ORISSA HIGH COURT : CUTTACK v. Sri Anupam Pradhan

Judgment

06.07.2026 J UDGMENT THE QUESTION FOR CONSIDERATION IN THE INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION FILED PRAYING THEREIN TO CONDONE THE DELAY IN FILING THE INTRA-COURT APPEAL: Whether intra-Court appeal liable to be entertained by condoning the delay of 1237 days (excluding the prescribed period of thirty days) in filing the writ appeal by the functionaries of the Government of Odisha, being aggrieved by Order dated 30th June, 2022 passed in WPC(OAC) No.3077 of 2015, whereby W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 and whereunder allowing the writ petition invoking provisions of Article 226 of the Constitution of India, a learned Single Judge of this Court observed that the matter in writ petition is governed by decision of co- ordinate Bench in Satyabrata Nayak and Others Vrs. State of Odisha and Others, WPC(OAC) No.902 of 2016 and batch vide Judgment dated 15th September, 20211. THE FACTS:

2. It is unfurled from the papers forming part of the record that the respondent, claiming to be Socially and Educationally Backward Class category offered his candidature for the post of Hindi Teacher (Contractual) in Government High School in pursuance of Advertisement vide Resolution No.VIII(8)-SME-(X)- 32/2014— 23404/SME, dated 27th October, 2014 having qualification with B.A. (Honours in Hindi)2 and 1 2 State of Odisha having carried the matter before the Division Bench in W.A. No.557 of 2022, the same got dismissed vide Order dated 23.02.2026 along with batch of matters being W.A. Nos. 487 of 2024, W.A. No.818 of 2021, WA No.1137 of 2022, W.A. No.1214 of 2022, W.A. No.1600 of 2022, W.A. No.1674 of 2022, W.A. No.89 of 2023, W.A. No.1039 of 2023, W.A. No.1154 of 2023 & W.A. No.488 of 2024. Division Bench of this Court disposed of other identical matters being Biswaranjan Biswal and Others Vrs. State of Odisha and Others, W.A.No.102 of 2016 disposed of by Order dated 29.11.2022 and State of Odisha Vrs. Nirupama Jena, W.A. No. 1306 of 2025, disposed of vide Judgment dated 05.02.2026. Government of Odisha in School and Mass Education Department vide Resolution No. IXSME(p)66/10— 2779, dated 09.02.2011 declared that: “*** For all practical purpose, it has been accepted that degree obtained in Hindi Shikshan Praveen from Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Agra is equivalent to Teacher’s Training Certificate/Diploma. For the above purpose, in the event the petitioners claim such status that such degree obtained by them is equivalent to Teacher’s Training Certificate/Diploma, the same should be held to be equivalent and the Government should take necessary steps in that regard for declaring the same to be equivalent in Teacher’s Training Certificate/Diploma. More so, when a clear distinction has been made in the Resolution under Annexure-1 that Hindi W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 M.A. in Hindi. The respondent acquired B.Ed. having qualified in the Examination held in the year 2013 from Indira Gandhi Open University and also passed “Ratna” in the examination conducted by the Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti, Wardha.

2.1. In a batch of matter being Saroj Kumar Tripathy Vrs. State of Odisha, O.A. No.1674(C) of 2015 &c. by Order dated 16.05.2017, the learned Odisha Administrative Tribunal, Cuttack Bench, Cuttack held that: “In view of the above discussion, as Rashtrabhasha Ratna from Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti, Wardha is one of the prescribed qualifications, which according to the respondents is an alternative qualification come in the second category of preference, the candidature of teh applicants possessing the above qualification cannot be rejected on that ground. Accordingly, the order of rejection the applicants who possesses of candidature of from Rashtrabhasha Prachar Rashtrabhasha Ratna Samiti, Wardha is not maintainable and are quashed and the respondent-Authorities are directed to consider the candidature of the applicants for the post of contract teacher in Hindi. Further if the applicants are otherwise eligible and suitable, consequential action for their appointment be taken.”

2.2. The case of the respondent in the Original Application was that having satisfied the eligibility criteria as per Clause 3(f) of the Resolution dated 27th October, 2014, Shikshan Praveen is equivalent to Teacher’s Training Certificate/Diploma and Hindi Shikshan Parangat is equivalent to B.Ed. degree.” W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 he is eligible to be considered for engagement as Hindi Teacher (Contractual). In the common merit list the name of the respondent appeared at serial No.556 and had his candidature been considered in the second category, he should have been appointed as Hindi Teacher under untrained category. However, after the decision of the Odisha Administrative Tribunal, the Government relaxed the upper age limit and accordingly Additional Merit List was published on 19.03.2016. It is alleged that the candidates though secured less marks than the respondent have been given appointed under untrained category.

2.3. Therefore, for issue of direction to the employer to consider the marks secured by the respondents as per certificates enclosed with the Original Application including the qualification acquired during the extended period by relaxing age as was held by the learned Odisha Administrative Tribunal in the cases of Saroj Kumar Tripathy (supra). By way of filing Original Application the respondent approached learned Odisha Administrative Tribunal, Cuttack Bench, Cuttack under Section 19 of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, which was registered as OA No.3077(C) of 2015.

2.4. During the pendency of the matter, after abolition of the Odisha Administrative Tribunal by virtue of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (Department W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 of Personnel and Training) Notification F. No. A- 11014/10/2015-AT [G.S.R.552(E)], dated 2nd August, 2019), the said case having been transferred to this Court, O.A. No.3077 (C) of 2015 has been re-registered as WPC (OAC) No.3077 of 2015.

2.5. Having heard the matter, the learned Single Judge vide Order dated 30th June, 2022 allowed the writ petition observing thus: “6. Considering the submission made by learned is of the counsel for the parties, considered view that since the order passed by this Court in Satyabrata Nayak and Others Vrs. State of Odisha has not been assailed, the ratio decided in the said case is fully applicable to the present case. this Court

Thus, this writ petition is disposed of in terms of the observation/direction given Satyabrata Nayak (supra)3.” 3 Relevant portion of Judgment dated 15th September, 2021 rendered by Single Judge in WPC (OAC) No.902 of 2016 is quoted hereunder: “7. Admittedly, Government of Odisha in School and Mass Education Department issued a resolution on 27.10.2014 prescribing recruitment procedure for teaching staff in Government Secondary Schools, wherein clause-3 deals with Educational Qualification. So far as Hindi Teacher is concerned, the same has been provided under Clause 3(f) which reads as under: ‘(f) Hindi Teacher— Bachelor’s degree from a recognized University with Hindi as one of the elective subject with minimum 50% marks in aggregate (45% for SC/ST/PH/OBC/SEBC candidates) or with Rastrabhasa Ratna from Rastrabhasa Prachar Samiti, Wardha or with Sastri from Orissa Rastrabhasa Parisada, Puri or with Snataka (Acquired by June-2005, the date up to which the temporary recognition has been granted) from Hindi Sikshaya Samiti, Orissa, Cuttack or an equivalent degree from a recognized institution with at least 50% for SC/ST/PH/OBC/SEBC candidates) and Hindi Sikshyan Parangat from Kendriya in aggregate (45% W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

