Daw, Clerk of the Commissioner of Sewers of the City of London v. The Metropolitan Board of Worka ), it wa.s held- ( Muzaffa.nag•• W••,hoo

"Where two statutes give authority to two public bodies to exercis!l powers which cannot consistently _with the object of the Legislature co-exist, the earlier must necessarily be repealed by the later statute." In that case the conflict \11'.&S between s. 145 of the City of London Sewers Act, 1848 a.nd s. 141 of the Metro polis Local Ma.na.gement Act, 1855, a.nd the later wa.s held to prevail. The principle of these cases will apply to the present circumstances, and if the words " town area. committee " are not held to be a transla tion of the words " town panchayat ", the result is that a Town Area Committee being vested with power under s. 26 (a) to regulate offensive trades or callings, the power of the Town Area. Committee must prevail over the power of the' District Board under s. 174(l)(k) of the District Boards Act. We, therefore, allow the a.ppea.l, set aside the order of the High Court a.nd order the acquittal of Asa Ram a.ppella.nt. Appeal allowed. NARAIN AND TWO OTHERS v. THE STATE OF PUNJAB (GAJENDRAGADKAR and A. K. SARKAR, JJ.) Criminal Trial-Material witness, who is-Failure to examine -Effect of-If amounts to rejection of evidence-Indian Evidence Act, r87z (I of r87z), s. r67. Several persons attacked and seriously injured one M. After assaulting him the assailants were carrying him away when M's brother R came to rescue him and in self defence shot dead one of the assailants and carried M away. For the assault on M eight persons, including the appellants, were tried for offences under (1) (1862) C.P. u C.B.N.S. 16x; (1862) 133 R.R. 311. Narain and two Others v. Thi State of Punjab (1) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 721$ I ss. 148, 307 and 364 both read with ss. 149 and 34 of the Indian Penal Code. At the trial R was cited as a witness by the prosei cution, but R refused to give evidence claiming protection under Art. 20 of the Constitution. The Sessions Judge upheld R's objection and the prosecution gave him up as a witness. After trial, the Sessions Judge acquitted four of the accused but con~ victed the appellants and one other person. In appeal before the High Court the appellants urged that the Sessions Judge wa11 wrong in holding that R was entitled to the protection of Art. 2~ and that the trial was vitiated by th;s decision whereby the accused had been deprived of the benefit of R's evidence. Th~ High Court was of the view that if R had been compelled t!> give evidence he would not have supported the prosecution but whatever he would have stated would not have rebutted the convincing testimony of the other witnesses and that therefore the failure to.examine R did not in any way affect the ultimate d.ecision of the case. The High Court apparently had s. 167 of the Evidence Act in view. In the result the High Court uphelfl the convictions. The appellants appealed and contended tha:t t:he view of the High Court was not justified by s. 167 and that the trial was not fair as R, a material witness, had been kept out of Court. Held, that the trial was not vitiated by the failure of the prosecution to examine R as a witness. Section 167 did not help the appellants as it was not a case in which evidence could be said to have been rejected within the meaning of that section. Further, R was not a witness material to the prosecution ina11- much as he arrived on the scene after the assault was over and it was not necessary for the prosecution to examine him to ensure a fair trial. Where a material witness has been deliberately !>r unfairly kept back, a serious reflection is cast on the propriety bf the trial and the validity of the conviction resulting from it may be open to challenge. The test whether a witness is material .is whether he is essential to the unfolding of the narrative on which the prosecution is based and not whether he would have given evidence in support of the defence. , Habeeb Mohammad v. The State of Hyderabad, [1954] S.C.R. 475; Stephen Seneviratne v. The King, A.I.R. 1936 P.C. 289. CRIMINAL APPELLATE Appeal No. 186 of 1956. JURISDICTION: Crimin1tol Appeal by special leave from the judgment a.ud order dated February 18, 1955, of the Punjab High Court in Criminal Appeals Nos. 389 a.nd 406 of 1954, a.rising out of. the judgment a.nd order dated June 16, 1954, of the Court of the Additional Sessions J ud~e, l!'erozepur, in Sessions Case No. 5 of 1954 a.nd Tr~a.l No. 5 of 1954. Narain and two Others v. The State of Punjab Sarkar]. • 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. Jai Gopal Sethi, Vidya Dhar Mahajan and K. L. Arora, for the appellants. N. S. Bindra, R.H. Dhebar and T . .M. Sen, for the respondent.

