Joginder Singh v. Union Territory, Chandigarh

Smt. Swaran Kaur And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (18) R.F.A. No. 3583 of 2008 (O&M) Joginder Singh And Others ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (19) R.F.A. No. 3584 of 2008 (O&M) Avtar Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (20) R.F.A. No. 3585 of 2008 (O&M) Nirmal Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (21) R.F.A. No. 3586 of 2008 (O&M) Gurdev Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (22) R.F.A. No. 3753 of 2008 (O&M) Smt. Gurminder Kaur And Another ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (23) R.F.A. No. 3782 of 2008 (O&M) Paramjit Singh And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (24) R.F.A. No. 3971 of 2008 (O&M) Smt. Gurdev Kaur ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -4- (25) R.F.A. No. 3972 of 2008 (O&M) Pritam Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (26) R.F.A. No.3973 of 2008 (O&M) Bhupinder Singh and Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (27) R.F.A. No.3976 of 2008 (O&M) Dilbagh Singh and Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory Chandigarh ..... Respondent (28) R.F.A. No.3977 of 2008 (O&M) Jhujar Singh and Another ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (29) R.F.A. No.4013 of 2008 (O&M) Mohan Lal Mahajan And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (30) R.F.A. No.4022 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Dalip Kaur And Another ..... Respondent (31) R.F.A. No.4023 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ....... Appellant Versus Gurmeet Singh And Another ...... Respondents (32) R.F.A. No.4024 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Swaran Singh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -5- (33) R.F.A. No. 4025 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Bachan Kaur And Others ..... Respondents (34) R.F.A. No. 4026 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Subhash Mittal ..... Respondent (35) R.F.A. No. 4027 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurdev Singh ..... Respondent (36) R.F.A. No. 4028 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Joginder Singh ..... Respondent (37) R.F.A. No. 4029 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Raj Kumar ..... Respondent (38) R.F.A. No. 4030 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Atma Singh ..... Respondent (39) R.F.A. No. 4031 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Sukhdev Singh ..... Respondent (40) R.F.A. No. 4032 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Sukhpal Singh And Another ..... Respondents R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -6- (41) R.F.A. No. 4033 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Dalbir Singh And Another ..... Respondents (42) R.F.A. No. 4034 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Narata Singh And Others ..... Respondents (43) R.F.A. No. 4035 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Pal Singh ..... Respondent (44) R.F.A. No. 4036 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Smt. Sona Devi ..... Respondent (45) R.F.A. No. 4037 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Sant Singh And Others ..... Respondents (46) R.F.A. No. 4038 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Balwinder Singh And Another ..... Respondents (47) R.F.A. No. 4039 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Darbara Singh And Others ..... Respondents (48) R.F.A. No. 4040 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Narata Singh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -7- (49) R.F.A. No. 4041 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Jarnail Singh ..... Respondent (50) R.F.A. No. 4042 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Rajiv Dhiman ..... Respondent (51) R.F.A. No. 4043 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Darbara Singh And Another ..... Respondent (52) R.F.A. No. 4460 of 2008 (O&M) Garja Singh And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (53) R.F.A. No. 4642 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Narata Singh And Another ..... Respondents (54) R.F.A. No. 4643 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Narinder Singh ..... Respondent (55) R.F.A. No. 4644 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Smt. Swaran Kaur And Others ..... Respondents (56) R.F.A. No. 4645 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Harjinder Singh And Others ..... Respondents R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -8- (57) R.F.A. No. 4646 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Kulwant Singh ..... Respondent (58) R.F.A. No. 4647 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Harjinder Singh And Others ..... Respondents (59) R.F.A. No. 4648 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Bahadur Singh ..... Respondent (60) R.F.A. No. 4649 