ORIENT PAPER AND INDUSTRIES LTD. AND ANR. v. STATE OF ORISSA AND ORS. ETC.

the Orissa High Court in O.J.C. Nos. 3235 and 3100 of 1988. AND Writ Petition Nos. 1132/88 amd 474/89. (Under Artice 32 of the Constitution of India). A B c A.K. Ganguli, Dr. Shankar Ghose, F.S. Nariman, Parag Tri- D pathi, A.T. Patra, P.N. Gupta, Praveen Kumar, S.R. Agarwal, Sandeep Agarwal, P.N. Misra, R.F. Nariman and R.K. Jena for the Appellants/Petitioners. N.S. Hegde, Additional Solicitor General, S.C. Roy and G. Rath, Advocate Generals, Orissa, R.K. Mehta and Ms. Mona Mehta for the Respondents. E The Judgment of the Court was delivered by THOMMEN, J. These appeals by special leave arise from the judgments of the Orissa High Court in O.J.C: No. 3235 of 1988 and O.J .C. No. 3100 of 1988. The High Court dismissed the appellants' wtit petitions praying for a declaration that the Orissa Forest Produce F (Control of Trade) Act, 1981 ('Act 22 of !981') and the Notification No. 6F- 10/88/21691/FFAH dated September 21, 1988 issued under section 1(3) of the said Act have no application to the contracts entered into between the appellants and the State of Orissa and for a direction to prohibit the respondent-State from enforcing the provi sions of the said Act in pursuance of the said notification in respect of G the said contracts and to allow the appellants to cut and remove bamboos from the areas covered by the contracts. One of the appel lants in C.A. No. 4347 of 1988, namely, Straw Products Ltd. filed Writ Petition No. 474 of 1989 under Article 32 ·of the Constitution for a declaration that Ordinance No. I of 1989, the Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) (Amendment) Act, 1989 ('Act 4 of 1989'). Notifi cation No. 6F-10/88/21691/FFAH dated 21.9.1988 (S.R.0. No. 666 of H 484 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C::R. A B 1988) and Notification No. 6F- 10/88/21693/FFAH dated 21.9.1988 (S.R.O. No. 667 of 1988) are null and void and for certain other reliefs. The appellants in C.A. No. 4346 of 1988, namely, Orient Paper & Industries Ltd. and another filed Writ Petition No. 1132 of 1988 (as amended in 1989) under Article 32 of the Constitution praying for a declaration that the Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) (Amendment and Validation) Act, 1987 ('Act 16 of 1987') and Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) (Second Amendment) Act, 1987 {'Act 15 of 1987'); Ordinance No. 1 of 1989 and the Act which replaced.it (Act 4 of 1989); Notification No. 6F-10/88/21691/FFAH dated September 21, 1988 (S.R.O. No. 666 of 1988); and Notification No. 6F-10/88/21693/FFAH dated September 21, 1988 (S.R.O. No. 667 C of 1988) are null and void, and for certain other reliefs. The parties in these appeals and writ petitions shall hereinafter be conveniently referred to as 'the contractors'. The contractors had entered into agreements with the State of D Orissa in terms of which they had obtained exclusive rights and licences to fell, cut and remove bamboos from certain specified areas for the purpose of converting them into pulp. The agreements would have expired on. September 30, 1989. These agreements are generally referred to as the "bamboo contracts". These contracts were rescinded by Act 22 of 1981, which, in respect of bamboos, as we shall presently see, came into force as from I. 10.1988. The contractors contend that their rights in respect of bamboos are not annulled or affected by reason of Act 22 of 1981. Their rights, they say, are in the nature of profit a prendre, and are not susceptible of repudiation by statutory rescission of contracts. They rely upon a decision of this Court in State of Orissa and Others v.· The Titaghur Paper Mills Co. Ltd. & Another, [ 1985] 3 SCR 26. E F The bamboo contract was considered by this Court in Titaghur (supra) with reference to the question whether the amount payable· under the contract was exigible to purchase tax under the Orissa Sales Tax Act, 1947 (as amended in 1977). This Court held: G H " . . . . . . the. Bamboo Contract is not and cannot be a contract of sale of goods, It confers upon the Respondent Company a benefit to arise out of land, namely, the right to cut and remove bamboos which would grow from the soil coupled with several ancillary rights and is thus a.grant of a profit a prendre .... " ' ORIENT PAPER v. STATE OF ORISSA (THOMMEN, J.I 485 Being a benefit to arise out of land, the contractors had.an interest in immovable property. So stating, this Court observed that the fact that the agreement under which this interest in immovable property was created was not evidenced by a registered document did not derogate from its character as a grant because section 90 of the Registration Act exempted it from registration. The question which arose in that deci sion was whether the amount payable under the bamboo contract was exigible to purchase tax. The answer depended on the basic question as to whether it was a contract of sale of goods or a contract conferring an interest in immovable property. It was in answering that question and in coming to the conclusion that it was not a contract of sale of goods, but a grant of an interest in immovable property, that the Court made an observation about the exemption from registration under section 90 of the Registration Act. But whether the contract itself or any right or interest stipulated or granted or recognised under the contract was invalid for want of registration was not a question which was directly or substantially in issue in that case. Whether any right or interest was granted independently of or prior to contract was not directly or even indirectly considered. We refer to this aspect of the decision in Titaghur, ( 1985) 3 SCR 26 because much of the challenge against the validity of the impugned provisions turns on the question as to whether the right arising under the bamboo contract was a con tractual right so as to be affected