#1958. December 4. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKAR, J.-Eight persons were tried for offences under ss. 148, 307 and 364 both read with ss. 149 and 34 of the Indian Penal Code, by the Additional Ses sions Judge, Ferozepur. The learned Sessions Judge acquitted four of the accused, namely, Het Ram, Teja .Ram, Manphul and Surja Ram as he did not think that their presence at the occurrence had been proved beyond reasonable doubt. He convicted the remaining four, namely, Narain, Jot Ram, Ghent and Jalu under ss. 307 and 364 read with s. 34. He sentenced Na.rain, Jot Ram and Gheru to rigorous imprisonment for three yea.rs under s. 307 and two years under s. _364. He sentenced J a.Ju to two yea.rs' rigorous imprisonment under ea.ch section. On appeal by the convicted persons the High Court of Punjab maintain ed the convictions but reduced the sentences passed on Jot Ram and Gheru to one year's rigorous imprison ment and Ja.Ju, to the term of imprisonment already undergone. It maintained the sentence passed on Nara.in and dismissed his appeal. Narain, Jot Ram and Gheru have appealed to this Court from that judgment. The prosecution case is that one Sultan was the proprietor of a. field described in the proceedings as plot No. 97. Sa.hi Ram had been a tenant of the land. The land had not been cultivated in the year preced ing the occurrence with which this case is concerned and the owner had thereupon resumed possession of it. On June 14, 1953, Mani Ram a son of the proprietor, arrived at the field on a. tractor accompanied by a. labourer, Moola. Ram, with the object of ploughing it and found Sa.hi Ram actually ploughing. Mani Ram turned Sa.hi Ram out of the field. Sahi Ram raised a protest but eventually left abandoning his plough on the field. Mani Ram then began to yilough the field Naraili and two Oth•rs v. The Stale of Pu11jt1b Sarkar ]. (1) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 727 with his tractor. A little later the tractor developad mechanical trouble and Mani. Ram stopped ploughing and started attending to it. While Mani Ram was &o engaged, Sahi Ram arrived at the spot accompanied by seven persons, being the accused earlier named other than Narain, variously armed. Jalu had come on a horse. They fell upon Mani Ram and assa.ulted him. Moola Ram who ran to his rescue was also assaulted. Mo_ola Ram then attempted to run away whereupon Sahi Ram and his party chased hi1p. While Sabi Ham and his party had their attention on Moola Ram, Mani Ram got into his tractor and began to drive away from the field. At this point of time Narain arrived on a horse with a gun in his hand. I:Ie told the pursuers of Moola l~am to leave him as he was merely a hired man and pointed out that the real culprit Mani Ram was about to escape in the tract6r. The party then turned round and pursued Mani Raµi. Na rain on his horse soon overtook Mani Ram ahd fired at him while he was still on the.tractor in the driver's seat. Mani Ram fell down from the tractor which, being in motion, proceeded on its own and rp.n into a tree and stopped. Na.rain's horse fell against the cultivator of the tractor and was injured. M11oni Ram picked himself up and staggered for shelter into '.Ii'he the hut of one Mukh Ram, which was nearby. pursuers then came up and Jot Ram fired a shot at Mani Ram inside the hut and so did Gheru. Mani Ram fell down in the hut. Mukh Ram threw himself on the body of Mani Ram to protect him. Gheru and Na.rain then said that they would burn the hut with Mani Ram inside it. Sabi Ram suggested that it would· be better to carry Mani Ram to their house and there kill him and burn his body. Mukh Ram was then dragged away and Mani Ram's body was put on a horse and J alu mounted it. The party then proce eded towards the viUage by a foot path with Mani Ram, who ·was then unconscious, as their ca.ptlve. After they had gone some distance Raghbir, the youn ger brother of Mani Ram, having heard of the incident came to rescue Mani Ram. He met Jalu on the h9rse with Mani Ram a.ncl Sabi Ram walking close behind, Narain and two Others v. The Stale of Punjab Sarkar ]. 728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. the rest of the party being at some distance. Raghbir asked Jain to put down Mani Ram on which Jain threatened to kill, and Sahi Ram pointed his sela at Raghbir. Raghbir then shot at Sahi Ram with the pistol he was carrying and the latter fell down and died soon after. Jain got off the horse and ran away. Before the others could arrive Raghbir carried Mani Ram to the house of one Birbal from where he was later taken to the hospital. 'l'he defence was that the prosecution ease was wholly false and the real facts were as follows: On the date of the occurrence Sahi Ram was ploughing the field when Mani Ram and Raghbir came there and tried to stop him. There was an altercation. Jot Ram and Gheru who were in a field nearby came up and advised Sa.hi Ram not to dispute over the matter with Mani Ram but have it decided by Panchayat. Sa.hi Ram, Jot Ram and Gheru then ·Jeft the field and proceeded towards the village. While going Jot Ram noticed that Sahi Ram was carrying a pistol and took it away from him to prevent him from using it in his excitement. Mani Ram and Raghbir also went towards the village but by a different route. The par ties -again met at the village Shamlat. Raghbir abused Sa.hi Ram and fired a shot at him killing him outright. Jot Ram apprehending that he might also be shot at, fired the pistol which 'he had taken froni Sa hi Ram and might have injured Mani Ram. There were two unknown persons with Raghbir and Mani Ram at this time and they also used their fire arms. Mani Ram might have received injuries from these firings also. The accused denied that any of them except Jot Ram and Gheru were present at the incident. There were thus two conflicting versions of the same incident and there were two cross cases based on these separate versions. We are qoncerned with the case started on the complaint of Mani Ram and con· cerning the injuries suffered by him and his abduction. The other case was against Mani Ram, Raghbir, Sultan and Dalip also a son of Sultan and was based on what the defence version of the incident in the In that case Raghbir and Mani present case was. Narain and two Oth11s v. The State a/ Punjab Sark111 ]. (1) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 729 Ram were charged under s. 302 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code for having caused the death of Sabi Ram and Sultan and Dalip were charged under s. 302 read withs. 