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Rajinder Singh ..... Respondent (61) R.F.A. No. 4650 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Basawa Singh ..... Respondent (62) R.F.A. No. 4651 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurmail Singh ..... Respondent (63) R.F.A. No. 4652 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurjit Singh ..... Respondent (64) R.F.A. No. 5012 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurdeep Singh And Another ..... Respondents R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -9- (65) R.F.A. No. 5275 of 2008 (O&M) Anand Singh And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (66) R.F.A. No. 5420 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurdev Singh And Others ..... Respondents (67) R.F.A. No.5421 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurdev Singh ..... Respondent (68) R.F.A. No. 5422 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Garja Singh And Others ..... Respondents (69) R.F.A. No. 5423 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Mohanjit Singh And Others ..... Respondents (70) R.F.A. No. 5424 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Randhir Singh ..... Respondent (71) R.F.A. No. 5425 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Joginder Singh And Others ..... Respondents (72) R.F.A. No. 5426 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Nirmal Singh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -10- (73) R.F.A. No. 5427 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandgarh ..... Appellant Versus Narata Singh And Others ..... Respondents (74) R.F.A. No. 5428 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Smt. Swaran Kaur And Others ..... Respondents (75) R.F.A. No. 5429 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Sikander Singh ..... Respondent (76) R.F.A. No. 5430 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Jasbir Singh ..... Respondent (77) R.F.A. No. 5431 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Jhujar Singh And Others ..... Respondents (78) R.F.A. No. 5432 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Jaswant Singh And Others ..... Respondents (79) R.F.A. No. 5433 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Avtar Singh ..... Respondent (80) R.F.A. No. 5434 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Jaswant Singh And Others ..... Respondents R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -11- (81) R.F.A. No. 5435 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Dilbagh Singh And Others ..... Respondents (82) R.F.A. No. 5496 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Chanan Singh And Others ..... Respondents (83) R.F.A. No. 5509 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurdev Singh ..... Respondent (84) R.F.A. No. 5510 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Kirpal Singh And Others ..... Respondents (85) R.F.A. No. 5511 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Smt. Gurminder Kaur And Another ..... Respondents (86) R.F.A. No. 5512 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Joginder Singh And Others ..... Respondents (87) R.F.A. No. 5513 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurmail Singh ..... Respondent (88) R.F.A. No. 5514 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Rajinder Partap ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -12- (89) R.F.A. No. 5515 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Surinder Singh ..... Respondent (90) R.F.A. No. 5516 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Jarnail Singh And Another ..... Respondents (91) R.F.A. No. 5517 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Avtar Singh ..... Respondent (92) R.F.A. No. 5518 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Labh Singh ..... Respondent (93) R.F.A. No. 5674 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Hardial Singh ..... Respondent (94) R.F.A. No. 5675 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Surinder Pal Singh And Another ..... Respondents (95) R.F.A. No. 5676 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Swaran Singh And Another ..... Respondents (96) R.F.A. No. 5677 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Yashwinder Singh And Others ..... Respondents R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -13- (97) R.F.A. No. 5678 of 2008 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Jagdev Singh And Others ..... Respondents (98) R.F.A. No. 104 of 2009 (O&M) Chanan Singh And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (99) R.F.A. No. 911 of 2009 (O&M) Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Appellant Versus Gurdeep Singh And Another ..... Respondents (100) R.F.A. No. 996 of 2009 (O&M) Smt. Swaran Kaur And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (101) R.F.A. No. 1425 of 2009 (O&M) Ujjagar Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (102) R.F.A. No. 