Writ Appeal No. 291 of 2013 · High Court
Case Details
WA 293/2013 B E F O R E HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE A.K.GOEL,THE CHIEF JUSTICE THE HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE A. K. GOSWAMI (A. K. Goel, CJ) J U D G M E N T This order will dispose of Writ Appeal No.291 and 293 of 2013 as both th e appeals have been preferred by the State of Assam against common order of lear ned Single Judge and raise identical question of competence of the State to requ ire owning of immoveable property as a condition to prove permanent residence in the State. The requirement of permanent residence in the State has been laid do wn under Rule 3(2)(b) of the Medical Colleges of Assam, Regional Dental College, Guwahati and Government Ayurvedic College, Guwahati (Regulation of Admission of Under-Graduate Students) Rules, 2007 ( (cid:28)the Rules (cid:29)). In Writ Appeal No.291 of 2013, the respondent-writ petitioner Sitalakshm 2. i Srinivasan challenged the decision of the Selection Board constituted under th e Rules rejecting her application for admission to the MBBS course and order dat ed 26.07.2013 passed by the Joint Secretary to the Government of Assam, Health a nd Family Welfare Department rejecting her appeal against the said decision. 3. Case pleaded by the writ petitioner is that she was born at Delhi on 07. 12.1995. Her father joined services as Reader in the Department of Physics, Assa m University at Silchar on 23.04.1996 and thereafter on 13.02.1997 when he was p osted as Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics at Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati. She has been living with her father and she completed her entire schooling upto the 12th Class in the year 2013 at Guwahati. She then app eared for the Combined Entrance Examination for MBBS/BDS courses in Medical/Dent al Colleges of Assam in May, 2013 and got 157th rank in merit list in the result announced on 06.06.2013. She was called for counseling and was eligible to be a llotted 46th General seats out of 61 General seats available in Assam Medical Co llege, Dibrugarh, but candidature was rejected on the ground that she was not pe rmanent resident of the State of Assam. Her father preferred an appeal against t he decision of the Selection Board but on account of urgency she also moved this Court by filing WP(C) No.3920/2013 which was disposed of on 18.07.2013 with the direction that her appeal be decided on or before 26.07.2013 by a speaking orde r. Accordingly, the impugned order dated 26.07.2013 was passed rejecting her app eal. Challenging the said decision, she again moved this Court invoking her fund amental right under Article 14 of the Constitution and submitting that rejection of her candidature was illegal and arbitrary. She submitted that it could not b e held that she was not a permanent resident only because she did not own immove able property nor purchase of property just a day before counseling could be tak en against her as acquisition of property even one day before counseling met the requirement of owning of immoveable property. She relied upon Sale Deed registe red on 08.07.2013 in favour of her father and certificate issued by the Registra r of IIT, Guwahati to the effect that her father was permanent employee of the I IT, Guwahati since 13.02.1997. She also relied upon voters list, driving licence and passport and permanent residence certificate (PRC) issued by Additional Dep uty Commissioner, Kamrup (Metro) dated 27.06.2013. 4. The petition was contested by filing an affidavit in opposition on behal f of the Director of Medical Education, Assam. It was submitted that the PRC was issued on 27.6.2013 while the document of purchase of immoveable property was d ated 08.07.2013. The Selection Board was not satisfied regarding permanent resid ence status of the petitioner. There was no convincing proof of continuous stay of her parents for more than 15 years in the State of Assam. Voter list submitte d was only of the year 2013. She was also not daughter of an employee of the Gov t. of Assam or a member or of All India Services. Condition of owning of immove able property was part of the Rules. The State quota seats are primarily meant f or sons and daughters of indigenous people of Assam. Number of seats in the Stat e are limited in comparison to the population. Such precious seats could not all otted to those who reside in Assam for purposes like services in Central Govt. s ector, industries or private business as this will deprive the genuine and deser ving indigenous candidates of the State of Assam. Facts in Writ Appeal No.293 of 2013 are almost identical. The writ petit 5. ioner challenged the decision of the Selection Board rejecting her candidature f or admission to MBBS course for the session 2013-14. Her case was that she studi ed at Silchar in the State of Assam upto Class XII. She applied for admission to the MBBS course in Medical Colleges of Assam for the sessions 2013-14. She was ranked at Serial No.160 in the list of successful candidates and