by Act 22 of 1981 arid the notifica tions issued thereunder. On this question, Titaghur (siipra) is neither res judicata nor precedent. A B c D E We may at this stage refer to the reliefs sought in Writ Petition No. 1132 of 1988 (as amended in 1989). The writ petitioner in that case has challenged the validity of Act .J6 of 1987. This challenge is no longer sustainable in view of the decision e.f this Court in M/s. Utkal Contractors and Joinery (P.) Ltd. and Others v. State of Orissa, ( 1987) Supp. SCC 751 upholding the validity of the Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 1987, which was repealed by· Act 16 of 1987. The writ petitioner has also challenged the validity of Act 15 of 1987 by which clause (b) of sub- section (2) of section 5 of Act 22 of 1981 was deleted and section 12 of the. said Act was substituted by a new provision. These amendments G are, in our view, procedural changes and a valid exercise of legislative power to regulate and control trade in forest produce. F • Two forests Acts were in operation in the State of Orissa, i.e., the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and the Madras Forest Act, 1882. These two enactments were repealed by the Orissa forest Act, 1972, which H A B c D E 486 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ' [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R. was enacted to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the protec tion and management of forests in the State. Power is conferred on the Government under the Forest Act, 1972 to constitute any land which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights, a reserved forest in the manner provided by the· Act. Protection and management of forest is the purpose of the Forest Act. Act 22 of 1981 has been, on the other hand, enacted with a view to providing for control and regulation of trade in certain forest pro duce by creation of State monopoly in such trade. The Statement of Objects and Reasons shows that the main object of creating State monopoly is to prevent smuggling of various kinds of forest produce which has been 'increasing day by day'. State monopoly of trade in forest produce is thus the object of Act 22 of 1981. 'Forest produce' is defined to include bamboo as one of the items. One of the other items is sal seed. The Statement of Objects and Reasons shows that, barring a few items like sal seeds, many other items of minor forest.w;oduce were grown in private holdings as well as in the Government owned forest areas. The implication was, there fore, that sal seeds had been grown only on Government land. For the reason, referring to Act 22 of 1981, this Court in Utka/ Contractors and Joinery Pvt. Ltd. and Others v. State of Orissa and Others, [ 1987] 3 sec 279 held: "that scheme of the Act is, therefore, fully in tune with the object set out in the Statement of Objects and Reasons and in the preamble, namely, that of creating a monopoly in forest produce by making the government the exclusive purchaser of forest produce grown in private holdings". F So observing, this Court further held: "that the Act and the notification issued under the Act do not apply to forest produce grown in government forests and that it was not therefore, open to the government to treat the contra""ct dated May 25, 1979 as rescinded." G To remove the impediment created by this decision in extending the Act to contracts concerning forest produce grown on Government lands, the Act was amended w.e.f. 5.9.1981 by Ordinance No. 1 of 1987, which was repealed by Act 16 of 1987, the validity of which, as stated earlier, has been upheld by this Court in M/s. Utkal Contractors H and Joinery (Pvt.) Ltd. and Others v. State of Orissa, [ 1981] Supp. SCC ORIENT PAPER v. STATE OF OR!SSA ITHOMMEN, J.] 487

#751. As a result of Ordinance No. 1 of 1987 and Act 16 of 1987, the vice pointed out by this Court in Utkal Contractors and Joinery Pvt. Ltd. and Others v. State of Orissa and Others, [1987] 3 SCC 279 has been removed, and the Act has been made retrospectively applicable with effect from 5.9.1981 to forest produce 'grown or found on land owned by private persons or on land owned by the State Government or in Government forests'. [See section 5(l)(a) as substituted by Act 16 of 1987.] · The principal Act, namely, Act 22 of 1981 "extends to the whole of the State of Orissa": Section 1(3) says the Act 'shall come into force in .such area or areas in relation to such forest produce and on such date or dates as the State Government may, from time to time, by notification, specify in this behalf'. Section 2 defines 'forest produce'. Bamboo, as stated earlier, is one of the items of forest produce specified under clause (c) of section 2. The effect of section 1(3), the validity of which is in question in these proceedings, is that the Act comes into force on different dates in respect of different areas and different items of forest produae. Three notifications were issued on September 21, 1988. Notifica tion No. 6F-10/88/21691/FFAH (S.R.O. No. 666 of 1988) says".