109 of the same Code in the same connection. The learned Sessions Judge who heard both the cases, acquitted Mani Ram, Raghbir, Sultan and Dalip of the charges brought against them and convicted the appellants and Jalu in the present. case accepting the prosecution version of the incident. As we have earlier stated, the conviction was upheld by the High Court. · In view of the concurrent findings of fact in the Courts below, the learned Advocate for the appellants confined himself in this Court to a question of law which we now proceed to discuss. It has to be remem bered that we are concerned only with the case iµ which the appellants had been tried for offences against Mani Ram. With the other case we are not concerned. · In the trial Court, the prosecution had cited Ra.ghbt as a witness. Raghbir however refused to give evid ence claiming protection under Art. 20 of the Consti tution. The learned Sessions Judge held that Raghbir could not be compelled to give evidence and rejected the contention· df the accused that he was not entitled to the protection. The prosecution•iil the end did nc>t offer Raghbir as a witness and dropped him. When the matter came up before the High Court in appeal, it was said on behalf of the appellants, that the learned Sessions Judge was wrong in holding that Raghbir was entitled to the protection of Art. 20 and that the trial had been vitiated by this decision as 1 a result of which the accused had been ~eprived of the benefit of Raghbir's evidence. The High Court however he'ld that the fact that Raghbir was not examined did not vitiate the trial !in any way. It is this part of thl'l High Court judgment that has been challenged before us by the learned Advoca.te for the appellants. The High Court observ ed as follows: "We may assume that Raghbir wodld 92 N aroift and two Olllers v. - The Slate of Punjab S11rkur J. 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp· not have supported the prosecution story or that he would have admitted to having shot Sahi Ram. The fact that he was unwilling to make a statement does not const.itute an irregularity in the trial. Had he been compelled to say something, he would, in all pro bability, not have told the truth, and the question is how the case would have been affected by his state ment? In my view, whatever he had stated would not have rebutted the convincing testimony of the other witnesses In the case and therefore the failure of the Court to examine him does not in any way affect the -ultimate decision of the case." The learned Advocate contended that the High Court had in view the provisions of s. 167 of the Evid ence Act though the section was not in terms referred. We think this is a fair view to take. The learned Advocate said that what the High Court has done is to say that even assuming that Raghbir's evidence did not support the prosecution story, that would not have made any difference to the result, because, what ever he stated would not have rebutted the convinc ing testimony of the other witnesses. According to the learned Advocate, this view was not justified by s. 167. It seems to us that the expression of the opi nion of the High Court on this matter has not been happily worded. The question under s. 167 is not so - much whether the evidence rejected would not have been accepted against the other testimony on the record as whether that evidence "ought not to have varied the decision." It is clear that if what Raghbir had said in his evidence had gone to support the defence version, then a serious question would arise as to whether the decision of the trial Court would have been in favour of the accused instead of against them, as it happened to be. It seems to us however that s. 167 does not help the appellants. It is clear from the record that the prose cution, though it had cited Raghbir as a witness, was not very keen to examine him. When Raghbir object ed to give evidence, the prosecution dropped· him. Therefore it seems to us that this' is not a case in which evidence can be said to have been rejected Narain au lwo OIAus v. na Slala of Punjab Sarkar ]. (1) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 73,I within s. 167 of the Evidence Act. The prosecution did not in fact tender Raghbir as a witness. Nor have we any idea as to what.he would have said had he given evidence. Nor is it a case where the defence wanted to call him as a witness. It is not necessary for us, nor have we been asked, to decide the question whether Raghbir was entitled under Art. 20 of the Constitution to refuse to give evidence. It is amply clear from the record that the proijecution did not offer him as a witness upon llis clai.ming protection under Art. 20. The learned Advo cate for the appellants then argued that in this view of the matter, it must be held that a material witness had been kept out of court by the prosecution