8. Hindi Sansthan, Agra/B.H.Ed. (a course prescribed by NCTE) from a Institution recognized by NCTE and affiliated to recognized university/B.Ed. in Hindi (a course prescribed by NCTE) from Dakhin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, Madas, a institution recognized by NCTE and affiliated to a recognized university. OR Bachelor’s degree with Hindi as one of the optional/Hons subject with minimum 50% of marks in aggregate (45% for SC/ST/PH/OBC/SEBC candidates) and M.A. in Hindi with minimum 50% marks in aggregate from a recognized University. (The untrained candidates shall have to undergo required training within the timeline as prescribed by Govt.) they produced training qualification certificates, On perusal of the qualification prescribed for Hindi Teacher, as mentioned above, it appears that only eligible candidates can make application for consideration of Contract Teacher (Hindi) pursuant to advertisement issued for the year 2014-15. Clause 3(f) of the advertisement which has been placed in the bracket makes it clear that the untrained candidates shall have to undergo required training within the timeline as prescribed by Government. Thereby, necessary implication of incorporating this clause clearly indicates that though training qualification has been prescribed as eligibility criteria for making an application, the untrained candidates can also make an application but they have to undergo required training within the timeline as prescribed by the Government. It is not in dispute that the petitioners have got requisite qualification for appointment as Contract Teacher (Hindi). But only difficulty is that they had not acquired the training qualification by the time they submitted the application, though they had undergone training and result thereof was not published. After submission of applications when result was published, before their applications were taken into consideration, even though applications were rejected stating that “B.Ed. after 06.04.2015” or “certificate produced after 06.04.2015”. The grounds for rejection of their applications cannot sustain, in view of the stipulation made in clause-3(f) of the resolution dated 27.10.2014. If untrained candidates can have right to make application and subsequently they can undergo required training within the timeline as prescribed by the Government, submission of their applications even as untrained candidates, cannot be said to be faulted with. Rather, their applications should have been considered as untrained candidates for selection to the post of Contract Teacher (Hindi) and they should have been allowed to undergo required training within the timeline as prescribed by the Government. As such, the present petitioners stand on a better footing in accordance with the stipulation made in clause-3(f) of the resolution dated 27.10.2014. Meaning thereby, even though they had applied as untrained candidates and undergone training, but result thereof was not published by the time they submitted their applications. But before consideration of their applications, they had already acquired the qualification of training and, thereby, their applications should not and could not have been rejected by the authority stating “B.Ed. after 06.04.2015” or “certificate produced after 06.04.2015” and, as such, disqualifying them from participating in the process of selection is absolutely non-application of mind by the authority and unwarranted. Similar view has already been taken by this Court in Nihar Ranjan W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

2.6. Aggrieved thereby, the State of Odisha has approached this Court in this writ appeal; but with a delay of 1237 days (excluding thirty days of normal period allowed to file appeal). HEARING OF THE INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION FILED IN THE WRIT APPEAL BY THE APPELLANTS FOR CONDONATION OF DELAY:

14. Sarangi (supra) [Nihar Ranjan Sarangi Vrs. State of Odisha and others, WPC (OAC) No.1976 of 2015 vide order dated 23.07.2021]. In Banarasi Das Vrs. State of U.P., AIR 1956 SC 520, the apex Court held that it is open to the appointing authority to lay down requisite qualifications for recruitment to Government services. Although a candidate must fulfil the requisite qualifications for being considered for recruitment, difficulties often arise with regard to the interpretation of the requisite qualifications. Since the qualifications vary from case to case, decisions have turned upon the construction of the specific requirements provided by the rules or administrative instructions in the particular cases before the courts. It is also brought to the notice of the Court that untrained persons have been given engagement vide order dated 04.04.2016 in respect of Mayurbhanj and Bolangir Education District. Thereby, it is contended that even though trained qualification of the petitioners had not been taken into consideration, but as untrained candidates, their cases should have been considered and engagement order should have been issued in their favour, as similarly situated persons have already been extended with such benefit. As such, the entire action authority is in gross violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India. In view of such position, there is no ambiguity in the qualification prescribed under clause 3(f) of the resolution dated 27.10.2014, so far as engagement of Contract Teacher is concerned. But by misconstruing the provisions contained therein, the applications of the petitioners have been rejected on the ground that “B.Ed. after 06.04.2015” or “certificate produced after 06.04.2015”, though pursuant to such clause-3(f), untrained candidates can also make application and thereafter they shall have to undergo required training as per the Government norms. In view of the factual and legal analysis, as discussed above, this Court is of the considered view that the draft reject list, so far as present petitioners are concerned, cannot sustain in the eye of law and the same is liable to be quashed and is hereby quashed. The opposite parties are directed to take into consideration the applications filed by the petitioners in the above mentioned writ petitions, allow them to participate in the process of selection, consider their case for engagement as Contract Teacher (Hindi) by re-drawing the select list and extend them all the benefits in accordance with law, as expeditiously as possible, preferably within a period of three months from the date of communication of this judgment. In the result, the writ petitions are allowed. However, there shall be no order as to costs.” (Hindi) W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

3. This matter was taken up for hearing on 4th May, 2026 on the point of limitation and this Court issued notice to the respondent, pursuant to which the respondent having appeared, opposed the petition for condonation of delay being I.A. No.1168 of 2026 by filing objection in shape of affidavit on 22.06.2026. The matter being listed today (6th July, 2026), on the consent of the learned counsel for the parties, this matter is taken up for hearing.

4. Heard Sri Debashis Tripathy, learned Additional Government Advocate for the Appellants-State and Sri Dillip Kumar Mohapatra, learned Advocate for the respondent. Cause shown by the appellants explaining the delay:

5. The explanation offered by the State of Odisha for the inordinate delay occasioned in filing the writ appeal is stated thus: “3. That the above said writ petition was disposed of by the Hon’ble Single Judge vide order dated 30.06.2022. After receipt of the above said order dated 30.06.2022 necessary consultation were the Government authorities and made with accordingly the Government in School and Mass Education Department has authorized the Director, Secondary Education to file writ appeal against the order dated 30.06.2022 passed in WPC(OAC) No.3077 of 2015. The Deputy Director, Directorate of W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

4. the District Secondary Education authorized Education Officer, Balasore vide Letter No.26162 dated 09.10.2025 to file writ appeal in the aforesaid case. Accordingly, this deponent moved to the office of the Advocate General, Odisha, Cuttack, for drafting of memorandum of appeal and after necessary discussion the same was prepared and filed on (left blank). That, it is humbly and respectfully submitted that the delay caused for filing of intra-court appeal is bona fide, unintentional and not willful; on the other hand the delay caused for filling of the memo of appeal is due to observation of the official formalities and due intervening to above mentioned circumstances. It is further submitted that it is the settled principle of law as decided by the Hon'ble Apex Court in the case Sheo Raj Singh (deceased) through LRs. & Others Vrs. Union of India & Another in Civil Appeal No.5867 of 2015, the Hon’ble Apex Court by distinguishing some other judicial pronouncement with regard to condonation of delay and held since the said issue is the discretion by the Hon’ble High Court and the expression of sufficient cause is elastic enough for court to do substantial justice and when substantial justice and technical considerations are pitted against one another, the former would prevail. Hence, the delay in filing the present appeal may be condoned for the interest of justice.” Objection of the respondent:

6. The respondent filed objection against the explanation of the appellants showing cause for the inordinate delay W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 occurred in filing the writ appeal inter alia stating that the application for condonation of delay is misconceived, untenable and devoid of merit, and the same deserves to be dismissed in limine. The appellants have failed to disclose any sufficient cause for condonation of delay as required under law and the reasons stated in the paragraph 3 of Interlocutor Application are vague, general and do not justify indulgence to be shown to consider the merit of the matter by condoning the inordinate delay of 1235 days. Allowing such an application would cause serious prejudice to the respondent and defeat the purpose of law of limitation. CONSIDERATION OF RIVAL CONTENTIONS AND SUBMISSIONS:

7. Sri Debashis Tripathy, learned Additional Government Advocate for the appellants placed the fact leading to delay in preferring the appeal by stating that after receipt inputs concerned authorities/ Department and upon scrutiny of record and examination of legal position, it was decided to approach this Court in writ appeal. The claim of the respondent was examined at various levels and the file was submitted before the learned Advocate General for taking steps to file the writ appeal. After thorough examination and necessary vetting, the appeal assigned with D-WA/0053201/2025 could be filed on 18.12.2025 W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 and after removal of defect the case was registered as W.A. No.435 of 2026 on 17.03.2026.