· .... in exercise of the powers conferred upon by sub-section (3) of section 1 of the Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) Act, 1981 (Orissa Act 22 of 1981), the State Government do hereby specify that the said Act shall come into force in the areas covered by Government forests in t.he State of Orissa in relation to bamboos of all species on the first day of October, 1988". The result of this notification is that, as from 1.10.1988, Act 22 of 1981 is made applicable to bamboos of all species in areas covered by Government forests in the State of Orissa. That Act 22 of 1981 is applicable to all Government forests in respect of all forest produce is no longer in doubt in view of Act 16 of 1987. [See M/s. Utkal Contractors and Joinery (Pvt.) Ltd. and Others v. State of Orissa, [1987] Supp. SCC 751] Notification No. 6F-10/88/21695/FFAH says " .... in pursuance .of the powers conferred upon by section 3 of the Orissa Forest Produce (Contra.I of Trade) Act, 1981 (Orissa Act 22 of 1981), the State Government do hereby constitute with effect from the !st day of October, 1988, the areas covered by Government Forests in the State of Orissa excepting the area covered by the felling series of J eypore Forest Division listed in the schedule in the district of Koraput, into a unit for extraction of and trade in bamboos of all species which is a forest produce specified in the Notification ..... No. 21691/FFAH., Dated the 21st September, 1988 issued unde~ sub- A B c D E F G H 488 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R. B section (3) of section 1 of the said Act." Notification No. 6F-10/88/ A 21693/FFAH (S.R.O. No. 667 of 1988) .says" ... in exercise of the powers conferred upon by sub-section ( l) of section 4 of the Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) Act, 1981 (Orissa Act 22 of 1981) read with sub-rule (7) of the rule 3 of the Orissa Forest Produce (Con- trol of Trade) Rules, 1983, the State Government do hereby appoint the Orissa Foresi Corporation Ltd. as the agent for extraction of and. trade in bamboo of all species, on its behalf, with effect from the first day of October, 1988 in respect of the Unit specified in the notification of the Government of Orissa .... no. 21695/FFAH dated the 21st Sept., 1988". The effect of these three notifications dated 21.9 .1988 is that as from the specified date, namely, 1st October, 1988, bamboos of all species in Government forests in the State of Orissa, come within the purview of Act 22 of 1981, and all contracts for the purchase, sale etc. of bamboos grown or found in the said areas stand rescinded. The agents appointed by. the Government have, in respect of the notified units, become the sole repositories of authority to purchase or trans port bamboos as from 1.10.1988. c D E F G We shall now read the relevant sections.of the Act, in so far as· they are l)laterial: "1(3). It shall come into force in such area or areas in relation to such forest produce and on such date or dates as the State Government may, from time to time, by notifica tion, specify in this behalf". "3. Constitution of units-The State Government may · divide every specified area into such number of units as it may deem fit: Provided that a specified area may be divided into different units for different specified forest produce.,. "4. Appointment of agents. ( !) The State Government may, for the purchase of and trade in specified forest pro duce on its behalf, appoint one or more agents in respect of different units for all or any specified forest produce and any such agent may be appointed .in respect of more than one unit.~' " H Section 5, as it stood before it was amende~ by Act 4 of 1989, reads: · ·, ORIENT PAPER v. STATE OF ORISSA (THOMMEN, J.) 489 "5. Restriction on purchase and transport and rescission of subsisting contracts. ( 1) On the issue of a notification under sub-s. (3) of S. 1 in respectnf any area- A (a) all contracts for the purchase, sale, gathering or collec tion of specified forest produce grown or found in the said area shall stand rescinded, whether such forest produce is grown or found on land owned by private persons or on land owned by the State Government or in Government forests, and, (b) no person, other than- (i) the State Government. B c (ii) an officer of the State Government authorised in writing in that behalf, or (iii) an agent in respect of the umt m which the D specified forest produce is grown or found. shall purchase or transport any specified forest produce in the said area. " By these provisions and the notifications issued thereunder, the contractors are divested of all their contractual rights. The High Court rejected their contention that the recission of their contracts did not affect their pre-existing rights which allegedly originated in grant inde pendent of any agreement of parties. The High Court held that the contractors were replaced by the agents. The High Court further held that the decision in Titaghur, [1985] 3 SCR 26 which related to the question of exigibility to tax under the Orissa Sales Tax Act did not deal with the question arising in the present cases. During the pendency of the proceedings in this Court, Act 22 of 1981 was amended by Act 4 of 1989 with retrospective effect. Subse quent to this amendment, Writ Petition No. 1132 of 1988 was amended. Section 2 of the Amending Act provides: E F G "2. In section 5 of the principal Act, for sub-section ( I) excluding clause (b) and the explanations thereunder, the H 490 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1990) Supp. 2 S.C.R. following shall be substituted, namely: '5. ( 1) Notwithstanding any provision to the con trary in any other law, on the issue of a Notification under sub-section (3) of section 1 in respect of any area,- (a) all contracts for the purchase, sale, gathering or collection of specified forest produce grown or found in the said area and all grants ofp~ofii:a-prendre inc luding the right to enter upon the land, fell, cut and remove the specified interest produce from the said area, shall stand rescinded, whether such forest pro duce is grown or found on land owned by private persons or on land owned by the State Government or in Government forests: Provided that rescission of such contracts and grants shall not affect the customary rights, if any, of the local Tribals to gather and collect the specified forest produce; ,, This amendment, beginning with the non obstante clause, provides that, on the coming into force of Act 22 of 1981 by notification issued under section 1(3), all contracts relating to any specified forest pro duce for the purchase, sale, collection etc., including grants of profit a prendre, whether such produce is grown or found on private land or on Government land or in Government forest, would stand rescinded, but such rescission would not affect customary right, if any, enjoyed by the local tribals to gather and collect specified forest produce. 