Criminal Case No. 16814 of 2024 · Allahabad High Court · 2025

offences. In contrast, when a case arises from a FIR, this responsibility is of the police ? to thoroughly ascertain whether the allegations levelled by the informant indeed falls under the category of cheating or criminal breach of trust. Unfortunately, it has become a common practice for the police officers to routinely and mechanically proceed to register an FIR for both the offences i.e. criminal breach of trust and cheating on a mere allegation of some dishonesty or fraud, without any proper application of mind.

43. It is high time that the police officers across the country are imparted proper training in law so as to understand the fine distinction between the offence of cheating viz-a-viz criminal breach of trust. Both offences are independent and distinct. The two offences cannot coexist simultaneously in the same set of facts. They are antithetical to each other. The two provisions of the IPC (now BNS, 2023) are not twins that they cannot survive without each other."

4. Per contra, learned AGA opposed the submissions raised by learned counsel for the applicants.

5. Considering the facts and circumstances of the case, charge sheet has been submitted by Investigating Officer under Sections 406 and 420 IPC. In view of the judgments of Hon'ble Apex Court in Delhi Race Club (1940) Ltd. vs. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr. (supra) both the offences cannot simultaneously run. The Hon'ble Apex Court in State of Gujarat vs Girish Radhakishan Varde (2014) 3 SCC 659, the Hon'ble Apex Court held that court has no power to include or exclude the sections of IPC in charge sheet submitted by Investigating Officer. Paragraph nos.15 and 18 is quoted below:- "15. The question, therefore, emerges as to whether complainant/informant/prosecution would be precluded from seeking a remedy if the investigating authorities have failed in their duty by not including all the sections of IPC on which offence can be held to have been made out in spite of the facts disclosed in the FIR. The answer obviously has to be in the negative as the prosecution cannot be allowed to suffer prejudice by ignoring exclusion of the sections which constitute the offence if the investigating authorities for any reason whatsoever have failed to include all the offence into the chargesheet based on the FIR on which investigation had been conducted. But then a further question arises as to whether this lacunae can be allowed to be filled in by the 3 NA528 No. 22114 of 2025 magistrate before whom the matter comes up for taking cognizance after submission of the chargesheet and as already stated, the magistrate in a case which is based on a police report cannot add or substract sections at the time of taking cognizance as the same would be permissible by the trial court only at the time of framing of charge under section 216, 218 or under section 228 of the Cr.P.C. as the case may be which means that after submission of the chargesheet it will be open for the prosecution to contend before the appropriate trial court at the stage of framing of charge to establish that on the given state of facts the appropriate sections which according to the prosecution should be framed can be allowed to be framed. Simultaneously, the accused also has the liberty at this stage to submit whether the charge under a particular provision should be framed or not and this is the appropriate forum in a case based on police report to determine whether the charge can be framed and a particular section can be added or removed depending upon the material collected during investigation as also the facts disclosed in the FIR and the chargesheet.

18. Since the instant case is based on FIR lodged before the police, the correct stage for addition or subtraction of the sections will have to be determined at the time of framing of charge."

6. The offence under Section 406 and 420 cannot run simultaneously in view of the Apex Court judgement passed in Delhi Race Club (1940) Ltd. vs. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr. (supra). Since the Investigating Officer has submitted charge sheet under Section 406 and 420 IPC, therefore, in view of the Apex Court judgements, court cannot include or exclude crime sections in the charge sheet submitted by Investigating Officer. At this stage, this Court is not inclined to allow the prayer made in the present application.

7. The defence version of the applicans has to be considered by the court concerned at the appropriate stage. The accused/applicants has statutory remedy of moving discharge application before the court concerned at the appropriate stage. is directed the material on record, 8. Considering objection/discharge application is filed on behalf of the applicants before the court concerned within thirty days, it is expected that the court concerned will consider and decide the same expeditiously within a period of two months in accordance with law. Till the disposal of discharge application, no coercive action will be taken against the that, 4 NA528 No. 22114 of 2025 applicants.

