Bhagel Singh v. State of Haryana

Analyst loses its existence. The Kerala High Court in case Food Inspector, Corporation of Cochin, Cochin-II vs. Hameed, 1983 Kr LT 901 : (1983 Cri LJ NOC 224 KER), after considering practically the entire case law on the point, including the decisions in Abdul Hameed vs. Food Inspector, 1969 Ker LR 922, State of Kerala vs. Vasudevan Nair, 1974 Kr LT617, State of Kerala vs. P.K.Chamu, 1975 Ker LT 411 and State of Kerala vs. K.C.John, 1978 Ker LT 738, observed in para 23 as under:- “it is settled law that report of the Public Analyst superseded by the certificate of the Director which has conclusive effect also. Analysis in the two cases is done by different persons at different laboratories. It would not be surprising if, assuming Criminal Revision No.91 of 2004(O&M) [4] the best conditions, there is some difference in the results of the two analysis. Even in cases where sampling and analysis is done to the satisfaction of the most exacting standards, there could be variation in the percentage of different components arrived at in the two laboratories.

But once the report of the Public Analyst is superseded by the report of the Director Central Food Laboratory, there is no report of the Public Analyst available in the eyes of law for comparison with the certificate issued by the Director. The court cannot, therefore, legitimately make such a comparison and conclude that there are divergences and therefrom draw an inference that the sampling must have been done improperly. To arrive at such a conclusion would amount to flying in the face of settled position of law and the terms of sub sections (3) and (5) of Section 13 of the Act.” The aforesaid observation were later on considered by A Full Bench of Kerala High Court in case Mathukutty vs. State of Kerala and another, AIR 1988 Kerala 60, whereupon, they observed as under:- “We hold that the above is the correct position of law. The divergences in the report and the certificate cannot be used to contend that the number of insects or the percentage of insect damaged seeds have increased during the interval between the analysis by the Public Analyst and the Director.

Hence, we cannot draw an inference that on the date of sampling, number Criminal Revision No.91 of 2004(O&M) [5] of insects or percentage of insect damaged seeds would have been much less than what is shown in the report or the certificate.” Thus, in the light of the aforesaid decision, no importance could be attached to the report of the Public Analyst when the report of the Central Food Laboratory has been requisitioned and proved on the record. Now, coming to the other argument that the complaint does not contain the precise allegations and none of the witnesses have also stated about the yardsticks applied by the Food Inspector for stirring the milk for taking out the samples. In this regard, both the prosecution witnesses, namely; Yashpal Kalra (PW1) and Dr.B.B.Lala (PW2) have consistently stated that the accused was found in possession of 30 kg of cow milk and the sample was taken out by Yashpal Kalra, Government Food Inspector (PW1) after properly mixing and stirring the whole milk.

Similarly, the complaint also clearly indicates that the milk was stirred and made homogeneous before making purchase of sample milk out of the bulk milk. There is nothing in the Act, which may be indicative of the measures to be taken at the time of drawing the sample. The rules only prescribe for stirring and making the milk homogeneous. Similar view was taken by the Supreme Court in case Food Inspector, Municipal Corporation, Baroda vs. Madan Lal Ram Sharma, 1982(2) FAC 372, wherein, it was observed that there is nothing in the Act or Rules, which prescribed that churning of food like milk and curd must be done with some instrument. Further, this High Court in case Gobind Ram vs. Criminal Revision No.91 of 2004(O&M) [6] State of Haryana and another, 2001(2) FAC 218 observed that it was the duty of the vendor to have stirred the milk and make it homogeneous before giving the sample to the Food Inspector.

In any case, no undue importance could be given to the stirring and making the milk homogeneous before taking the sample, to be sent for analysis. Similar observations were made in State of Punjab vs. Ramesh Kumar, 1992(1) PFA Cases (P&H) 120, wherein, it was observed that no undue importance can be given to the non-mention of the fact of stirring in the complaint even while evaluating the evidence of the prosecution on that point. As regards the argument that the Food Inspector did not mention in the complaint with regard to stirring of the milk with his own hand and the printed words do indicate that he did not apply his mind, it is observed that it has been usually seen that Food Inspectors, who are deputed to take the samples, get the forms printed and they are well-aware of the contents mentioned therein. Therefore, they complete the form being alive of the contents mentioned therein and, as such, the Food Inspector did not write in his own hand about the stirring of the milk and making it homogeneous.

However, they carefully fill in the blanks, mention the names of the parties, the time and place of sampling, the names of the witnesses, nature of the article and such other things whichever happen, therefore, it does not necessarily make the court to draw an inference that the Food Inspector did not apply his mind. As regards the next argument that the deficiency is marginal one and, therefore, the same could be, because of other reasons, but it cannot be said to be adulterated, it may be observed that the Legislature Criminal Revision No.91 of 2004(O&M) [7] after long years of experience was well within its wisdom to make the parameters in order to assess the purity of the food articles and if the article is found to be less than the required standard, then even a negligible or a marginal deviation from the prescribed standard would render the same adulterated. It was observed in Municipal Committee, Amritsar vs.

Hazara Singh, 1948-1997 SCPFA cases 131 that no law can be laid down holding that minimal deficiencies in the milk components justified acquittal in all food adulteration cases. It was observed by the Full Bench of this High Court in State of Punjab vs. Teja Singh, 1977 FAJ 237 that it is not permissible to add the percentage of various constituents of milk disclosed by the Public Analyst and to deduce a conclusion therefrom about the over-all deficiency or otherwise of the milk. The Court is not entitled to assume a slight or reasonable margin of error in the conclusion recorded by the Public Analyst. Negligible or marginal deviation from the prescribed standard cannot be ignored. Thus, the argument that since the percentage of the milk fat was in excess of the prescribed standard, would be said to be persuasive to take the case out of the term of `adulterated food article'. It may be mentioned that according to the definition of “adulterated” as given in Section 2 of the Act, if the quality or purity of the article falls below the prescribed standards or its constituents are present in quantities not within the prescribed limits of variability, the same is “adulterated”.

Hence, while deriving the ratio from the observations made by the Full Bench judgment, as referred to above, the milk in question being not in conformity with the prescribed standard can Criminal Revision No.91 of 2004(O&M) [8] certainly be said to be adulterated. No other point has been raised. The menace of adulteration is on the increase these days. The business men of the day in an endeavour to become rich over-night find easy ways and means to earn money even at the cost of the health of the public, therefore, no leniency in the sentence can be shown. Dismissed. October 14, 2010 `gian' ( A.N.JINDAL ) JUDGE