0 This sub-section overrides ""any provision to the contrary in any other law". These words are an expression of the widest amplitude engulfing all rules having the force of law, whichever be the source from which they emanate--statutory, judicial or customary-the only exception, in the context, being the Constitution of India. This means, once brought into force, the sub-section will, subject to the Constitu tion, operate with full vigour, notwithstanding any statute or judicial decision or any other rule recognising any right or interest or grant inconsistent with or contrary to the provisions of the sub-section. A B c D E F G H ORIBNT PAPER v. STATE OF ORISSA ITHOMMEN, J.] 491 A Sub-section (2) of section 1 of Act 4 of 1989 says that the Act "shall be deemed to have ·come into force on the date on which the Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) Act, 1981 (hereinafter refer- red to as the principal Act) had come into force, i.e. 5.9.81 when the principal Act wa> notified in the Orissa Gazette." The effect of this · amendment is that all contracts and grants relating to the purchase, sale, collection etc. of forest produce, including profit a prendre, stood rescined as from the date on which Act 22 of 1981 came into force in the particular areas in respect of the forest produce in question. The produce in question here being bamboos, the principal Act, as amended by Act 4 of 1989 with effect from 5.9.81, was attracted in full fqrce repudiating all contractual rights or grnnts of profit a prendre relating to bamboos wherever grown or found within the State as from the date specified by the notification issued under section 1(3) of the C Act. i.e., i. 10. 1988. B The resultant position is that the contractors have lost all their rights under contract or grant respecting bamboos and they are deemed to have lost such rights, not prospectively from 3.4.1989, D when the assent of the President to Act 4 of 1989 was first published in the Official Gazette (as per section 3(1)(ii) of the Orissa General Clauses Act, 1937), but from 1.10.1988 which is the date specified in the Notification dated September 21, 1988, issued under section 1(3) of Act 22 of 1981. In other words, the effect of Act 4·of 1989 is that the provisions of that Act are projected backwards and read into Act 22 of E 1981, and all the provisions of the principal Act, including the provi sions added by the Amending Act, are deemed to have been on the statute book as from 5.9.1981, when the principal Act was notified in the Orissa Gazette, and the principal Act, including the amended provisions, came into force only as from the date speciiied m the notification issue.d under section 1(3) which, as seen above, in respect F of the bamboosifo the areas in question, was 1. 10.1988. Mr. A.K;. Ganguli and. Dr. Shankar Ghosh, appearing for the contractors, have raised various contentions. They submit that the right of the contractors has arisen not by reason of contract but on the strength of grant. Act 22 of 1981 rescinding contracts did not affect G rights in the nature of profit a prendre although their agreements in terms stipulate that right. This question, they say, had been concluded as early as 1985 by this Court in Titaghur [ 1985] 3 SCR 26. The bamboo agreements are, therefore, not mere contracts attracted by section 5 of Act 22 of 1981. Jn any view, they contend, neither Act 22 of 1981 _nor the subsequent amendments can affect bamboo contracts, H A B c D E F G 492 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990) Supp. 2 S.C.R. for section 1(3) which provided for coming into force of the Act on different dates in different areas of different items of forest produce is invalid by reason of excessive delegation of power to the Government. They further point out that even assuming that Act 22 of 1981 was validly brought into force in respect of bamboos in the areas in ques tion with effect from 1.10.1988, as provided by the Notification dated September 21, 1988, such notification does not have the effect of bringing into force the provisions of the subsequent Act, namely, Act 4 of 1989, notwithstanding the deeming provisions contained in the latter Act. They submit that the original Act having been brought into force in respect of bamboos as from 21.9.1988 by the aforesaid notifi cation under section 1(3), the subsequent amendment of Act 22 of 1981 by Act 4 of 1989, stating in section 1(2) thereof that the amended provisions are deemed to have come into force as from 5.9.1981, would not introduce into the original Act the amended provisions of Act 4 of 1989, until specifically notified in terms of section 1(3). The Additional Solicitor General, Mr. Santosh Hegde as well as the Advocate General for the State of Orissa, appearing for the respondents, submit that the rights or interests claimed by the con tractors arose under the bamboo agreements. They can have no right apart from or independent of contract. Assuming that their right is in the nature of an interest in immovable property, characterised as profit a prendre it is neverthele.ss a right created or granted by. contract and there is no independent existence for such right. The decision of this court in Titaghur, [ 1985] 3 SCR 26 is no authority for the proposition that the alleged rights of the contractors arose from a grant indepen dent of contract. All that was, and could have been, decided in that case on the point was that the bamboo contracts were not contracts of sale of goods, but contracts under which a certain interest in immov able property was created, and the amounts payable under such con tracts did not fall within the ambit of the Orissa Sales Tax Act. It is true that the Court used the expression 'grant' but that expression was borrowed from the agreements