7.1. Sri Debashis Tripathy, learned Additional Government Advocate contended that the writ appeal is required to be considered on merits inasmuch as the order of the learned Single Judge is vulnerable. He further submitted that the case of Sri Satyabrata Nayak (supra) related to rejection of their application on the ground that the petitioners have acquired qualification after the last date of submission as per original advertisement. Said Order was challenged before this Court by way of writ appeal being W.A. No.557 of 2022. He fairly submitted that the said writ appeal got dismissed along with other writ appeals on the identical cases.

7.2. Nonetheless, he submitted that to test the legality of the order of the learned Single Judge, the delay of 1237 days occasioned due to official process and taking decision to file writ appeal can be condoned and He fervently requested to admit the writ appeal for hearing on merit.

8. Sri Dillip Kumar Mohapatra, learned Advocate for the respondent vociferously argued that while exercising power to condone the delay, the merit of the writ appeal cannot be taken into consideration; it is only the merit so far as the delay is concerned deserves to be considered. The appellants have not provided any W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 plausible explanation. The State of Odisha in its interlocutory application failed demonstrate “sufficient” and “reasonable” cause. In State of Madhya Pradesh Vrs. Bherulal, 2020 SCC OnLine SC 849, quoting from Chief Post Master General Vrs. Living Media India Ltd., (2012) 3 SCC 563 in extenso, it was held that two years delay in filing writ petition against Order of the learned Odisha Administrative Tribunal is not liable to be condoned. On the same analogy, in the present case, as neither sufficient nor reasonable cause has been shown by the appellants-functionaries of the State of Odisha in the petition for condonation of delay, there is no scope left than to adhere to what has been directed by the learned Single Judge while disposing of the writ petition.

8.1. The practice of belated filing of appeal has been deprecated by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in the case of Israr Ahmad Khan Vrs. Amarnath Prasad, 2026 SCC OnLine SC 322 with the following observations: “Belated/Delayed Implementation: Appeals Delay/Defeat

27. Delayed filing of appeals should be the exception, but in recent times, the exception has practically evolved to become the rule. Orders passed by the Courts are not complied with for a long time, and when Contempt Petitions are filed, belated appeals, with tremendous delay, are preferred. W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

28. The (alleged) continuing contumacious conduct of the defaulting party is sought to be justified on the mere production of a Diary/Filing/Stamp Reporting Number showing that an appeal has been preferred, so as to obtain multiple adjournments in contempt matters.

29. We, in no uncertain terms, deprecate these practices. It is felt that by such modus operandi, disobedient litigants act brazenly which has the further effect of bringing down the authority and majesty of the Courts and the rule of law, interfering in the administration of justice. The same may well, in certain situations, border on criminal contempt.

30. The High Courts should deal with unscrupulous litigants, moreso when they happen to be ‘State’, within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution, or like bodies, with an iron hand. Unless the High Courts, so also this Court deal with these aspects firmly, we run the clear risk of erosion of the unflinching faith that the ordinary litigants of this country repose in the Judiciary at all levels. It is the solemn duty of all of us manning the Courts across the hierarchy to ensure that the public faith never wavers.”

8.2. Sri Dillip Kumar Mohapatra, learned Advocate laying emphasis on the fact of inordinate delay, that too without any plausible explanation in the interlocutory application, submitted that the appellants have not only failed to comply with the direction of the learned Single Judge in the Order dated 30th June, 2022, but also W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 overstepped the mandate envisaged under Article 14 of the Constitution of India.

8.3. He, therefore, strenuously argued that the plea of delay on account of official process has no foundation as such averment made without providing any material particulars need not be considered. Such averment being bald, terse and unintelligible is liable to be discarded at the threshold.

8.4. The move of the appellants is calculated only to frustrate the effect of direction contained in the Order dated 30th June, 2022 passed in WPC(OAC) No.3077 of 2015. It is apparent from the contents of the writ appeal and the averments made in the interlocutory application that the appellants have approached this Court for thwart the direction of the learned Single Judge.

8.5. Under such premises, Sri Dillip Kumar Mohapatra, learned Advocate for the respondent has prayed to dismiss the petition for condonation of delay and consequently, urged not to entertain the writ appeal being barred by limitation. PROVISIONS REGARDING WRIT APPEAL AND THE PROVISIONS FOR LIMITATION:

9. The writ appeal before this Court has been filed invoking provisions of Clause 10 of the Letters Patent W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 Constituting the High Court of Judicature at Patna, which stands thus: “Civil Jurisdiction of the High Court

9. And We do further ordain that the High Court of Judicature at Patna shall have power to remove and to try and determine, as a Court of extraordinary original Jurisdiction, any suit being or falling within superintendence, when the said High Court may think proper to do so, either on the agreement of the parties to that effect, or for purposes of justice, the reasons proceedings of the said High Court. jurisdiction of any Court subject for so doing being recorded on subject

10. And We do further ordain that an appeal shall lie to the said High Court of Judicature at Patna from the judgment (not being a judgment passed in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction in respect of a decree or order made in the exercise of appellate a Court jurisdiction superintendence of the said High Court, and not being an order made in the exercise of revisional jurisdiction and not being a sentence or order passed or made in the exercise of the power of superintendence under the provisions of Section 107 of the Government of India Act, or in the exercise of criminal jurisdiction) of one Judge of the said High Court or one Judge of any Division Court, pursuant to Section 108 of Government of India Act and that notwithstanding anything hereinbefore provided an appeal shall lie to the said High Court from a judgment of one Judge of said High Court or one Judge of any Division Court, pursuant to Section 108 W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 of the Government of India Act, made (on or after the first day of February one thousand nine hundred and twenty nine) in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction in respect of a decree or order made in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction by a Court subject to the superintendence of the said High Court where the Judge who passed the judgment declares that the case is a fit one for appeal; but that the right of appeal from other judgments of Judges of the said High Court or of such Division Court shall be to us, Our Heirs or Successors in Our or Their Privy Council, as hereinafter provided.”

9.1. Article 4 of the Orissa High Court Order, 1948 stands as follows: “The High Court of Orissa shall have, in respect of the territories for the time being included in the Province of Orissa, all such original, appellate and other jurisdiction as under the law in force immediately before the prescribed day is exercisable in respect of the said territories or any part thereof by the High Court in Patna.”

9.2. Rule 6 of Chapter-III and Rule 2 of Chapter-VIII of the Rules of the High Court of Orissa, 1948, are given hereunder: “Chapter-III

6. Appeals to the High Court under Article 4 of the Orissa High Court Order, 1948 read with Clause 10 of the Letters Patent Constituting the High Court of Judicature at Patna from the Judgment of a Bench confirming the judgment of a lower Court under Section 98 of the Code of Civil Procedure shall be W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