was called for counseling before the Selection Board on 09.07.2013. She submitted permanent res idence certificate (PRC), school certificate, voters list of 1997 containing nam e of her father, certificate from employer of her father but her father did not have any immoveable property in Assam. Her candidature was rejected on the groun d that her father was not permanent resident of Assam. She made a representation dated 11.7.2013 to the State Government but since the same was not disposed of she approached this Court by submitting that she fulfilled the requirement of be ing a permanent resident of the State and rejection of her candidature on the gr ound of her family not having immoveable property was misconceived as the said r equirement was not laid down under the Rules but only in the Annexure to the For m. Her father was residing in the State of Assam for more than 20 years as refl ected in the voters list. She also produced the certificate of permanent residen ce (PRC) from the office of the Deputy Commissioner, Silchar. 6. An affidavit in opposition was filed on behalf of the Director of Medica l Education, Assam contesting the petition and submitting that she did not furni sh documents as proof of her continuous stay in Assam for 15 years. 7. Learned Single Judge took up both the writ petitions together along with two other similar writ petitions and upheld the stand of the writ petitioners. While the State is certainly empowered to protect the interest of local It was observed : (cid:28)22. students to ensure that sufficient doctors are available to serve the people of Assam, rejection of the candidature of the petitioners on the ground that their family do not possess immovable property, will be illogical since the ground fo r rejection has no reasonable nexus with the object of providing for medi-care t o the residents of the State. The stated objective is already addressed by requ iring the students to do their schooling in Assam and by requiring the parents w ho are domicile by birth of another State to reside continuously in Assam for ce rtain number of years. But the additional requirement of ownership of property i s unlikely to further advance the otherwise laudable objective of the State, to provide for doctors who might opt to serve in the State. Moreover there is nothi ng to prevent a person to sale away his property if it is acquired with the obli que motive of securing admission, once the purpose is achieved. 23. That apart, even those who are domicile of the State by birth after qual ifying from the State Medical Colleges may migrate to another State for better c areer prospects and for such violators, the Bond penalty under the Rule 13 is th e only barrier. The petitioners herein are also covered by similar bond conditio ns and seeing that they have lived in this State for long and since their parent s work life has not yet ended, it can’t be said with certainty that they will ne ver serve in Assam. Therefore as the petitioners satisfy the permanent resident shhip criteria they are held to be eligible for admission. Consequently the impu gned order(s) dated 26.7.2013 of the Appellate Authority is quashed and the resp ondents are directed to give admission to the petitioners as per their entitleme nt and respective merit position. Since the classes for 2013 session has already started from 1st August 2013, there should not be any unnecessary delay and adm ission should be granted within 7 days from today. (cid:29)
Facts
We have heard learned counsel for the parties. 8. 9. Learned Additional Advocate General for the State of Assam submits that Rule 3(2) requires permanent residence in Assam as a condition for eligibility f or admission to the MBBS. Rule 7(3) requires the candidate to satisfy himself/he rself about the eligibility by going through the Rules and instructions. The For m appended to the Rules requires proof of ownership of immoveable property and i n absence thereof certificate of residency could not be issued. Mere fact that u nder Circular dated 24.7.1987 issued by the State Government, PRC could be issue d without owning any property could not dispense with the statutory requirement of the Rules. In absence of challenge to the Rules, learned Single Judge could n ot brush aside the said requirement. In Writ Appeal No.291/2013, purchase of the property one day before the counseling could not be taken to be compliance with the Rules and in Writ Appeal No.293/2013, the family of the writ petitioner did not own immoveable property and thus requirement under the Rules was not fulfil led. An additional affidavit has been filed during the course of hearing to t 10. he effect that in case of genuine residents when family of a candidate resides i n Assam not for any profession/service purpose but voluntarily and indefinitely and the family is resident of Assam originally, requirement of ownership of prop erty could be waived. 