themselves. One of the parties to each of these agreements, namely, the Government of Orissa is referred to as the Grantor, and the other party, namely, the contractor is referred to as the company. In terms of the agreements, certain rights and interests came to be granted to, or vested in, the contractors. Those rights and interests were granted by the agreements and not indepen dent of the agreements. The Additional Solicitor General points out that Act 4 of 1989, by reason of the deeming provisions, must be projected into Act 22 of ·H ORIENT PAPER v. STATE OF ORISSA [THOMMEN, J.) 493 A B 1981, as if the provisions of the later Act had been written into the earlier Act, and as if they formed part of it, as from the date of notification of the earlier Act, i.e., 5.9.1981. But the earlier Act came into force in respect of a particular forest produce in question, i.e., bamboos in all the areas covered by Government forests from such date as was specified by the notification issued under section 1(3}, i.e., 1.10.1988. Even assuming, he contends, that section 5(1), as it origi nally stood, did \not have the effect o( affecting the contractors' rights, and assuming further that their rights, as claimed by them, flowed from grant, such rights were rescinded as from 1.10.1988. In any view, he contends, no grant or contract can survive legislation rescinding it. The Additional Solicitor General points out that section 1(3) of Act 22 of 1981 cannot be assailed on the ground of.excessive delegation, for there is no such vice in the provision and, in any view, it is a valid C "conditional legislation". He further submits that Act 22 of 1981 is intended to control and regulate trade in forest produce by creation of State monopoly, and its objects are not identical to the Orissa Forest Act, 1972 which is intended for the protection and management of forests in the State. The legislative object is, therefore, clearly distinct D and separate in respect of either enactment. In any view, he submits, both the enactments having been passed by the same legislature, the latter must prevail over the former in case of inconsistency. This is clear from section 22 of Act 22 of 1981. Counsel says that no property of the contractor is acquired as a result of the statute in question, for all that is sought to be accomplished by it is taking over trade with a view to State monopoly, and that the contractors had been given suffi cient notice to remove the bamboos already felled a.nd stored by them in the premises. In any view, refund of proportionate royalty has been tendered to them by the Government. Bamboos felled but not removed from the forests prior to the date of the notification will be sold by the Government exclusively to the contractors at the price determined by the Government at Rs. 700 per MT minus Rs.310 per MT being the cost of extraction and Rs.115 per MT being the royalty already paid, the total deduction being Rs.425 per MT. Accordingly, the balance sum of Rs.275 per MT is due and payable to the contractors. F E We are in complete agreement with the learned Judges of the High Court that the decision of this Court in Titaghur, [ 1985] 3 SCR 26 is not an authority for the proposition that a right or .interest was created in favour of the. bamboo contractors irrespective and indepen dent of contract. No such question arose, or could have arisen, m. that case, for the assessment proceedings in question there arose Ion~ H G 494 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R. before Ac.t 22 of 1981 was enacted. In fact this Court proceeded on the assumption ·that whatever was the nature of the right or interest that was ;n question, such right or interest wa:-; the creature or result of agreements between parties. What was in issue in that case was whether or not the Orissa Sales Tax Act was attracted. In negativing the contentions of the Revenue, this Court held that the contracts crated merely an interest in immovable property and the amounts paid under the contracts did not represent sale or purchase of goods, and the Orissa Sales Tax Act was not attracted. The bamboo contracts conferred upon the contractors a benefit to arise out of land. It was a contractual right relating to immovable property and not relating to goods. This .was the crucial issue that was decided in that case regard ing bamboo contracts. The authority of Titagt.ur, (1985] 3 SCR 26 is c•rnfined to matters which were directly and substantially in issue in that case. It is neither precedent nor res judicata for any other matter. "What is of the ess ence in ii .decision is its ratio and not every observation found therein nor what logic~lly follows from the various observations made in it." [Per Hegde, J., The State of Orissa v. Sudhansu Sekhar Misra and Ors., [ 1968] 2 SCR 155, 162]. As stated by one of us (Saikia, J .) in Krishena Kumarv. Union of India, JT 19883SC 173, 187, 192: "The doctrine of precedent, that is, being bound by a pre vious decision, is limited to the decision itself and as to what is necessarily involved in it. It does not mean that this Court is bound by the various reasons given in support of it, especially when they contain 'propositions wider than the case itself required' ..... A deliberate and solemn decision of court made after argument on question of law fairly arising in the case, and necessary to its determina tion, is an authority, or binding precedent .. , .. ". In the words of Lord Halsbury, L.C. [Quinn v. Leathern, (1901] AC 495, 506]: Quoted by Hegde; J., ibid. " ..... there are two observations of a general character which I wish to make, and one is to repeat what I have very often said before, that every judgment must be read. as applicable to the particular facts proved, or assumed to be proved, since the generality of the expressions which may be found there are not intended to be expositions of the whole law, but governed and qualified by the particular