainable for enforcing a statutory or legal right or when there is a complaint by the petitioner that there is a breach of the statutory duty on the part of the authorities. Therefore, there must be a judicially enforceable right for the enforcement of which the writ jurisdiction can be resorted to. The Court can enforce the performance of a statutory duty by public bodies through its writ jurisdiction at the behest of a person, provided such person satisfied the Court that he has a legal right to insist on such performance. The existence of the said right is the condition precedent to invoke the writ jurisdiction [Utkal University etc. v. Dr. Nrusingha Charan Sarangi and Ors. AIR 1999 SC 943 and Laxminarayan R. Bhattad and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra and Anr. (2003) 5 SCC 413].

1. Heard Shri Umesh Singh, learned counsel for the petitioner, Shri Badrish Tripathi, learned Standing Counsel for respondents no. 1 to 4, and Shri Mohan Singh, learned counsel for respondent no.5 as well as Shri Yogesh Singh, learned counsel for respondent no.6 and perused the record.

2. By means of present petition, the petitioner has challenged the order dated 30.6.2025, passed by the District Magistrate, Ambedkar Nagar, in exercise of power under Section 122 -Kha (4-Ka) of the U.P. Z.A.& L.R. Act, wherein he has allowed the revision, preferred by respondent no.6, and he has set aside the order dated 31.5.2025, passed by the Tehsildar- Jalalpur, District Ambedkar Nagar .

4. It has been submitted by learned counsel for the petitioner that the land situated at Gata No. 2821 (281 Ka measuring area 0.126 Hectare and 2821 Kha area 0.177 Hectare), Village Manjhariya Marhara, Pargana- Surhurpur, Tehsil- Jalalpur, District Ambedkar Nagar, is recorded as a Banjar/ public utility land and was alleged that respondent no. 6 has encroached upon the said public utility land and accordingly on the report of the Lekhpal proceeding under Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act initiated against the respondent no.6. From the order dated 31.5.2025 passed by the Tehsildar it is clear that the proceeding initiated on the report of the Lekhpal and concluded exparte on 6.9.2001 where the order for eviction has been passed. Subsequently respondent no. 6 appeared in the proceedings and moved an application for recall, the respondent no. 6 also filed objections that the disputed land is recorded as 'Abadi' and after due consideration of his objection, order was passed in his favour, on 1.5.2010 and notices were recalled. Against the order dated 1.5.2010 another application for recall was filed, which was rejected on 3.9.2016 and another recall for the same order was filed on 29.6.2017, which was allowed on 7.1.2019 and the previous order was set aside restoring the proceedings under Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act against the respondent no.6. The proceedings were again reopened and heard and the objection of respondent no.6 was rejected and order for eviction and imposition of penalty and fine were imposed against him, by the order dated 31.5.2025.

5. Respondent no.6 thereafter filed a revision before the Collector, Ambedkar Nagar, against the order dated 31.5.2025. Before the revisional court it was stated that the initial orders for evictions were passed but on the appearance having been put in by the revisionist, the orders for eviction was set aside, by means of order dated 1.5.2010. During the revisional proceedings an objection was raised that, it is only Ganon Sabha would be aggrieved person against any order passed in favour of any encroacher but the Gaon Sabha has never moved any application for restoration and it was only the petitioner, has repeatedly moved applications for recall of any order, passed in favour of respondent no.6.

6. It is, in this regard, the arguments raised on behalf of respondent no.6, was recorded by the revisional authority stating that once order was passed on merit on 1.5.2010, the Gaon Sabha did not move any application for recall nor did file any revision, but it is only the petitioner, who has filed an application for recall, which was rejected at the first instance and while another application subsequently was allowed. Accordingly, it was argued that the petitioner is stranger to the said proceedings and any application for recall at this instance, would not be maintainable.

7. It is in the aforesaid circumstances, that the revisional authority has considered the allegations that there was certain manipulation in the revenue record, especially, C.H. Form 41 and 45 due to a Committee has been constituted by the S.D.M., Jalalpur and he has allowed the revision and set aside the order dated 31.5.2025. He has also considered the fact that the said land is recorded as 'Abadi', in which proceeding under Section 122 of the U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act cannot be initiated.