11. Learned Additional Advocate General relied upon following judgments to s ubmit that in absence of challenge to the Rules, the Rule could not be ignored o r quashed :- (i) Union of India and another vs. Satish Kumar, (2006)1 SCC 360 [Para 12] (ii) State of Maharashtra vs. Narmada Estates (P) Ltd., (iii) (2010)12 SCC 419 [Para 9]. State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Narmada Bachao Andolan and Another, (2011)7 SCC 639 [Paras 22-25]. 12. He also relied upon following judgments to submits that requirement of p ermanent residence in the State could be laid down for eligibility for admission to the MBBS in the State Colleges : (i) (ii) (iii) Jagadish Saran (Dr) v. Union of India, (1980)9 SCC 768, (Paras 18-19). Pradeep Jain v. Union of India, (1984)3 SCC 654 [Para 16]. Anant Madaan v. State of Haryana (1995)2 SCC 135 4 (2000)5 SCC 684. (iv) Parag Gupta (Dr) v. University of Delhi, (2000) 5 SCC 68
Legal Reasoning
On due consideration, we are of the view that answer to the question has
Arguments
13. Learned counsel for the respondents-writ petitioners supported the view taken by learned Single Judge and submitted that the pleadings could not be cons trued rigidly. Once parties are conscious of the issue, hyper-technical approach was not permissible. Object of pleadings is that the parties are not taken by s urprise. Mere absence of specific challenge did not debar the Court from giving effect to Article 14 of the Constitution when requirement was patently unconstit utional. It was also submitted that the requirement under the Rules was for perm anent residence and requirement of owning immoveable property was mentioned only in the Form. In a Single Bench judgment of this Court in Shri Saikan Mallik vs. State of Assam and others, 1995(3) GLT 116, it was observed that such a require ment could not be mentioned in the Form in absence of specific provision to that effect in the Rules. Requirement of owning immoveable property was arbitrary an d had no nexus with the requirement of permanent residence. Alternatively, the s aid requirement could at best be taken to be a piece of evidence for proving per manent residence. Absence of owning property could not be treated to be conclusi ve proof that a person was not permanent resident of the State. While requiremen t of permanent residence could be laid down to be proved by relevant objective p arameters, requirement of owing property could not be equated with the requireme nt of permanent residence. The owning of property may sometimes be evidence of a person’s residence but not always. A person may not be permanent resident and may still own property. Similarly, a person may be permanent resident without ow ning a property. 14. The question for consideration, thus, is whether a rigid condition for o wning immovable property to prove permanent residence could be laid down as cond ition precedent for eligibility for admission to MBBS. In other words, whether a more meritorious candidate who fulfills all other requirements of permanent res idence in the State can be discriminated only on the ground that his family did not own immovable property in the State. 15.
Decision
to be against the State and in favour of the writ petitioners. 16. Rule 3(2)(b) is as follows : is a permanent resident of Assam; Provided that nothing contained in this clause shall be applicable to the sons a nd daughters of the employees of the Govt. of Assam. (cid:29) (cid:28)(b) 17. Rule 7(2) is as follows :- (cid:28)(2) The Form contains two parts (cid:28)A (cid:29) & (cid:28)B (cid:29) (bearing the same serial number). The (cid:28)Form A (cid:29) is to be submitted as the first Application Form fo r appearing in the Common Entrance Examination. (cid:28)Form B (cid:29) will all enclosures is to be submitted at the time of counseling if called for. Candidates are asked to submit (cid:28)Form A (cid:29) at the time of applying for Common Entrance Examination (not (cid:28)F orm B (cid:29) or both (cid:28)Form A & B (cid:29) which will disqualify their candidature). (cid:29) 18. Form-A is an Application Form which requires a candidate to disclose the name of school/College where studies were undertaken apart from giving other pa rticulars, while Form-B which is to be submitted at the time of counseling is mo re detailed form which requires giving of particulars of permanent home address. Annexure-III(A) thereto requires giving proof of ownership of immoveable proper ty. Annexure-III(C) requires certificate of residency with following particulars :- (cid:28)a) The candidate/his father (wherever applicable) has compl eted the mandatory schooling in a school situated in the state of Assam as certi fied in certificate of schooling. b) The candidate or his father owns immovable property in t he district & & & & & &..as certified in certificate of proof of ownership of immovab le property in the state as stated in Annexure-III(A). The parents of the candidates have stayed continuously f or more than 15 years in the state of Assam as per proof of residence supplied t o me as stated in Annexure III(B). (cid:29) c) 19. The above particulars are sought to be read as part of Rule 7(2). There is no dispute that requirements of