A B c D E F G H ORIENT PAPER v. STATE OF ORISSA !THOMMEN, J.] 495 facts of the case in which such expressions are to be found. The other is tha\ a case is only an authority for what it actually decides. I entirely deny that it can be quoted for a proposition that may seem to follow logically from it. Such a mode of reasoning assumes that the law is necessarily a logical code, whereas every lawyer must acknowledge that the law is not always logical at all." (emphasis supplied) See also Gangabai w/o Rambilas Gilda v. Chhabubai w/o Pukharajji Gandhi, [1982] 1SCR1176, 1182; PrakashAmichand Shah v. State of Gujarat & Ors., [1985] Supp. 3 SCR 1025, 1052 and Sreenivasa General Traders & Others v. State ofAndhra Pradesh and Others etc., AIR 1983 SC 1246. The decision in Titaghur, [1985] 3 SCR 26;as we see it, is consis tent with the proposition that all rights derived by the contractors, including profit a prendre, were granted in terms of the agreements. All such rights are conditioned by, and totally dependent on, the agreements. Whatever mutual rights or obligations accrued or arose between the parties to those agreements are purely contractual in character and incidence. Any right or interest granted or recognised under such agree ment was not an independent or pre-existing right or interest to sur vive the statutory resci~sion of the contract. Legislation has super seded all inconsistent and contrary rights. No right or interest or grant, whether contractual or prerogative in character or origin, whatever be its nature, source and scope, can survive a superseding valid legisla tion. See Attorney General v. ·De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited, [1920] AC 508. In this context, the observation of the Privy Council in Thakur Jagannath Baksh Singh v. The United Province.s, AIR 1946 PC 127, Para 17, is relevant: " . . . . . if once it be found that the subject-matter of a Crown ,grant is ·within the competence of a Provincial Legislature nothing can prevent that Legislature from legislating about it unless the C.onstitution Act itself expres sly prohibits legislation on the subject either absolutely or conditionally." A B c D E F G All rights recognised under the bamboo contracts thus perished as froni the date on which Act 22 of 1981 came into force in respect of H 496 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R. A bamboos in the areas in question, i.e., as from 1.10.1988 being the, date specified in terms of sec!ion 1(3). B Significantly, no evidence has been placed before us to support the contention that the grant of profit a prendre arose independent of, and prior to, contract and the statutory rescission of contract did not affect the grant. Strangely enough, the contractors rely upon their contracts when they seek to assert rights allegedly flowing from grant stipulated under the contracts. The very foundation of this right is traceable to contractual grant. Any such grant perished with its statu tory re1mdiation. ' · ... c D Subsequent amendment of Act 22 of 1981 by ;}ct 4 of 1989 to include grants of profit a prendre was, in our view, merely clarifi catory. Assuming that an interest in the nature of profit a prendre was vested in or granted to the contractors independent of contract, no such right or inte.rest could survive its statutory repudiation or repeal .. by the retrospective amendment of section 5( 1) by Act 4 of 1989: Thakur Jagannath Baksh Singh v. The United Provinces, AIR 1946 PC 127. We see no substance in the contention that a second notification under section 1(3) of Act 22 of 1981 was required to bring into effect the substituted provisions introduced by Act 4 of 1989. That Act con taining the deeming provisions in section 1(2) is deemed to have come into force on the date on which Act 22 of 1981 came into force i.e., on 5. 9. 1981 when that Act was notified in the Orissa Gazette. Section 1(3) of Act 22 of 1981 being the governing provision for bringing the statute into force with specific reference to particular produce and particular areas as from specified dates, the statute came into force for specific operation in respect of bamboos in the areas in question not on 5.9.1981, but on 1.10.1988, as specified in the Notification dated September 21, 1988 issued by the Government of Orissa relating to bamboos in exercise of its powers under section 1(3) of the principal Act. The effect of the deeming provisions in Act 4 of 1989 is to project backwards the provisions of that Amending Act so as to read them into the principal Act (Act 22 of 1981) as if they were part of the principal Act on the date on which it was notified in the Orissa Gazette, i.e., on 5.9. 1981. The new provisions are thus, in the absence of any incon sistency or absurdity, deemed to have always formed part of the provi sions originally enacted. That being the position in law, as an inevit able corollary, the notification issued under section 1(3) is deemed to be applicable to the principal Act with the subsequently substit~ted E F G H ORIENT PAPER v. STATE OF ORISSA [THOMMEN, J.J 497 retroactive provisions written into it; and, no further notification under section 1(3) in respect of Act 4 of 1989 is, therefore, required. to recall the words of Lord Asquith in this context: "If you are bidden to treat an imaginary state of affairs as real, you must surely, unless prohibited from doing so, also imagine as real the consequences and incidents w.hich if the putative state of affairs had in fact existed, must inevitably have flowed from or accompanied it ..... The statute says that you must imagine a certain state of affairs; it does not say that having done so, you must cause or permit your imagination to boggle when it comes to the inevitable corollaries of that state of affairs." (East End Dwelling Co. Ltd. v. Finsbury Borough Council, [1952] AC 109) A B c To contend that a second notification under section 1(3) of Act 22 of 1981 is required to bring Act 4 of 1989 into force is to cause or permit D one's imagination to boggle.