2. heard by a Bench consisting of at least three Judges including both or either of the Judges of the Bench from whose Judgment the appeal is preferred and, if from the judgment of one Judge or a Bench of two Judges, it shall be heard by a Bench consisting of at least two Judges other than the Judge from whose judgment the appeal is preferred. Chapter-VIII (1) Subject to Article 12 of the Orissa High Court Order, 1948 every appeal to the High Court under Article 4 thereof read with Clause 10 of the Letters Patent Constituting the High Court of Judicature at Patna from the judgment (not being a judgment passed in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction in respect of a decree or the exercise of appellate order made jurisdiction by a Court subject Superintendence of the High Court and not being an order made in the exercise of revisional jurisdiction, and not being a sentence or order passed or made in the exercise of criminal jurisdiction) of one Judge of the High Court or one Judge of any Division Court pursuant Constitution, shall be presented to the Registrar within thirty days from the date of the judgment appealed from unless a Bench in its discretion, on good cause shown, shall grant further time. The Registrar shall endorse on the memorandum the date of presentation and after satisfying himself that the appeal is in order and is within time shall cause it to be laid before a Bench for It shall be orders at an early date. to Article 225 of W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 accompanied by a certified copy of judgment appealed from together with a neatly typed second copy thereof. (2) Subject to Article 12 of the Orissa High Court Order, 1948 every application for a Certificate under Article 4 thereof read with Clause 10 of the Letters Patent Constituting the High Court of Judicature at Patna in the case of a judgment of a Single Judge of the Court deciding a second appeal shall be made orally to the Judge in question immediately after the judgment subsequent application will be entertained unless upon a duly stamped special application supported by affidavit filed within thirty days and not more from the date of the judgment the Judge is satisfied that circumstances existed rendering an immediate application impossible. is delivered. No (3) If the Judge certifies that the case is a fit one for appeal a duly stamped memorandum of appeal may be presented to the Registrar within a period not exceeding sixty days from the date of the judgment unless the Judge in his discretion on good cause shown shall grant further time for its presentation. (4) The memorandum of appeal need not be accompanied by a copy of the judgment of decree appealed from.”

10. On conjoint reading of above provisions it is manifest that notwithstanding unambiguous specific provisions envisaging extension of time being postulated, the appellants-functionaries of the State of Odisha ignored W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 to adhere to the recourse available therein showing “good cause” with respect to delay caused in filing the writ appeal.

10.1. Bearing in mind oft-quoted dicta that “a statute cannot be used for a purpose alien to which it has been made, and where a power is given to do a certain thing in a certain way, the thing must be done in that way or not at all and that other methods of performance are necessarily forbidden” [vide Taylor Vrs. Taylor, [L.R.] 1 Ch. 426, as referred to in Sarda Mines Private Limited Vrs. State of Odisha, 2026 SCC OnLine Ori 2303] scrutiny of I.A. No.160 of 2026 reveals that the interlocutory application for condonation of delay in filing writ appeal has been filed with title “An Application under Section 5 of the Limitation Act”. The nomenclature of cause title of said petition strictly speaking is defective and as such the petition is not maintainable for the reason that special provision is available under the Rules of the High Court of Orissa, 1948.

10.2. Be that as it may, without going into the technicalities, this Court proceeds to consider the said interlocutory application for condonation of delay taking into account the reason ascribed therein for ascertaining whether the appellants have shown “good cause”/”sufficient cause” for filing the writ appeal with an inordinate delay of 1237 W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 days (excluding 30 days specified period for filing the appeal) and on the basis of material available on record. ANALYSIS:

11. Above provisions would go to indicate that the writ appeal under Article 4 of the Odisha High Court Order, 1948 read with Clause 10 of the Letters Patent constituting the High Court of Judicature at Patna is required to be presented before this Court within thirty days from the date of the judgment appealed from as provided for in Rule 2 of Chapter-VIII of the Rules of the High Court of Orissa, 1948. In the event the appeal is not preferred within the said stipulated period, it is the Bench which is empowered to use its discretion to “grant further time”, subject to, of course, appreciation of “good cause”.

12. Nevertheless, with the contents contained in the petition, bearing I.A. No.1168 of 2026, praying therein to condone “the delay of 1237 days in filing of the writ appeal”, this Court now examines whether with the available material on record as provided by the State of Odisha in said petition “discretion” can be exercised to condone the delay in preferring intra-Court appeal for “good cause” shown by the appellants. Finding good cause shown, this Court by exercising discretion may condone the delay in filing the writ appeal by granting “further time”. W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

12.1. On a conspectus catena of decisions rendered by different Courts it emerges that “discretion” means use of private and independent thought. When anything is left to be done according to one’s discretion the law intends it to be done with sound discretion and according to law. Discretion is discerning between right and wrong and one who has power to act at discretion is bound by rule of reason. Discretion must not be arbitrary. The very term itself stands unsupported by circumstances imports the exercise of judgment, wisdom and skill as contra-distinguished from unthinking folly, heady violence or rash injustice. When applied to a Court of Justice or Tribunal or quasi judicial body, it means sound discretion guided by law. It must be governed by rule, not by humour; it must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful but legal and regular. Discretion must be exercised honestly and in the spirit of the statute. It is the power given by a statute to make choice among competing considerations. It implies power to choose between alternative courses of action. It is not unconfined and vagrant. It is canalized within banks that keep it from overflowing.

12.2. In S.P. Road Link Vrs. State of Tripura, (2006) 144 STC 380 (Gau) reference has been made to Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam Ltd. Vrs. Girja Shankar Pant, (2001) 1 SCC 182 to observe that “discretion” means when it is said W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 that something is to be done within the discretion of the authorities, that something is to be done according to the rules of reason and justice, not according to private opinion, according to law, and not humour. It is to be, not arbitrary, vague, and fanciful, but legal and regular. And it must be exercised within the limit, to which an honest man competent to the discharge of his office ought to confine himself.

12.3. The following observations made Lanka Venkateswarlu Vrs. State of Andhra Pradesh, (2011) 3 SCR 217 are pertinent to be referred to: “21. In the case of Sardar Amarjit Singh Katra (dead) by LRs Vrs. Pramod Gupta (dead) by LRs., (2002) Suppl.5 SCR 350 = (2003) 3 SCC 272, this Court again emphasized that provisions contained in the Order 22 CPC were devised to ensure continuation and culmination in an effective adjudication and not to retard further progress of the proceedings. The provisions contained in the Order 22 are not to be construed as a rigid matter of principle, but must ever be viewed as a flexible tool of convenience in the administration of justice. It was further observed that laws of procedure are meant to regulate effectively, assist and aid the object of doing a substantial and real justice and not to foreclose even adjudication on merits of substantial rights of citizen under personal, property and other laws. In the case of Mithailal Dalsangar Singh Vrs. Annabai Devram Kini, (2003) 10 SCC 691, this Court again reiterated that inasmuch as abatement results in denial of W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 hearing on the merits of the case, the provision of an abatement has to be construed strictly. On the other hand, the prayer of setting aside abatement and the dismissal consequent upon abatement had to be considered liberally. It was further observed as follows: ‘The Courts have to adopt a justice oriented approach dictated by the uppermost consideration that ordinarily a litigant ought not to be denied an opportunity of having a lis determined on merits unless he has, by gross negligence, deliberate inaction or something akin to misconduct, disentitled himself from seeking the·indulgence of the court.’

22. The liberal concepts approach reasonableness in exercise of the discretion by the Courts in condoning delay, have been again stated by this Court in the case of Balwant Singh (dead) Vrs. Jagdish Singh, (2010) 8 SCR 597 = (2010) 8 SCC 685 as follows: ‘25. We may state that even if the term ‘sufficient cause’ has to receive liberal construction, it must squarely fall within the concept of reasonable time and proper conduct of the party concerned. The purpose of introducing liberal construction normally is to introduce the concept of ‘reasonableness’ as it is understood in its general connotation.

26. The law of limitation is a substantive law and has definite consequences on the right and obligation of party to arise. These principles should applied appropriately depending on the facts and adhered W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 circumstances of a given case. Once a valuable right has accrued in favour of one party as a result of the failure of the other party to explain the delay by showing sufficient cause and its own conduct, it will be unreasonable to take away that right on the mere asking of the applicant, particularly when directly a result of negligence, default or inaction of that party. Justice must be done to both parties equally. Then alone the ends of justice can be achieved. If a party has been thoroughly negligent in implementing its rights and remedies, it will be equally unfair to deprive the other party of a valuable right that has accrued to it in law as a result of his acting vigilantly.’ the delay ***

24. Having recorded the aforesaid conclusions, the High Court proceeded to condone the delay. In our opinion, such a course was not open to the High Court, given the pathetic explanation offered by the respondents in the application seeking condonation of delay.