clause (a) and (c) have been fulfilled in the present case. Finding recorded by learned Single Judge to this effect has not b e challenged before us. Only dispute is about compliance of clause (b). In our v iew, this certification cannot be read as requirement of eligibility but merely a piece of evidence to prove of permanent residency. It cannot be laid down that without owing immovable property a person is not permanent resident. Article 14 does not permit discrimination on the ground of owing or not owing property. If the requirement of owing property is treated as requirement of residence, the s ame will be irrational and arbitrary. The said requirement cannot, thus, be read as mandatory. Even on behalf of the appellants it has been mentioned that in ca se of a person originally belonging to the State of Assam, the requirement of pr operty is not taken to be mandatory. The statement in the affidavit filed during the course of hearing is as follows :- (cid:28) &..During such verification, the candidate was allowed to furnish additional do cuments to prove the residency status of his parents and on being given such opp ortunity, the candidate vide his letter dated 16.7.2013 furnished 19 Nos. of doc uments from which it can be easily discerned that at present there is no landed property in the name of his parents and they are living in rented premises since 1985 till today, they had landed property which was disposed of and also it was considered that the family of the candidate having resided in Assam not for any professional/service purpose but purely voluntarily and indefinitely and from t he attending facts the Selection Committee came to the conclusion that the famil y of the candidate is likely to remain in Assam indefinitely. Thus, it is respec tfully submitted that the Selection Committee considered all relevant factors fr om which it can be ascertained that whether a candidate and his parents voluntar ily and indefinitely resides in Assam or they are residents of Assam but origina lly from another state and only for professional purpose residing in the State a nd upon due consideration of all attending facts, indicates whether a candidate is a permanent resident of Assam or not. Be it also stated that after verificati on of all the documents submitted by Ratnadeep Dhar on 16.07.2013, the Selection Committee cleared his admission on 18.07.2013. (cid:29) 20. Thus, distinction has been sought to be made between candidates whose pa rents originally belong to the State of Assam and candidates whose parents subse quently came to the State of Assam for employment. Such distinction violates Art icle 14 of the Constitution. If for original Assam residents the requirement of owning property is not taken to be mandatory, those who come from outside and se ttle in the State cannot be differently treated. What is permissible to lay down is the requirement of permanent residence and not to lay down the requirement o f owning of property. The Selection Board cannot enter into speculation as to wh ether a person will finally continue to remain in the State of Assam or not. The requirements for testing permanent residence have to be specific and objective and have to be clearly and expressly mentioned in the Rules. Such requirements h ave to be followed uniformally for all candidates whether their parents original ly belonged to the State of Assam or come to the State of Assam subsequently. Ad mittedly, the parents of the writ petitioners are settled in the State of Assam for more than 15 years and the students have undertaken their studies in the Sta te of Assam. This itself fully meets the requirement of permanent residence as l aid down under the rules. The State cannot lay down any irrational requirement n or enter into speculation whether a person will or will not continue to be in th e State of Assam. It can certainly lay down objective norms such as requirement of residence in the State for a reasonable period, requirement of undertaking st udies for a reasonable period and requirement of serving in the State of Assam f or a reasonable period. Beyond this, a citizen of India either settled originall y in the State of Assam or who subsequently settled in the State of Assam have t o be treated equally under Article 14. 21. There is no denying the fact that under the present dispensation, 85% se ats can be reserved for the permanent residents of the State and such requiremen t does not violate Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution. Nonetheless, there ca n be no distinction among the persons settled in a State originally and those wh o come and settle subsequently. Under the scheme of the Constitution, an Indian citizen can reside and settle in any part of the territory of India and in doing so he cannot be discriminated in comparison to a person already settled in that State. Thus, a person not originally from the State of Assam and a person not o riginally from the State of Assam will stand on the same footing so long as requ irement of establishing permanent residence is fulfilled. Owning