1426 of 2009 (O&M) Smt. Jaswant Kaur ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (103) R.F.A. No. 1427 of 2009 (O&M) Smt. Jaswant Kaur ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (104) R.F.A. No. 1428 of 2009 (O&M) Labh Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -14- (105) R.F.A. No. 1429 of 2009 (O&M) Labh Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (106) R.F.A. No. 1430 of 2009 (O&M) Gurjeet Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (107) R.F.A. No. 1431 of 2009 (O&M) Labh Singh And Another ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (108) R.F.A. No. 1432 of 2009 (O&M) Mohinder Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (109) R.F.A. No. 1433 of 2009 (O&M) Labh Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (110) R.F.A. No. 1781 of 2009 (O&M) Gurdip Singh And Another ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (111) R.F.A. No. 2052 of 2009 (O&M) Iqbal Singh And Another ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (112) R.F.A. No. 2053 of 2009 (O&M) Kulwinder Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -15- (113) R.F.A. No. 2658 of 2009 (O&M) Angrej Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (114) R.F.A. No. 2659 of 2009 (O&M) Angrej Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (115) R.F.A. No. 2660 of 2009 (O&M) Gurcharan Singh And Another ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (116) R.F.A. No. 2702 of 2009 (O&M) Charan Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (117) R.F.A. No. 2703 of 2009 (O&M) Ranjit Kaur ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (118) R.F.A. No. 2704 of 2009 (O&M) Gurvinder Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (119) R.F.A. No. 2705 of 2009 (O&M) Daljit Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (120) R.F.A. No. 2706 of 2009 (O&M) Raghbir Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -16- (121) R.F.A. No. 2709 of 2009 (O&M) Satwant Kaur And Another ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (122) R.F.A. No. 2710 of 2009 (O&M) Baljit Kaur And Others ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (123) R.F.A. No. 2843 of 2009 (O&M) Lakhbir Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (124) R.F.A. No. 2902 of 2009 (O&M) Ram Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (125) R.F.A. No. 3121 of 2009 (O&M) Jasbir Singh And Others ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (126) R.F.A. No. 3122 of 2009 (O&M) Sital Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (127) R.F.A. No. 3123 of 2009 (O&M) Amrik Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (128) R.F.A. No. 3142 of 2009 (O&M) Balhar Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -17- (129) R.F.A. No. 3525 of 2009 (O&M) Gurdev Kaur And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (130) R.F.A. No. 3526 of 2009 (O&M) Surinder Kaur And Others ..... Appellants Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (131) R.F.A. No. 3528 of 2009 (O&M) Charanjit Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (132) R.F.A. No. 3529 of 2009 (O&M) Sewa Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (133) R.F.A. No. 3530 of 2009 (O&M) Hasara Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (134) R.F.A. No. 3531 of 2009 (O&M) Paras Ram ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (135) R.F.A. No. 4278 of 2009 (O&M) Charan Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (136) R.F.A. No. 4279 of 2009 (O&M) Gurmeet Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -18- (137) R.F.A. No. 4280 of 2009 (O&M) Bahadur Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (138) R.F.A. No. 4281 of 2009 (O&M) Bhag Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (139) R.F.A. No. 4282 of 2009 (O&M) Kaka Singh ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (140) R.F.A. No. 4283 of 2009 (O&M) Om Parkash ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent (141) R.F.A. No. 4284 of 2009 (O&M) Bhajan Singh And Another ..... Appellant Versus Union Territory, Chandigarh ..... Respondent Coram: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Rajesh Bindal Present: Mr. P. C. Dhiman and Mr. R. K. Dhiman, Advocates, for the claimants. Mr. Manpreet, Advocate for Mrs. Lisa Gill, Advocate, Mr. Deepak Sharma, Mr. Vishal Sodhi, Mr. Harpreet S. Giani, Advocates and Mr. Hitesh Pandit, Advocate for Mr. Rajesh Garg, Advocate for UT Chandigarh. Rajesh Bindal J. This order will dispose of the aforesaid appeals, as the same arise out of common acquisition. The claimants are in appeal before this court against the award of the learned court below seeking further enhancement of compensation for the superstructures, fruit and non-fruit bearing trees existing on the acquired land R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -19- where as the Union Territory, Chandigarh is seeking reduction in the compensation. The facts have been extracted from