25. This is especially so in view of the remarks made by the High Court about the delay being caused by the inefficiency and the Government ineptitude of pleaders. The displeasure of the Court is patently apparent from the impugned order ·itself. In the opening paragraph of the impugned order the High Court has, Government pleaders as without merit and ability. Such an insinuation is clearly discernable from the observation that ‘This is a classic case, how the rather sarcastically, dubbed W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 learned Government pleaders appointed on the basis of merit and ability are discharging their function protecting the interest of their clients.’ Having said so, the High Court, graphically narrated the clear dereliction of duty by the concerned Government pleaders in not pursuing the appeal before the High Court diligently. The High Court has set out the different stages at which the Government pleaders had exhibited almost culpable negligence performance of their duties. The High Court found the justification given by the Government pleaders to be unacceptable. Twice in the impugned order, it was recorded that in the normal course, the applications would have been thrown out without having a second thought in the matter. Having recorded such conclusions, inexplicably, the High Court proceeds unconscionable delay. condone

26. We are at a loss to fathom any logic or rationale, which could have impelled the High Court to condone the delay after holding the same to be unjustifiable. The concepts such as ‘liberal approach’, ‘justice oriented approach’, ‘substantial justice’ cannot be employed to jettison the substantial law of limitation. Especially, in cases where the Court concludes that there is no justification for the delay. In our opinion, the approach adopted by the High Court tends to show the absence of judicial balance and restraint, which a Judge is required to maintain whilst adjudicating any lis between the parties. We are rather pained to notice that in this case, not being satisfied with the use of mere intemperate language, the High Court resorted to blatant sarcasms. The use W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 in a considering applications intemperate or extravagant of unduly strong language judgment has been repeatedly disapproved by this Court in a number of cases. Whilst condonation of delay under Section 5 of the Limitation Act, the Courts do not enjoy unlimited and unbridled discretionary powers. All discretionary powers, especially judicial powers, have to be exercised within reasonable bounds, known to the law. The discretion has to be exercised in a systematic manner informed by reason. Whims or fancies; prejudices or predilections cannot and should not form the basis of exercising discretionary powers.”

12.4. The discretionary exercise of power amounts something that is not compulsory, but it is left to the discretion of the person or authority involved, such as a discretionary grant. It is opposite to “mandatory”. Therefore, “discretionary” is a term which involves an alternative power, i.e., a power to do or refrain from doing a certain thing. In other words, it would be power of free decision or choice within certain legal bounds.

13. In this regard, therefore, the interpretation of the expression “sufficient cause” as found in the provisions of Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963 has bearing on the question that is involved in the instant case.

13.1. The expression “satisfies the Court” employed in Section 5 of the Limitation Act has significance. “Satisfaction” before completion of the proceedings under the Act is a W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 condition precedent for the exercise of jurisdiction. It is the satisfaction of the Court in the course of the proceedings regarding the delay in approaching the Court with sufficient reason, which constitutes the basis and foundation of the proceedings for consideration of condonation of delay. There must be something which shows from the record itself that in the course of the proceedings the Court was satisfied that there was sufficiency of reason for not approaching the Court within stipulated period and, therefore, it is a case in which the appeal deserves to be admitted for hearing on merit. To be satisfied with a state of things means to be honestly satisfied in one’s own mind. Satisfaction is essentially a condition of the mind. It means that there is a substantial ground for the conclusion on the material available the phrase ‘satisfied’ means, makes up its mind; actual persuasion; a mind not troubled by doubt or a mind which has reached a clear conclusion.

13.2. In Ramlal, Motilal and Chhotelal Vrs. Rewa Coalfields Ltd., (1962) 2 SCR 762 it has been succinctly stated: “Section 5 of the Limitation Act provides for extension of period in certain cases. It lays down, inter alia, that any appeal may be admitted after the period of limitation prescribed therefor when the appellant satisfies the Court that he had sufficient cause for not preferring the appeal within such period. This section raises two questions for consideration. First is, what is sufficient cause; and W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 the second, what is the meaning of the clause ‘within such period’?” *** In construing Section 5·it is relevant to bear in mind two important considerations. The first consideration is that the expiration of the period of limitation prescribed for making an appeal gives rise to a right in favour of the decree-holder to treat the decree as binding between the parties. In other words, when the period of limitation prescribed has expired the decree-holder has obtained a benefit under the law of limitation to treat the decree as beyond challenge, and this legal right which has accrued to the decree-holder by lapse of time should not be light, heartedly disturbed. The other consideration which cannot be-ignored is that if sufficient cause for excusing delay is shown discretion is given to the Court to condone delay and admit the appeal. This discretion has been deliberately conferred on the Court in order that judicial power and discretion in that behalf should be exercised to advance substantial justice. As has been observed by the Madras High Court in Krishna Vrs. Chattappan, 1890 ILR 13 Mad 269: ‘Section 5 gives the Court a discretion which in respect of jurisdiction is to be exercised in the way in which judicial to be exercised upon power and discretion ought principles which are well understood; the words ‘sufficient cause’ receiving a liberal construction so as to advance substantial justice when no negligence nor inaction nor want of bona fide is imputable to the appellant.’ Now, what do the words ‘within such period’ denote? It is possible that the expression ‘within such period’ may W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 sometimes mean during such period. But the question is: Does the context in. which the expression occurs in Section 5 justify the said interpretation? If the Limitation Act or any other appropriate statute prescribes different periods of limitation either for appeals or applications to which Section 5 applies that normally means that liberty is given to the party intending to make the appeal or to file an application to act within the period prescribed in that behalf. It would not be reasonable to require a party to take the necessary action on the very first day after the cause of action accrues. In view of the period of limitation prescribed the party would be entitled to take its time and to file the appeal on any day during the said period and so prima facie it appears unreasonable that when the delay has been made by the party in filing the appeal it should be called upon to explain its conduct during the whole of the period of limitation prescribed. In our opinion, it would be immaterial and even irrelevant to invoke general considerations of diligence of parties in construing the words of Section 5. The context seems to suggest that ‘within such period’ means within the period which ends with the last day of limitation prescribed. In other words, in all cases falling under Section 5 what the party has to show is why he did not file an appeal on the last day of limitation prescribed. That may inevitably mean that the party will have to show sufficient cause not only for not filing the appeal on the last day but to explain the delay made thereafter day by day. In other words, in showing sufficient cause for condoning the delay the party may be called upon to explain for the whole of the delay covered by the period between the last day prescribed for filing the appeal and the day on which the appeal is filed. To hold that the expression ‘within such period’ means during such period would, in our opinion, be repugnant in the context. We would accordingly hold that the learned W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 Judicial Commissioner was in error taking the view that the failure of the appellant to account for its non-diligence during the whole of the period of limitation prescribed for the appeal necessarily disqualified it from praying for the condonation of delay, even though the delay in question was only for one day; and that too was caused by the party’s illness. *** It is, however, necessary to emphasise that even after sufficient cause has been shown a party is not entitled to the condonation of delay in question as a matter of right. The proof of a sufficient cause is a condition precedent for the exercise of the discretionary jurisdiction vested in the court by Section 5. If sufficient cause is not proved nothing further has to be done; the application for condoning delay has to be dismissed on that ground alone. If sufficient cause is shown then the court has to enquire whether in its discretion it should condone the delay. This aspect of the matter naturally introduces the consideration of all relevant facts and it is at this stage that diligence of the party or its bona fides may fall for consideration; but the scope of the enquiry while exercising the discretionary power after sufficient cause is shown would naturally be limited only to such facts as the court may regard as relevant. It cannot justify an enquiry as to why the party was sitting idle during all the time available to it. In this connection we may point out that considerations of bona fides or due diligence are always material and relevant when the court is dealing with applications made under Section 14 of the Limitation Act. In dealing with such applications the Court is called upon to consider the effect of the combined provisions of Sections 5 and 14. Therefore, in our opinion, considerations which have been expressly made material W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 and relevant by the provisions of Section 14 cannot to the same extent and in the same manner be invoked in dealing with applications which fall to be decided only under Section 5 without reference to Section 14. ***”

