July 25, 2025 SUS v. ellant
Case Details
N THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJA IN TH AT CHANDIGA DIGARH NJAB AND HARYANA 250 HDFC Bank Bank Ltd. Chanchal Sin hal Singh CRM-A-1455-MA-2016 , 2025 Date of Decision : July 25, 2025 SUS VERSUS ellant .....Appellant .....Responde pondent CORAM:
Legal Reasoning
Intelligence (supra) as well as this Court in Satish Kumar vs. Jugal Kishor in CRM-A-2700-MA-2018 decided on 02.07.2025, the learned Sessions Judge, Gurdaspur, is directed to treat the present leave to appeal as an appeal filed under Section 372 of the Cr.P.C. and entrust the same to appropriate Court for its disposal on merits. 6. The Registry is directed to send the complete paper-book and the record of the case to the learned Sessions Judge, Gurdaspur, forthwith. 7. Disposed of, accordingly. Pending miscellaneous applications,
Arguments
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE HA HARPREET SINGH BRAR Present : Mr. Sourabh Bhardwaj, Advocat dvocate for the appellant. Mr. Ravi Kumar, Advocate fo Advocate for the respondent. **** Lehal, ate for Mr. Tarun Vir Singh Lehal, HARPREET REET SINGH BRAR, J. (Oral) 1. The present application has ection has been preferred under Section 378(4) of th of the Code of Criminal Procedure P.C.’) cedure, 1973 (hereinafter ‘CR.P.C.’) seeking gran g grant of leave to appeal the judg dated e judgment of acquittal order dated 02.04.2016 passed by the learned Judicial Ma cial Magistrate 1st Class Gurdaspur, in in a case stemm stemming from complaint dated 29.0 n 138 29.09.2015 filed under Section 138 of Negotiable otiable Instruments Act, 1881. 2. The complaint (supra) was filed our of s filed on the ground of dishonour of cheque of Rs of Rs.5,35,123/-. However, the comp efault e complaint was dismissed in default vide order da der dated 02.04.2016. 3. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in s. A. urt in M/s. Celestium Financial vs. A. Gnanasekara ekaran Etc., 2025(3) RCR (Crim erable Criminal) 208, after considerable discussion an ion and comparative interpretation o (4) of tion of Sections 372 and 378(4) of Cr.P.C., conc ., concluded that the victim has a right ction a right to file an appeal under Section PUNEET CHAWLA 2025.07.29 10:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document -2- 372 of Cr.P.C. before the Court of Sessions. Speaking through Justice B.V. Nagarathna, the following was held: “7.12 The reasons for the above distinction are not far to see and can be elaborated as follows: Firstly, the victim of a crime must have an absolute right to prefer an appeal which cannot be circumscribed by any condition precedent. In the instant case, a victim under Section 138 of the Act, i.e., a payee or the holder of a cheque is a person who has suffered the impact of the offence committed by a person who is charged of the offence, namely ,the accused, whose cheque has been dishonoured. Secondly, the right of a victim of a crime must be placed on par with the right of an accused who has suffered a conviction, who, as a matter of right can prefer an appeal under Section 374 of the CrPC. A person convicted of a crime has the right to prefer an appeal under Section 374 as a matter of right and not being subjected to any conditions. Similarly, a victim of a crime, whatever be the nature of the crime, unconditionally must have a right to prefer an appeal. Thirdly, it is for this reason that the Parliament thought it fit to insert the proviso to sub-section 372 without mandating any condition precedent to be fulfilled by the victim of an offence, which expression also includes the legal representatives of a deceased victim who can prefer an appeal. On the contrary, as against an order of acquittal, the State, through the Public Prosecutor can prefer an appeal even if the complainant does not prefer such an appeal, though of course such an appeal is with the leave PUNEET CHAWLA 2025.07.29 10:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document -3- of the court. However, it is not always necessary for the State or a complainant to prefer an appeal. But when it comes to a victim’s right to prefer an appeal, the insistence on seeking special leave to appeal from the High Court under Section 378(4) of the CrPC would be contrary to what has been intended by the Parliament by insertion of the proviso to Section 372 of the CrPC. Fourthly, the Parliament has not amended Section 378 to circumscribe the victim’s right to prefer an appeal just as it has with regard to a complainant or the State filing an appeal. On the other hand, the Parliament has inserted the proviso to Section 372 so as to envisage a superior right for the victim of an offence to prefer an appeal on the grounds mentioned therein as compared to a complainant. Fifthly, the involvement of the State in respect of an offence under Section 138 of the Act is conspicuous by its absence. This is because the complaint filed under that provision is in the nature of a private complaint as per Section 200 of the CrPC and Section 143 of the Act by an express intention incorporates the provisions of the CrPC in the matter of trial of such a deemed offence tried as a criminal offence. Therefore, the complainant, who is the victim of a dishonour of cheque must be construed to be victim in terms of the proviso to Section 372 read with the definition of victim under Section 2(wa) of the CrPC.” 4. Further still, applying the doctrine of prospective overruling, a two Judge bench of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Directorate of Revenue Intelligence vs. Raj Kumar Arora in Criminal Appeal No.1319 Of 2013 with Criminal Appeal No. 272 of 2014 decided on 17.04.2025 has clarified PUNEET CHAWLA 2025.07.29 10:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document -4- that as a rule of thumb, judgments shall be applicable retrospectively. Speaking through Justice J.B. Pardiwala, the following was opined: “91. The declaration of a statute dealing with substantive rights, by the legislature, is considered to be prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary implication made to have retrospective operation. The legal maxim “Nova Constitutio Futuris Forman Imponere Debet, Non Praeteritis” indicating that a new law ought to regulate what is to follow and not the past, carries with it a presumption of prospectivity and this presumption is generally said to operate unless the contrary is shown by an express provision in the statute or if the retrospectivity is otherwise discernible through necessary implication. This is because such statutes would have the consequence of affecting vested rights, impose new burdens or impair existing obligations. However, when a decision rendering an opinion as regards the interpretation of a penal provision is subsequently overruled by the decision of a larger bench, the consequence of the overruling is starkly different and by default, retrospective. This is because it is settled law that the law declared by this Court is retrospective and is normally assumed to be the law from the inception. 92. The operation of a newly enacted statute or rule must not be confused with the effect of a judgment. A judgement or decision which interprets a statute or provision thereof declares the meaning of the statute as it should be construed from the date of its enactment. In other words, the judgment declares what the legislature had said at the time when the law was promulgated and therefore, it has retrospective effect. On the contrary, it is the statute or the rule which is presumed to be prospective unless expressly made retrospective. What follows from the same, is that a decision or judgment enunciating a PUNEET CHAWLA 2025.07.29 10:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document -5- principle of law is applicable to all cases irrespective of the stage of pendency before different forums since what has been enunciated is the meaning of the law which existed from the inception of the concerned statute or provision. What has been declared to be the law of the land must be held to have always been the law of the land. This conclusion also stems from the rationale that the duty of the court is not to “pronounce a new law but to maintain and expound the old one”. (emphasis added) Reliance in this regard can also be placed on the judgment rendered by a Co-ordinate bench of this Court in Raj Kumar vs. Rajender CRM-A-826-2025 decided on 07.07.2025. 5. Therefore, in view of the judgments rendered by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Celestium Financial (supra) and Directorate of Revenue
Decision
if any, also stand disposed of. (HARPREET SINGH BRAR) JUDGE July 25, 2025 P.C Whether speaking/reasoned. : Yes/No Yes/No Whether Reportable. : PUNEET CHAWLA 2025.07.29 10:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document