· · In Shamarao V. Parulekar v. The District Magistrate, Thana, Bombay, [1952] SCR 683, Vivian Bose, J. stated: " ... the rule is that when a subsequent Act amends an E earlier one is s~ch a way as to incorporate itself, or a part of itself, into the earlier, then the earlier Act must thereafter be read and construed (except where that would lead to a repugnancy, inconsistency or absurdity) as if the altered words had been written into the earlier Act with pen and ink and the old words scored out so that thereafter there is no need to refer to the amending Act at all ...... ". f So construed, in the absence of any repugnancy or inconsistency or absurdity, we must read Act 22 of 1981 as if the new provisions had been .written into the principal Act 'with pen and ink' and the old words scored out. It is significant that while Act 22 of 1981, which G "extends to the whole of the State of Orissa" [S. 1(2)], came into force on 5.9.1981 on publication in the Orissa Gazette (see S. 3(1)(ii) of the Orissa General Clauses Act, 1937) the Act in terms of section 1(3) came into force in respect of specific produce in specified areas only on publication of separate notifications. Thus sal seeds were brought under the Act at once and bamboos subsequently by separate notifica- H 498 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R. A B lions. The operation of the Act in respect of specific areas and specific produce is made conditional upon specific notifications, partaking of the character of conditional legislation. So understood, the words 'all grants of profit a prendre' introduced by Act 4 of 1989 formed part of the principal Act at all material times, and these words along with the rest of the Act came into force in relation to bamboos in Government forests as from the date specified in terms of section 1(3). We see no merits in the contention that section 1(3) is invalid by reason of excessive delegation. In Sardar lnder Siµgh v. The State of Rajasthan, [1957] SCR 605, Venkatarama Ayyat, l <Cferring to the proposition of law, which had the support of the majority of the learned Judges in re. Delhi Laws Act, 1912 [1951] SCR 747 stated: "when an appropriate Legislature enacts a law and authori . ses an outside authority to bring it into force in such area or at such time as it may decide, that is conditional and not delegated legislation, and that such legislation is valid." After referring to the observation of Lord Selborne in Her Majesty The Queen v. Burah, [1877-78] 5 IA 178 Venkatarama Ayyar, J. concluded thus ibid, p. 618: "this is clear authority that a provision in a statute confer- ring a power on an outside authority to bring it into force at such time as it might, in its own discretion, determine, is conditional and not delegated legislation, and that it will be valid, unless there is in the Constitution Act any limitation on its power to enact such a legislation." We may in this connection set out the words of Lord Selbome in Her Majesty The Queen v. Burah, [1877-78] 5 .IA 178, 194-95 to which Venkatarama Ayyar, J. referred: "the Legislature determined that, so far, a certain change should take place; but that it was expedient to leave the time, and the manner, of carrying it into effect to the dis cretion of the Lieutenant-Governor ..... The proper Legislature has exercised its judgment as to place, pe~n, laws, powers; and the result of that judgments has been to legislate conditionally as to all these things. The condi tions having been fulfilled, the legislation is now absolute. . Where plenary powers of legislation exist as to particular c D E F G H ORIENT PAPER v. STATE OF OR!SSA [THOMMEN, J.[ 499 subjects, whether in an Imperial or in a provincial Legisla ture, they may (in their Lordships' judgment) be well exer cised, either absolutely or conditionally. Legislation, con ditional on the use of particular powers, or on the exercise of a limited discretion, entrusted by the Legislature to persons in whom it places confidence, is no uncommon thing; and, in many circumstances, it may be highly conve- nient ... " , A B Venkatarama Ayyar, J. further stated (ibid, pp. 618-619.): . . . . . The reason for upholding a legislative provision authorising an outside authority to bring an Act into force at such time as it may determine is that it must depend on C the facts as they may exist at a given point of time whether the law should then be made to operate, and that the deci sion of such an issue is best left to an executive authority. Such legislation is termed conditional, because the Legisla ture has itself made the law in all its completeness as D regards 'place, person, laws, powers', leaving nothing for an outside authority to legislate on, the only function assigned to it being' to bring the law into operation at such time as it might decide ..... ". These observations show that section 1(3) is a true example of condi- E tional legislatio"n, and not delegated legislation, and it is perfectly valid. Even if the section were to be seen as a delegation of power, it is a power conferred on the Government to give full effect to the policy behind the legislation, It is with a view to achieving that purpose that F. the executive has been empowered to choose the time, place and forest produce for bringing the .Act into operation having regard to the particular facts and circumstances in the contemplation of the legisla ture. There is no excessive delegation in such statutory grant of power. [See Gwalior Rayon Silk Mfg. (Wvg.) Co. Ltd. v. The Asstt. Commis sioner of Sales Tax & Ors., [1974] 2 SCR 879 and Harishanker Bag/av. G The State of M.P., [1955] 1SCR380, 388]. We see no substance in the contention that Orissa Forest Act, 1972 and Act 22 of 1981, as subsequently amended, address them selves to identical problems so as to make the latter a surplusage. While