13.3. It needs to be discussed the connotation of “good cause” vis-à-vis “sufficient cause”. In Arjun Singh Vrs. Mohindra Kumar, (1964) 5 SCR 946, these two terms have been considered as follows: “Before proceeding to deal with the arguments addressed to us by Mr. Setalvad— learned counsel for the appellant, it would be convenient to mention a point, not seriously pressed before us, but which at earlier stages was thought to have considerable significance for the decision of this question viz., the difference between the words ‘good cause’ for non-appearance in Order IX, Rule 7 and ‘sufficient cause’ for the same purpose in Order IX, Rule 13 as pointing to different criteria of ‘goodness’ or ‘sufficiency’ for succeeding in the two proceedings, and as therefore furnishing a ground for the inapplicability of the rule of res judicata. As this ground was not seriously mentioned before us, we need not examine it in any detail, but we might observe that we do not see any material difference between the facts to be established for satisfying the two tests of ‘good cause’ and ‘sufficient cause’. We are unable to conceive of a ‘good cause’ which is not ‘sufficient’ as affording an explanation for non-appearance, nor conversely of a ‘sufficient cause’ which is not a good one and we would add that either of these is not different from ‘good and sufficient cause’ which is used in this context in other statutes. If, on the other hand, there is any difference between the two it can W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 only be that the requirement of a ‘good cause’ is complied with on a lesser degree of proof than that of ‘sufficient cause’ and if so, this cannot help the appellant, since assuming the applicability of the principle of res judicata to the decisions in the two proceedings, if the court finds in the first proceeding, the lighter burden not discharged, it must a fortiori bar the consideration of the same matter in the later, where the standard of proof of that matter is, if anything, higher.”

13.4. The meaning of ‘sufficient’ is ‘adequate’ or ‘enough’, inasmuch as may be necessary to answer the purpose intended. Therefore, word ‘sufficient’ embraces no more than that which provides a platitude which when the act done suffices to accomplish the purpose intended in the facts and circumstances existing in a case and duly examined from the view point of a reasonable standard of a cautious man. ‘Sufficient cause’ means that the party had not acted in a negligent manner or there was a want of bona fide on its part in view of the facts and circumstances of a case or the party cannot be alleged to have been ‘not acting diligently’ or ‘remaining inactive’. However, the facts and circumstances of each case must afford sufficient ground to enable the Court concerned to exercise discretion for the reason that whenever the Court exercises discretion, it has to be exercised judiciously. While deciding whether there is sufficient cause or not, the Court must bear in mind the object of doing substantial justice to all the parties concerned and that the technicalities of the law should not prevent the W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 Court from doing substantial justice and doing away the illegality perpetuated on the basis of the judgment impugned before it. “Sufficient cause” is thus the cause for which the defendant could not be blamed for his absence. Therefore, the applicant must approach the Court with a reasonable defence. Sufficient cause is a question of fact and the Court has to exercise its discretion in the varied and special circumstances in the case at hand. There cannot be a straitjacket formula of universal application. [Ref.: Ramlal, Motilal and Chhotelal Vrs. Rewa Coalfields Ltd., AIR 1962 SC 361 = (1962) 2 SCR 762; Lonard Grampanchayat Vrs. Ramgiri Gosavi, AIR 1968 SC 222; Surinder Singh Sibia Vrs. Vijay Kumar Sood, (1992) 1 SCC 70; Orinental Aroma Chemical Industries Ltd. Vrs. Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation, (2010) 5 SCC 459; Parimal Vrs. Veena, (2011) 3 SCC 545; Sudarshan Sareen Vrs. National Small Industries Corporation Ltd., 2013 SCC OnLine Del 4412; State of Bihar Vrs. Kameshwar Prasad Singh, (2000) 9 SCC 94; Madanlal Vrs. Shyamlal, (2002) 1 SCC 535; Davinder Pal Sehgal Vrs. Partap Steel Rolling Mills (P) Ltd., (2002) 3 SCC 156; Ram Nath Sao Vrs. Gobardhan Sao, (2002) 3 SCC 195, Kaushalya Devi Vrs. Prem Chand, (2005) 10 SCC 127, Srei International Finance Ltd. Vrs. Fairgrowth Financial Services Ltd., (2005) 13 SCC 95; Reena Sadh Vrs. Aniana Enterprises, (2008) 12 SCC 589]. W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

13.5. “Sufficient cause” has to be construed as an elastic expression for which no hard-and-fast guidelines can be prescribed. The Courts have a wide discretion in deciding the sufficient cause keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of each case. The “sufficient cause” for non-appearance refers to the date on which the absence was made a ground for proceeding ex parte and cannot be stretched to rely upon other circumstances anterior in time. If “sufficient cause” is made out for non-appearance of the defendant on the date fixed for hearing when ex parte proceedings were initiated against him, he cannot be penalised for his previous negligence which had been overlooked and thereby condoned earlier. In a case where the defendant approaches the Court immediately and within the statutory time specified, the discretion is normally exercised in his favour, provided the absence was not mala fide or intentional. For the absence of a party in the case the other side can be compensated by adequate costs and the lis decided on merits. [Ref.: G.P. Srivastava Vrs. R.K. Raizada, (2000) 3 SCC 54; A. Murugesan Vrs. Jamuna Rani, (2019) 20 SCC 803]. The Court, in its discretion, has to consider the ‘sufficient cause’ in the facts and circumstances of every individual case. Although in interpreting the words ‘sufficient cause’, the Court has wide discretion but the same has to be exercised in the particular facts of the case. See, Hira W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 Sweets & Confectionary Pvt. Ltd. Vrs. Hira Confectioners, 2021 SCC OnLine Del 1823.

13.6. In Balwant Singh Vrs. Jagdish Singh, (2010) 8 SCR 597 the ingredients of “sufficient cause” for the purpose of condonation of delay has been discussed as follows: “7.

8. *** However, in terms of Section 5, the discretion is vested in the Court to admit an appeal or an application, after the expiry of the prescribed period of limitation, if the appellant shows ‘sufficient cause’ for not preferring prescribed time. The expression ‘sufficient cause’ commonly appears in the provisions of Order 22 Rule 9(2), CPC and Section 5 of the Limitation Act, thus categorically demonstrating that they are to be decided on similar grounds. The decision of such an application has to be guided by similar precepts. the application within *** the averments contained In the case of P.K. Ramachandran Vrs. State of Kerala, (1997) 7 SCC 556 where there was delay of 565 days in filing the first appeal by the State, and the High Court had observed, consideration affidavit filed in support of the petition to condone the delay, we are inclined to allow the petition". While setting aside this order, this Court found that the explanation rendered for condonation of delay was neither reasonable nor satisfactory and held as under: ‘taking ‘3. It would be noticed from a perusal of the impugned order that the court has not recorded W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 any satisfaction that the explanation for delay was either reasonable or satisfactory, which is an essential prerequisite to condonation of delay.