and that would give rise to an adverse inference against the 'prosecution case and cast serious reflection on the f~ir­ ness of the trial. We were referred by learned Advo cate to Habeeb Mohammad . v. The State of Hydera bad (1) in "this connection. We agree that if a materjal witness has been deliberately or unfairly kept ha.ck, then a serious reflection is cast on the propriety of the trial itself and the validity of the conviction resultipg from it may be open to challenge, The question then is, was Raghbir a material wit ness ? It is an accepted rule as stated by the J upi cial Committee in Stephen Seneviratne v. The King (9 ) that "witnesses essential to the unfolding of the narrative on which the prosecution is based, m~st, of course, be called by the prosecution." It will be seen that the test whether a witness is material for the present purpose is not whether he would have given evidence in support of the defence. The test is whe ther he is a witness " essential to the unfolding of the narrative on which the prosecution is based". Whe ther a witness is so essential or not would depend 'on whether he could speak to any part of the prosecution case or whether the evidence led disclosed that he was so situated that he would have been able to give evidence of the facts on which the prosecution ,reijed. It is not hbwever that the· prosecution is hound to call a.II witnesses who may have seen the occurrence and (1) [19,54] S.C.R. 475. (2) A.I.R. (1936) P.C. 289, Narain and two OJhers v. 1'he State of Punjab Sarkar ]. 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1959] Supp. so duplicate the evidence. But apart from this, the prosecution should call all material witnesses. Was Raghbir then a witness essential to the unfold ing of the prosecution case ? That clearly Raghbir was not. The prosecution case, as we have seen, was concerned with the injuries caused to Mani Ram and his abduction. According to the prosecution case, Raghbir arrived after these offences had been commit ted ; after Mani Ram had been assaulted and shot at and after he had been put on a horse and had been carried some distance. The prosecution no doubt admits that Raghbir shot Sahi Ram but says that he did so in self defence. This incident is an entirely separate incident. It is not necessary to prove it in order to prove the offences with which the appellants were charged. Raghbir therefore was not a witness whom the prosecution was bound to call to establish its case. The fact, assuming it to have been so, that Raghbir would have said in his evidence that the incidents did not ha.ppen as the prosecution stated, may no doubt have established a good defence. But if it was so, then he would have been only a witness material for the defence and not a witness essential to the unfolding of the narrative on which the prosecu tion case is based. The prosecution is not bound to call witnesses to establish the defence but only wit nesses who are material for proving its own case. Indeed, siuce according to the prosecution case Ragh bir arrived after the alleged offences were committed, he could not have given any evidence about the pro secution case. We, therefore, think that the conten tion of the learned Advocate for the Appellants that the prosecution should have called Raghbir to ensure a fair trial or that he was ·a witness material to the prosecution case, is unfounded. We do not think that the trial has at all been vitiated by the failure to call Raghbir. It may be pointed out that the appellants had not sought to produce Raghbir as a witness on their behalf. The learned Advocate then addressed us on the question of the sentence passed on Narain. He said that the High Court passed a higher sentence on him Narain a,.11 two Others v. The State of Punjab Sarkar]. Decemb1r 5. (1) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 733 because it was under the impression that he had caused the only grievous injury that was found on the body of Mani Ram. The learned Advocate pointed out that there was no evidence to show that the grie vous injury had been caused by Narain. It seem~ to us that this contention is justified. There is however evidence to show that Narain merited the higher sentence. It was he who directed the attack agai, nst Mani Ram. He called the other members of the attacking party to desist from pursuing Moola Ram as Mani Ram was the real enemy and should be d~alt with. It is upon that, that the serious injuries on Mani Ram came to be inflicted. We, therefore, think Ghat the higher sentence imposed on the appellant Na.-ain was justified. No other question arises in this appeal. The result is that the appeal fails and is dismissed. Appeal d·ismissed. · CHAUBE JAGDISH PRASAD AND ANOTHER v. GANGA PRASAD OHATUHVEDI (JAFER IMAM, s. K. DAS and J.L. KAPUR, JJ.) Revision-Revisional powers of High Court-]urisdict~on of subordinate court dependent on existence off act-Erroneous fi.nding as to such fact-Competence of High Court to interfere-Code of Civil Procedure (Act V of z908), s. II5. Landlord and Tenant-Accommodation-Agreed monthly rent New construction-Enhancement of rent-House Allotment Officer's findings-Power of the civil courts to interfere-U. P. Tem'Porary Control of Rent and Eviction Act, z947 (U.P. 3 of z947), ss. 2(a)(j ), 3A, 5(4), 6. In 1938 the respondent took on rent from' the appellant the accommodation in dispute on a monthly rent of Rs. 21-4a~. On January 28, 1950, the appellant made a:n application to the House Allofment Officer under s. 3A of the U.P. Temporary Con trol -of Rent and Eviction Act, 1947, for an increase in rent, on the allegation that according to the instruction of the tespon dent he had made a new construction in January, 1949. The