the Orissa Forest Act, 1972 is concerned with the protection and H 500 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1990) Supp. 2 S.C.R. management of the forests, Act 22 of 1981, as its title and preamble indicate, is meant to control and regulate trade in forest produce by creating a State monopoly. The later statute has rescinded all contracts for the purchase, sale, gathering or collection of forest produce and has repudiated all rights created by and arising under such contracts and all grants of profit a prendre. The bamboo contractors are, there fore, not entitled to claim any independent right inconsistent with the statute as from the date specified under section 1(3), namely, 1.10.1988. Act 22 of 1981, as seen above, has been enacted to provide for control and regulation of trade in forest produce by creating ~ State monopoly in that trade. Control through monopoly has become neces sary because of rapid increase of smuggling activities in the State. [See M/s. Utkal Contractors and Joinery (P) Ltd. and Others v. State of Orissa, [1987] Supp. SCC 751]. All this is clear from the preamble to the Act as well as from the Statement of Objects and Reasons, (published in the Orissa Gazette, Extraordinary No. 325, dated 17.3.1981). The legislative object is sought to be achieved by means of various provisions in the Act, particularly section 3 constituting units of areas specified for the applicability of the Act; section 4 appointing agents in respect of such units; and, section 5 rescinding all contracts relating to forest produce and making agents the sole repositories of authority to purchase and transport forest produce specified in the notification issued under section 1(3) of the Act. Such law creating State monopoly is presumed to be reasonable and in the interests of the general public. [See the principle stated in Akadasi Padhan v. State of Orissa, [1963] Supp. 2 SCR 691 at 704-705]. The Act stipulates appointment of agents who must necessarily work strictly on behalf of the State and not for themselves. The sections as such are, therefore, not open to challenge [See Akadasi Padhan (supra} at 715-718]. These legislative measures are rationally related to the object sought to be achieved. We see no substance in the contention that the impugned provi· sions have resulted in acquisition of rights in land on principles of compensation less favourable to the contractors in comparison to the allegedly like provisions of the Orissa Forest Act, 1972 providing for acquisition under the Land Acquisition Act 1 of 1984. The Orissa Forest Act, 1972, unlike Act 22 of 1981, provides for acquisition of land under the Land Acquisition Act I of 1984 when a right (other than a right to forest produce and certain other specified rights) is claimed in that land. This means compensation under the Land A B c D E F G H ORIENT PAPER v. STATE OF ORISSA [THOMMEN, J.] 501 Acquisition Act is contemplated only where the right claimed is in respect of private land. The Orissa Forest ~ct does not provide for acquisition or compensation under the Land Acquisition Act where the right claimed is, as in the instant cases, in respect of forest produce grown or found in Government forests. Act 22 of 1981 significantly does not provide for acquisition of land, but for control of trade in forest produce by creating a State monopoly to the exclusion of any private person. No fundamental right of the contractors is affected by such control through State monopoly, particularly when the con tractors have been given full liberty to remove all felled bamboos within the stipulated period. In any case, whatever be the consequence of the exclusion of the contractors from trade in forest produce, such exclusion for the purpose of State monopoly .has been brought about by authority of law. [See Akadasi Padhan, (supra) ]. As stated by this Court in Hamdard Dawakhana (Wakf) Lal Kuan, Delhi and Another v. Union of India and Others, [1960] 2 SCR 671, 678-679]: " the legislature understands and appreciates the need of the people and the laws it enacts are directed to problems which are made munifest by experience and that the elected reppresentatives assembled in a legislature enact laws which they considered to be reasonable for the purpose for which they are enacted. Presumption is, there- fore, in favour of the constitutionality of an enactment. See also Charanjit Lal Chowdhuri v. The Union of India & Ors., [ 1950] SCR 869; The State of Bombay v. F.N. Bulsara, (1951] SCR 682, 708 and Mahant Moti Das v. S.P. Sahi, AIR 1959 SC 942, 948. Smuggling in forest produce has been a serious threat to national · A B c D E F economy. No society can tolerate activities endangering the morale and economy of the people. This substantive evil with its corrupting and debilitating influence is sought to be remedied by legislative control of trade in forest produce through State monopoly. These measures are undoubtedly Well within the province of the legislature G and reasonably and rationally adapted to the end sought. The legisla- tive findings and the subject-matter of the legislation; the area of its operation; its purpose and intent; its legislative history; the objects and reasons for the amendments made consequent on judicial deci sions; the vice that is sought to be remedied; the legislative response to compelling necessities. All this lends support to the presumption in H 502 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990) Supp. 2 S.C.R. A favour of reasonableness, legality and constitutionality of the legisla tive actions in question. All rights and interests contrary to and incon sistent with the statute accordingly stand rescinded. We see no merit in the challenge against the statutory provisions or the notifications issued thereunder or the actions taken in accor dance with them. The appeals and writ petitions are accordingly· dis missed with costs. B Y. Lal Petitions dismissed.