4. That apart, we find that in the application filed by the respondent seeking condonation of delay, the thrust in explaining the delay after 12.05.1995 is:

5. ‘*** at that time the Advocate General’s office was fed up with so many arbitration matters (sic) equally important to this case were pending for consideration as per the directions of the Advocate General on 02.09.1995.’ This can hardly be said to be a reasonable, satisfactory or even a proper explanation for seeking condonation of delay. In the reply filed to the application seeking condonation of delay by the appellant in the High Court, it is asserted that after the judgment and decree was pronounced by the learned Sub-Judge, Kollam on 30.10.1993, the scope for filing of the appeal was examined by the District Government Pleader, Special Law Officer, Law Secretary and the Advocate General and in accordance with their opinion, it was decided that there was no scope for filing the appeal but later on, despite the opinion referred to above, the appeal was filed as late as on 18.1.1996 without disclosing why it was being filed. The High Court does not appear to have examined the reply filed by the appellant as reference to the same is conspicuous by its absence from the order. We are not satisfied W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 that in the facts and circumstances of this case, any explanation, much less a reasonable or satisfactory one had been offered by the respondent-State inordinate delay of 565 days. condonation of

6. Law of limitation may harshly affect a particular party but it has to be applied with all its rigour when the statute so prescribed and the courts have no power to extend the period of limitation on equitable grounds. The discretion exercised by the High Court was, thus, neither proper nor the delay judicious. The order condoning cannot be sustained. This appeal, therefore, succeeds and the impugned order is set aside. Consequently, the application for condonation of delay filed in the High Court would stand rejected and the miscellaneous first appeal shall stand dismissed as barred by time. No costs.’ ***

10. Another Bench of this Court in a recent judgment of Katari Suryanarayana Vrs. Koppisetti Subba Rao, AIR 2009 SC 2907 again had an occasion to construe the ambit, scope and application of the expression ‘sufficient cause’. The application for setting aside the abatement and bringing the legal heirs of the deceased on record was filed in that case after a considerable delay. The explanation rendered regarding the delay of 2381 days in filing the application for condonation of delay and 2601 days in bringing the legal representatives on record was not found to be satisfactory. Declining the W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 application for condonation of delay, the Court, while discussing the case of Perumon Bhagvathy Devaswom Vrs. Bhargavi Amma, (2008) 8 SCC 321 in its para 9 held as under: ‘11. The words ‘sufficient cause for not making the application within the period of limitation’ should be understood and applied in a reasonable, pragmatic, practical and liberal manner, depending upon facts and circumstances of the case, and the type of case. The words ‘sufficient cause’ in Section 5 of Limitation Act should receive a liberal construction so as to advance substantial justice, when the delay is not on account of any dilatory tactics, want of bona fides, deliberate inaction or negligence on the part of the appellant.’ ***

15. We feel that it would be useful to make a reference to the judgment of this Court in Perumon Bhagvathy Devaswom Vrs. Bhargavi Amma, (2008) 8 SCC 321. In this case, the Court, after discussing a number of judgments of this Court as well as that of the High Courts, enunciated the principles which need to be kept in mind while dealing with applications filed under the provisions of Order 22, CPC along with an application under Section 5, Limitation Act for condonation of delay in filing the application for bringing the legal representatives on record. In paragraph 13 of the judgment, the Court held as under: W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 ‘(i) The words ‘sufficient cause for not making the application within the period of limitation’ should be understood and applied in a reasonable, pragmatic, practical and liberal manner, depending upon facts and circumstances of the case, and the type of case. The words ‘sufficient cause’ in Section 5 of the Limitation Act should receive a liberal construction so as to advance substantial justice, when the delay is not on account of any dilatory tactics, want of bona tides, deliberate inaction or negligence on the part of the appellant. (ii) the courts are more In considering the reasons for condonation of delay, liberal with reference to applications for setting aside abatement, than other cases. While the court will have to keep in view that a valuable right accrues to the legal representatives of the deceased respondent when the appeal abates, it will not punish an appellant with foreclosure of the appeal, for unintended lapses. The courts tend to set aside abatement and decided the matter on merits. The courts tend to set aside abatement and decide the matter on merits, rather than terminate the appeal on the ground of abatement. (iii) The decisive factor in condonation of delay, is not the length of delay, but sufficiency of a satisfactory explanation. (iv) The extent or degree of leniency to be shown by a court depends on the nature of application and facts and circumstances of the case. For W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 in making example, courts view delays applications in a pending appeal more leniently than delays in the institution of an appeal. The courts view applications relating to lawyer's lapses more leniently than applications relating to litigant's lapses. The classic example is the difference in approach of courts to applications for condonation of delay in filing an appeal and applications for condonation of delay in re-filing the appeal after rectification of defects. (i) Want of ‘diligence’ or ‘inaction’ can be attributed to an appellant only when something required to be done by him, is not done. When nothing is required to be done, courts do not expect the appellant to be diligent. Where an appeal is admitted by the High Court and is not expected to be listed for final hearing for a few years, an appellant is not expected to visit the court or his lawyer every few weeks to ascertain the position nor keep checking whether the contesting respondent is alive. He merely awaits the call or information from his counsel about the listing of the appeal. *** in contradistinction

16. Above are the principles which should control the exercise of judicial discretion vested in the Court under these provisions. The explained delay should be clearly understood inordinate unexplained delay. Delay is just one of the ingredients which has to be considered by the Court. In addition to this, the Court must also take into account the conduct of the parties, bona fide reasons for condonation of delay and whether such delay could easily be avoided by the applicant acting with normal care and caution. The statutory W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 applications provisions mandate condonation of delay and applications belatedly filed beyond the prescribed period of limitation for bringing the legal representatives on record, should be rejected unless sufficient cause is shown for condonation of delay. The larger benches as well as equi(cid:2)benches of this Court have consistently followed these principles and have either allowed or declined to condone the delay in filing such applications. Thus, requirement of law that these applications cannot be allowed as a matter of right and even in a routine manner. An applicant must essentially satisfy the above stated ingredients; then alone the Court would be inclined to condone the delay in the filing of such applications.”

13.7. In Pundlik Jalam Patil Vrs. Executive Engineer, Jalgaon Medium Project, (2008) 17 SCC 448, it is observed that: “The laws of limitation are founded on public policy. limitation are sometimes described as Statutes of “statutes of peace”. An unlimited and perpetual threat of limitation creates insecurity and uncertainty; some kind of limitation is essential for public order. The principle is based on the maxim “interest reipublicae ut sit finis litium”, that is, the interest of the State requires that there should be end to litigation but at the same time laws of limitation are a means justice suppressing fraud and perjury, quickening diligence and preventing oppression. The object for fixing time-limit for litigation is based on public policy fixing a lifespan for legal remedy for the purpose of general welfare. They are meant to see that the parties do not resort to dilatory tactics but avail their legal remedies promptly. Salmond in to ensure private W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 his Jurisprudence states that the laws come to the assistance of the vigilant and not of the sleepy.”

13.8. The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India investigated if “to condone, or not to condone” four days’ delay, besides examining as to “whether or not to apply the same standard in applying the ‘sufficient cause’ test to all the litigants regardless of their personality” in Collector, Land Acquisition, Anantnag Vrs. Mst. Katiji, (1987) 2 SCC 107 = (1987) 2 SCR 387 and laid down the following dicta: “The Legislature has conferred the power to condone delay by enacting Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act of 1963 in order to enable the Courts to do substantial justice to parties by disposing of matters on ‘merits’. The expression ‘sufficient cause’ employed by the Legislature is adequately elastic to enable the Courts to apply the law in a meaningful manner which subserves the ends of justice— that being the life-purpose for the existence of the institution of Courts. It is common knowledge that this Court has been making a justifiably liberal approach in matters instituted in this Court. But the message does not appear to have percolated down to all the other Courts in the hierarchy. And such a liberal approach is adopted on principle as it is realized that:

1. Ordinarily a litigant does not stand to benefit by lodging an appeal late.

2. Refusing to condone delay can result in a meritorious matter being thrown out at the very threshold and cause of justice being defeated. As against this when delay is condoned the highest W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 that can happen is that a cause would be decided on merits after hearing the parties.