property cannot be treated as at par with the requirement of permanent residence. India is one nation and we are Indians first and Indians last. No regional interest can overr ide the interest of national integrity. The entire country is one nation with on e citizenship and irrespective of the place of birth or language or religion, a citizen can reside and settle in any part of the country and claim equality wit h other citizens in every such part. ’Sons of the soil’ claim for special treatm ent cannot be pursued beyond a point. The requirement of ’permanent residence’ c annot be treated to be at par with the ’domicile’ which expression is used to id entify personal law by which an individual is governed. Concept of ’domicile of origin’ and ’domicile of choice’ are well known in private international law but such concepts cannot be imported in determining the question of permanent resid ence. In Dr. Pradeep Jain and others vs. Union of India and others, (1984) 3 SCC 654, it was observed : (cid:28) & &.The concept of (cid:28)Domicile (cid:29) has no relevance to the applicability of municipal laws, whether made by the Union of India or by the States. It would not, theref ore, in our opinion be right to say that a citizen of India is domiciled in one State or another forming part of the Union of India. The domicile which he has i s only one domicile, namely, domicile in the territory of India. When a person w ho is permanently resident in one State goes to another State with intention to reside there permanently or indefinitely, his domicile does not undergo any chan ge: he does not acquire a new domicile of choice. His domicile remains the same, namely, Indian domicile. We think it highly detrimental to the concept of unity and integrity of India to think in terms of State domicile. It is true and ther e we agree with the argument advanced on behalf of the State Governments, that t he word (cid:28)Domicile (cid:29) in the rules of some of the State Governments prescribing dom iciliary requirement for admission to medical colleges situate within their terr itories, is used not in its technical legal sense but in a popular sense as mean ing residence and is intended to convey the idea of intention to reside permanen tly or indefinitely. That is, in fact, the sense in which the word (cid:28)Domicile (cid:29) wa s understood by a five-Judge Bench of this Court in D.P. Joshi case, AIR 1955 SC 334, while construing a rule prescribing capitation fee for admission to a medi cal college in the State of Madhya Bharat and it was in the same sense that word (cid:28)Domicile (cid:29) was understood in Rule 3 of the Selection Rules made by the State of Mysore in N. Vasundara v. State of Mysore, AIR 1971 S 1439. We would also, ther efore, interpret the word (cid:28)Domicile (cid:29) used in the rules regulating admissions to medical colleges framed by some of the States in the same loose sense of permane nt residence and not in the technical sense in which it is used in private inter national law. But even so we wish to warn against the use of the word (cid:28)Domicile (cid:29) with reference to States forming part of the Union of India, because it is a wo rd which is likely to conjure up the notion of an independent State and encourag e in a subtle and insidious manner the dormant sovereign impulses of different r egions. We think it is dangerous to use a legal concept for conveying a sense di fferent from that which is ordinarily associated with it as a result of legal us age over the years. When we use a word which has come to represent a concept or idea for conveying a different concept or idea, it is easy for the mind to slide into an assumption that the verbal identity is accompanied in all its sequences by identity of meaning. The concept of domicile if used for a purpose other tha n its legitimate purpose may give rise to lethal radiations which may in the lon g run tend to break up the unity and integrity of the country. We would, therefo re, strongly urge upon the State Governments to exercise this wrong use of the e xpression (cid:28)domicile (cid:29) from the rules regulating admissions to their educational i nstitutions and particularly medical colleges and to desist from introducing and maintaining domiciliary requirement as a condition of eligibility for such admi ssions. (cid:29) Other pertinent observations in the judgment are : (cid:28) & &We tend to forget that India is one nation and we are all Indians first and Indians last. It is time we remind ourselves what the great visionary and builde r of modern India, Jawaharlal Nehru said, (cid:28)Who dies if India lives; who lives if India dies? (cid:29) We must realise, and this is unfortunate that many in public life tend to overlook, sometimes out of ignorance of the forces of history and someti mes deliberately with a view to promoting their self-interest, that national int erest must inevitably and for ever prevail over any other considerations proceed ing from regional, linguistic or communal attachments. & &. (cid:29) [Para 1] (cid:28) & &This