RFA. No. 2804 of 2008. Briefly, the facts of the case are that vide notification dated 3.8.1999 issued under Section 4 of the Act, Union Territory, Chandigarh, acquired the land along with superstructures, fruit/non-fruit bearing trees situated in revenue estates of Villages Badheri, Kajheri and Palsora, U.T Chandigarh, for development of third phase Sectors 53, 54 and 55 Chandigarh. The Land Acquisition Collector awarded compensation. Dissatisfied with the award of the Collector, the landowners filed objections. On reference under Section 18 of the Act, the learned court below determined the market value of the superstructures, fruit/ non-fruit bearing trees. It is this award which is impugned by both the parties before this court. Learned counsel for the claimants submitted that the amount of compensation assessed by the learned court below on account of superstructures, fruit/ non-fruit bearing trees existing on the acquired land, on the date of acquisition, is not just and fair considering the amount spent by the claimants on the construction and plantation of trees. The evidence produced by the claimants on that account was totally ignored. Life of the trees was not considered at all. It was further argued that compensation granted to the claimants on account of acquisition of superstructures @ 25% is less and they should be granted at least 50% enhancement. However, as regards assessment of value of fruit bearing as well as non fruit bearing trees is concerned, learned counsel for the claimants fairly submitted that the same has been assessed in terms of Dr. Nijjar's formula regarding fruit bearing trees and as per the earlier judgments of this court in 1990 (1) Recent Revenue Reports 2 Sukhdev Singh vs State of Punjab and another and 1996 LACC 95 Mohinder Singh vs Land Acquisition Collector, Patiala regarding non fruit bearing trees. No other point was argued. On the other hand, learned counsel for Union Territory submitted that in the absence of any independent evidence on record, the claimants should not be granted any further increase on the amount as assessed by the learned Reference Court, rather, the same deserves to be reduced. In fact, the award of the Collector deserves to be upheld and the amount awarded by the learned court below be set aside. It was further submitted that the court below has granted increase @ 25% for the superstructures and the compensation with regard to fruit bearing trees has been granted by applying the formula of Dr. Nijjar, which has been followed in number of cases. Regarding non-fruit bearing trees, it was R. F. A No. 2804 of 2008 -20- submitted that the learned court below has arbitrarily granted the increase which the landowners do not deserve. Heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the paper-book. As far as compensation assessed by the learned court below on account of acquisition of superstructures is concerned, it is always that some rough estimate is made by applying a thumb rule. The assessment in such cases cannot be made with mathematical precision. The fact is that the claimants always make exorbitant claims for the superstructures whereas the State estimates the value thereof at its lowest price. In the present appeals, it is not disputed that the court below has granted increase @ 25% on the value of the super structure as a thumb rule which is in conformity with the judgments of this court in RFA No. 663 of 2004- Union Territory, Chandigarh vs Sajjan Singh, decided on 2.8.2006, RFA No. 579 of 2006 Smt. Akko Devi and others vs Union Territory, Chandigarh and another, decided on 1.10.2008, RFA No. 1990 of 2002- Bhagwan Kaur and others vs The Punjab State and another decided on 4.12.2008, RFA No. 727 of 2001- Narinder Singh vs Union Territory, Chandigarh decided on 4.2.2009, RFA No. 3921 of 2007 – Arunash Chander Kaushik and others vs Union Territory, Chandigarh, decided on 10.2.2009, and RFA No. 3004 of 2006 Surjit Singh vs State of Punjab and another decided on 2.3.2009. It is also not in dispute that the court below has granted compensation for the fruit bearing trees as per Dr. Nijjar's formula which is judicially accepted in number of judgments. As regards non-fruit bearing trees is concerned, this court in Sukhdev Singh's case (supra) and Mohinder Singh's case (supra) had granted 100% increase in the valuation of non-fruit bearing tree considering the crops they yield and in the present case the learned court below has considered the aforesaid judgments only for assessing the amount of additional compensation payable on account of non-fruit bearing trees. Therefore, it cannot be said that the award of the court below is inadequate. Accordingly, the increase of 25% on the value as assessed by the learned court below for superstructure and increase in the valuation of fruit and non-fruit bearing trees is just and fair. All the appeals are dismissed.

10.3.2010 vs. ( Rajesh Bindal) Judge