3. ‘Every day’s delay must be explained’ does not mean that a pedantic approach should be made. Why not every hour’s delay, every second’s delay? The doctrine must be applied in a rational common sense pragmatic manner.

4. When justice substantial technical considerations are pitted against each other, cause of substantial justice deserves to be preferred for the other side cannot claim to have vested right in injustice being done because of a non-deliberate delay.

6. There is no presumption that delay is occasioned deliberately, or on account of culpable negligence, or on account of mala fides. A litigant does not stand to benefit by resorting to delay. In fact he runs a serious risk. It must be grasped that judiciary is respected not on account of its power to legalize injustice on technical grounds but because it is capable of removing injustice and is expected to do so. Making a justice-oriented approach from this perspective, there was sufficient cause for condoning the delay in the institution of the appeal. The fact that it was the ‘State’ which was seeking condonation and not a private party was altogether irrelevant. The doctrine of equality before law demands that all litigants, including the State as a litigant, are accorded the same treatment and the law is administered in an even handed manner. There is no warrant for according a step-motherly treatment when the ‘State’ is the applicant praying for condonation of delay. W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 In fact experience shows that on account of an impersonal machinery (no one in charge of the matter is directly hit or hurt by the judgment sought to be subjected to appeal) and the inherited bureaucratic methodology imbued with the note-making, file pushing, and passing-on-the-buck ethos, delay on its part is less difficult to understand though more difficult to approve. In any event, the State which represents the collective cause of the community, does not deserve a litigant-non-grata status. The Courts therefore have to be informed with the spirit and philosophy of interpretation of the expression ‘sufficient cause’. So also the same approach has to be evidenced in its application to matters at hand with the end in view to do even handed justice on merits in preference to the approach which scuttles a decision on merits.” the course of the provision

13.9. Discussing the scope and discretion of the Court in condoning the substantial delay caused in filing appeal by the State in G. Ramegowda Major Vrs. Special Land Acquisition Officer, (1988) 2 SCC 142 the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India observed as follows: “15. In litigations to which Government is a party there is yet another aspect which, perhaps, cannot be ignored. If appeals brought by Government are lost for such defaults, no person is individually affected; but what, in the ultimate analysis, suffers is public interest. The decisions of Government are collective and institutional decisions and do not share the characteristics of decisions of private individuals.

16. The law of limitation is, no doubt, the same for for Governmental- a private citizen as W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 authorities. Government, like any other litigant must take responsibility for the acts or omissions of its officers. But a somewhat different complexion is imparted to the matter where Government makes out a case where public interest was shown to have suffered owing to acts of fraud or bad faith on the part of its officers or agents and where the officers were clearly at cross-purposes with it. Governmental functioning of decisions

17. Therefore, in assessing what, in a particular case, constitutes ‘sufficient cause’ for purposes of Section 5 it might, perhaps, be somewhat unrealistic to exclude from the considerations that go into the judicial verdict, these factors which are peculiar to and characteristic of Government. proverbially slow encumbered, as they are, by a considerable degree of procedural red-tape in the process of their making. A certain amount of latitude is, therefore, not impermissible. It is rightly said that those who bear responsibility of Government must have ‘a little play at the joints’. Due recognition of these limitations on Governmental functioning— of course, within a reasonable limits—is necessary if the judicial approach is not rendered unrealistic. It would, perhaps, be unfair and unrealistic to put Government and private parties on the same footing in all respects in such matters. Implicit in the very nature of Governmental functioning is procedural delay incidental to the decision making process. In the opinion of the High Court, the conduct of the law- officers of the Government placed the Government in a predicament and that it was one of these cases where the mala fides of the officers should not be W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 imputed to Government. It relied upon and trusted its law-officers. Lindley, M.R., in the In re: National Bank of Wales Ltd., LR 1899 2 Ch. 629 @ 673 observed, though in a different context: ‘Business cannot be carried on, upon principles of distrust. Men in responsible positions must be trusted by those above them, as well as by those below them, until there is reason to distrust them.’ In the opinion of the High Court, it took quite sometime for the Government to realise that the law- officers failed that trust.

18. While a private person can take instant decision a ‘bureaucratic or democratic organ’ it is said by a learned Judge ‘hesitates and debates, consults and considers, speaks through paper, moves horizontally and vertically till at last it gravitates towards a conclusion, unmindful of time and impersonally.’ ***”

13.10. In absence of showing deliberate delay as a dilatory tactic, the manner of use of discretion in favour of condonation of delay in filing appeal by the State machinery with due regard to ‘sufficient cause’ has been enumerated in N. Balakrishnan Vrs. M. Krishnamurty, (1998) 7 SCC 123 in the following terms: “8. The Appellant’s conduct does not on the whole warrant to castigate him as an irresponsible litigant. What he did in defending the suit was not very much far from what a litigant would broadly do. Of course, it may be said that he should have been more vigilant by visiting his advocate at short intervals to check up the progress of the litigation. W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026

9. But during these days when everybody is fully occupied with his own avocation of life an omission to adopt such extra vigilance need not be used as a ground to depict him as a litigant not aware of his responsibilities, and to visit him with drastic consequences. the only explanation It is axiomatic that condonation of delay is a matter of discretion of the court Section 5 of the Limitation Act does not say that such discretion can be exercised only if the delay is within a certain limit. Length of delay is no matter, acceptability of criterion. Sometimes delay of the shortest range may be uncondonable due to want of acceptable explanation whereas in certain other cases delay of very long range can be condoned as the explanation thereof is satisfactory. Once the Court accepts the explanation as sufficient it is the result of positive exercise of discretion and normally the superior court should not disturb such finding, much less in reversional jurisdiction, unless the exercise of discretion was on whole untenable grounds or arbitrary or perverse. But it is a different matter when the first Court refuses to condone the delay. In such cases, the superior Court would be free to consider the cause shown for the delay afresh and it is open to such superior Court to come its own finding even untrammeled by the conclusion of the lower Court.

10. The reason for such a different stance is thus: The primary function of a Court is to adjudicate the to advance dispute between substantial the parties and justice. Time W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026 approaching the Court in different situations is not because on the expiry of such time a bad cause would transform into a good cause.

11. Rules of limitation are not meant to destroy the right of parties. They are meant to see that parties do not resort to dilatory tactics, but seek their remedy promptly. The object of providing a legal remedy is to repair the damage caused by reason of legal injury. Law of limitation fixes a life-span for such legal remedy for the redress of the legal injury so suffered. Time is precious and the wasted time would never revisit. During efflux of time newer causes would sprout up necessitating newer persons to seek legal remedy by approaching the courts. So a life span must be fixed for each remedy. Unending period for launching the remedy may lead to unending uncertainty and consequential anarchy. The law of limitation is thus founded on public policy. It is enshrined in the maxim interest reipublicae up sit finis litium (it is for the general welfare that a period be putt to litigation). Rules of limitation are not meant to destroy the rights of the parties. They are meant to see that parties do not resort to dilatory tactics but seek their remedy promptly. The idea is that every legal remedy must be kept alive for a legislatively fixed period of time.

12. A Court knows that refusal to condone delay would result foreclosing a suitor from putting forth his cause. There is no presumption that delay in approaching the Court is always deliberate. This Court has held that the words ‘sufficient cause’ under Section 5 of the Limitation Act should receive a liberal construction so as to advance substantial W.A. No.435 of 2026 & I.A. No.1168 of 2026