8. At the very outset, this Court has put up a query with regard to the locus of the petitioner for filing of the petition against the impugned order of the District Magistrate under Section 122 -Kha (4-Ka) of the U.P. Z.A.& L.R. Act. The only argument raised by the petitioner is that he is a villager and the land involved is a Gaon Sabha land and accordingly, he has locus to maintain the present petition.

9. It is not disputed that proceedings under Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act were not initiated at his behest but during the proceedings he had moved an application for recall. Therefore the question which arisen for determination is as to whether such a person would fall under the category of "aggrieved" person so as to maintain a writ petition assailing the order passed in favour of notice under Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act.

10. Similar controversy was considered by this Court in the case of Ghanshyam Vs. State of U.P. and 5 others in Writ -C No. 6095 of 2023, which was decided on 30.5.2024 and this Court has held that the person an individual, who had challenged the order passed under Section 67 of U.P. Revenue Code, 2006 did not have any locus nor was an aggrieved person to file an appeal or the writ petition. Provision of Section 122 of U.P. Z.A. & L.R. Act are premature with provision of Section 67 of the U.P. Revenue Code. For ready reference from paragraph nos. 6 to 14 of the order dated 30.5.2024, are being reproduced hereunder:- "6. Before proceeding further in the matter, it is relevant to go through Section 67 of U.P. Revenue Code, 2006 which is reproduced here under:- "Section 67- Power to prevent damage, misappropriation and wrongful occupation Gram Panchayat property :- (1) Where any property entrusted or deemed to be entrusted under the provisions of this Code to a Gram Panchayat or other local authority is damaged or misappropriated, or where any Gram Panchayat or other authority is entitled to take possession of any land under the provisions of this Code and such land is occupied otherwise than in accordance with the said provisions, the Bhumi Prabandhak Samiti or other authority or the Lekhpal concerned, as the case may be, shall inform the Assistant Collector concerned in the manner prescribed. (2) Where from the information received under sub-section (1) or otherwise, the Assistant Collector is satisfied that any property referred to in sub-section (1) has been damaged or misappropriated, or any person is in occupation of any land referred to in that sub-section in contravention of the provisions of this Code, he shall issue notice to the person concerned to show cause why compensation for damage, misappropriation or wrongful occupation not exceeding the amount specified in the notice be not recovered from him and why he should not be evicted from such land. (3) If the person to whom a notice has been issued under sub-section (2) fails to show cause within the time specified in the notice or within such extended time as the Assistant Collector may allow in this behalf, or if the cause shown is found to be insufficient, the Assistant Collector may direct that such person shall be evicted from the land, and may, for that purpose, use or cause to be used such force as may be necessary, and may direct that the amount of compensation for damage or misappropriation of the property or for wrongful occupation, as the case may be, be recovered from such person as arrears of land revenue. (4) If the Assistant Collector is of opinion that the person showing cause is not guilty of causing the damage or misappropriation or wrongful occupation referred to in the notice under sub-section (2), he shall discharge the notice. (5) Any person aggrieved by an order of the Assistant Collector under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4), may within thirty days from the date of such order, prefer an appeal to the Collector. (6) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Code, and subject to the provisions of this section every order of the Assistant Collector under this section shall, subject to the provisions of sub-section (5) be final. (7) The procedure to be followed in any action taken under this section shall be such as may be prescribed. "

7. From the perusal of the aforesaid provisions, it is noticed that proceedings are initiated as per Section 67(2) of U.P. Revenue Code, 2006 where it is provided that from the information received under sub-section (1) or otherwise, the Assistant Collector is satisfied that any property referred to in sub-section (1) has been damaged or misappropriated, or any person is in occupation of gaon sabha land, he shall issue notice to said person and proceed thereon. It has further been noticed that the information can be derived by the Assistant Collector from any source which can be either a report submitted by any of the revenue authorities or even on an application submitted by any member of villagers who is aware of the said illegal encroachment. The moment information is received that there is illegal encroachment or damages to the gaonsabha land the Assistant Collector immediately on receipt of the said information and after recording his satisfaction has to proceed to issue notice to the alleged encoracher and determine the factum of encroachment and pass orders of eviction in case it is proved that the said notice has in fact encroached upon the gaon sabha land.