9. With the aforesaid observations/directions, this application under Section 528 BNSS stands disposed of. September 24, 2025 SKD (Deepak Verma,J.) SURJIT KUMAR DEY High Court of Judicature at Allahabad

offences. In contrast, when a case arises from a FIR, this responsibility is of the police ? to thoroughly ascertain whether the allegations levelled by the informant indeed falls under the category of cheating or criminal breach of trust. Unfortunately, it has become a common practice for the police officers to routinely and mechanically proceed to register an FIR for both the offences i.e. criminal breach of trust and cheating on a mere allegation of some dishonesty or fraud, without any proper application of mind.

43. It is high time that the police officers across the country are imparted proper training in law so as to understand the fine distinction between the offence of cheating viz-a-viz criminal breach of trust. Both offences are independent and distinct. The two offences cannot coexist simultaneously in the same set of facts. They are antithetical to each other. The two provisions of the IPC (now BNS, 2023) are not twins that they cannot survive without each other."

4. Per contra, learned AGA opposed the submissions raised by learned counsel for the applicants.

5. Considering the facts and circumstances of the case, charge sheet has been submitted by Investigating Officer under Sections 406 and 420 IPC. In view of the judgments of Hon'ble Apex Court in Delhi Race Club (1940) Ltd. vs. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr. (supra) both the offences cannot simultaneously run. The Hon'ble Apex Court in State of Gujarat vs Girish Radhakishan Varde (2014) 3 SCC 659, the Hon'ble Apex Court held that court has no power to include or exclude the sections of IPC in charge sheet submitted by Investigating Officer. Paragraph nos.15 and 18 is quoted below:- "15. The question, therefore, emerges as to whether complainant/informant/prosecution would be precluded from seeking a remedy if the investigating authorities have failed in their duty by not including all the sections of IPC on which offence can be held to have been made out in spite of the facts disclosed in the FIR. The answer obviously has to be in the negative as the prosecution cannot be allowed to suffer prejudice by ignoring exclusion of the sections which constitute the offence if the investigating authorities for any reason whatsoever have failed to include all the offence into the chargesheet based on the FIR on which investigation had been conducted. But then a further question arises as to whether this lacunae can be allowed to be filled in by the 3 NA528 No. 22114 of 2025 magistrate before whom the matter comes up for taking cognizance after submission of the chargesheet and as already stated, the magistrate in a case which is based on a police report cannot add or substract sections at the time of taking cognizance as the same would be permissible by the trial court only at the time of framing of charge under section 216, 218 or under section 228 of the Cr.P.C. as the case may be which means that after submission of the chargesheet it will be open for the prosecution to contend before the appropriate trial court at the stage of framing of charge to establish that on the given state of facts the appropriate sections which according to the prosecution should be framed can be allowed to be framed. Simultaneously, the accused also has the liberty at this stage to submit whether the charge under a particular provision should be framed or not and this is the appropriate forum in a case based on police report to determine whether the charge can be framed and a particular section can be added or removed depending upon the material collected during investigation as also the facts disclosed in the FIR and the chargesheet.

18. Since the instant case is based on FIR lodged before the police, the correct stage for addition or subtraction of the sections will have to be determined at the time of framing of charge."

6. The offence under Section 406 and 420 cannot run simultaneously in view of the Apex Court judgement passed in Delhi Race Club (1940) Ltd. vs. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr. (supra). Since the Investigating Officer has submitted charge sheet under Section 406 and 420 IPC, therefore, in view of the Apex Court judgements, court cannot include or exclude crime sections in the charge sheet submitted by Investigating Officer. At this stage, this Court is not inclined to allow the prayer made in the present application.

7. The defence version of the applicans has to be considered by the court concerned at the appropriate stage. The accused/applicants has statutory remedy of moving discharge application before the court concerned at the appropriate stage. is directed the material on record, 8. Considering objection/discharge application is filed on behalf of the applicants before the court concerned within thirty days, it is expected that the court concerned will consider and decide the same expeditiously within a period of two months in accordance with law. Till the disposal of discharge application, no coercive action will be taken against the that, 4 NA528 No. 22114 of 2025 applicants.

9. With the aforesaid observations/directions, this application under Section 528 BNSS stands disposed of. September 24, 2025 SKD (Deepak Verma,J.) SURJIT KUMAR DEY High Court of Judicature at Allahabad