8. Needless to say the authorities are competent to protect the government land and will take all steps necessary compliance of the same.

9. In this regard, Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Ravi Yashwant Bhoir Vs Collector reported in (2012) 4 SCC 407 with regard to locus of a complainant has held as under:- "58. Shri Chintaman Raghunath Gharat, Ex-President was the complainant, thus, at the most, he could lead the evidence as a witness. He could not claim the status of an adversial litigant. The complainant cannot be the party to the lies. A legal right is an averment of entitlement arising out of law. In fact, it is a benefit conferred upon a person by the rule of law. Thus, a person who suffers from legal injury can only challenge the act or omission. There may be some harm or loss that may not be wrongful in the eyes of law because it may not result in injury to a legal right or legally protected interest of the complainant but juridically harm of this description is called damnum sine injuria.

59. The complainant has to establish that he has been deprived of or denied of a legal right and he has sustained injury to any legally protected interest. In case he has no legal peg for a justiciable claim to hang on, he cannot be heard as a party in a lies. A fanciful or sentimental grievance may not be sufficient to confer a locus stand to sue upon the individual. There must be injuria or a legal grievance which can be appreciated and not a stat pro rationed valuntas reasons

60. Under the garb of being necessary party, a person cannot be permitted to make a case as that of general public interest. A person having a remote interest cannot be permitted to become a party in the lies, as the person wants to become a party in a case, has to establish that he has a proprietary right which has been or is threatened to be violated, for the reason that a legal injury creates a remedial right in the injured person. A person cannot be heard as a party unless he answers the description of aggrieved party."

10. The Division Bench of this Court in the case of Dharam Raj Vs. State of U.P and Ors reported in (2010) 2 AWC 1878 (All) with respect to the locus of complainant has held has under:- "9. As evident from narration of the facts given above, it is evident that the petitioner was one of the complainants in the complaint against the respondent No. 4 on 12.3.2008. The action has since been taken on the complaint so made by the petitioner and others against the respondent No. 4, and fine of Rs. 5,000 has been imposed.

10. In the circumstances, the petitioner cannot have any grievance in the matter, and he is not an aggrieved person rather he is a person annoyed,

1. In the case of R. v. London Country Keepers of the Peace of Justice, (1890) 25 QBD 357, the Court has held: A person who cannot succeed in getting a conviction against another may be annoyed by the said findings. He may also feel that what he thought to be a breach of law was wrongly held to be not a breach of law by the Magistrate. He thus may be said to be a person annoyed but not a person aggrieved, entitle to prefer an appeal against such order.

12. According to our opinion a "person aggrieved" means a person who is wrongly deprived of his entitlement which he is legally entitled to receive and it does not include any kind of disappointment or personal inconvenience. "Person aggrieved" means a person who is injured or he is adversely affected in a legal sense.

13. It is settled law that a person who suffers from legal injury only can challenge the act/action/order etc. by filing a writ petition. Writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution is maintainable for enforcing a statutory or legal right or when there is a complaint by the petitioner that there is a breach of the statutory duty on the part of the authorities. Therefore, there must be a judicially enforceable right for the enforcement of which the writ jurisdiction can be resorted to. The Court can enforce the performance of a statutory duty by public bodies through its writ jurisdiction at the behest of a person, provided such person satisfied the Court that he has a legal right to insist on such performance. The existence of the said right is the condition precedent to invoke the writ jurisdiction [Utkal University etc. v. Dr. Nrusingha Charan Sarangi and Ors. AIR 1999 SC 943 and Laxminarayan R. Bhattad and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra and Anr. (2003) 5 SCC 413].