concept of one nation took firm roots in the minds and hearts of the pe ople during the struggle for independence under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi . He has rightly been called the Father of the Nation because it was he who awak ened in the people of this country a sense of national consciousness and instill ed in them a high sense of patriotism without which it is not possible to build a country into nationhood &.. (cid:29) [para 2] (cid:28) & & &..Now if India is one nation and there is only one citizenship, namely, cit izenship of India, and every citizen has a right to move freely throughout the t erritory of India and to reside and settle in any part of India, irrespective of the place where he is born or the language which he speaks or the religion whic h he professes and he is guaranteed freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse t hroughout the territory of India and is entitled to equality before the law and equal protection of the law with other citizens in every part of the territory o f India, it is difficult to see how a citizen having his permanent home in Tamil Nadu or speaking Tamil language can be regarded as an outsider in Uttar Pradesh or a citizen having his permanent home in Maharashtra or speaking Marathi langu age be regarded as an outsider in Karnataka. He must be held entitled to the sam e rights as a citizen having his permanent home in Uttar Pradesh or Karnataka, a s the case may be. To regard him as an outsider would be to deny him his constit utional rights and to derecognise the essential unity and integrity of the count ry by treating it as if it were a mere conglomeration of independent States. (cid:29) [p ara 3] (cid:28) &..We allowed (cid:28)sons of the soil (cid:29) demands to develop claiming special treatment on the basis of residence in the concerned State, because recognising and conced ing such demands had a populist appeal. The result is that (cid:28)sons of the soil (cid:29) cl aims, though not altogether illegitimate if confined within reasonable bounds, a re breaking as under the unity and integrity of the nation by fostering and stre ngthening narrow parochial loyalties based on language and residence within a St ate &.. (cid:29)[para 4] (cid:28) &..Now, the primary imperative of Article 14 is equal opportunity for all acro ss the nation for education and advancement and, as pointed out by Krishna Iyer, J., in Jagdish Saran v. Union of India, AIR 1980 SC 820, (cid:28)this has burning rele vance to our times when the country is gradually being ’broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls’ by surrender to narrow parochial loyalties (cid:29). What is fundamental, as an enduring value of our polity, is guarantee to each of equal o pportunity to unfold the full potential of his personality. Anyone anywhere, hum ble or high, agrestic or urban, man or woman, whatever be his language or religi on, place of birth or residence, is entitled to be afforded equal chance for adm ission to any secular educational course for cultural growth, training facility, speciality or employment. It would run counter to the basic principle of equali ty before the law and equal protection of the law if a citizen by reason of his residence in State A, which ordinarily in the commonality of cases, would be the result of his birth in a place situate within that State, should have opportuni ty for education or advancement which is denied to another citizen because he ha ppens to be resident in State B. It is axiomatic that talent is not the monopoly of the residents of any particular State; it is more or less evenly distributed and given proper opportunity and environment, everyone has a prospect of rising to the peak. What is necessary is equality of opportunity and that cannot be ma de dependent upon where a citizen resides. If every citizen is afforded equal op portunity, genetically and environmentally, to develop his potential, he will be able in his own way to manifest his faculties fully leading to all round improv ement in excellence. The philosophy and pragmatism of universal excellence throu gh equality of opportunity for education and advancement across the nation is pa rt of our founding faith and constitutional creed. The effort must, therefore, a lways be to select the best and most meritorious students for admission to techn ical institutions and medical colleges by providing equal opportunity to all cit izens in the country and no citizen can legitimately, without serious detriment to the unity and integrity of the nation, be regarded as an outsider in our cons titutional set-up. Moreover, it would be against national interest to admit in m edical colleges or other institutions giving instruction in specialities, less m eritorious students when more meritorious students are available, simply because the former are permanent residents or residents for a certain number of years i n the State while the latter are not, though both categories are citizens of Ind ia. Exclusion of more meritorious students on the ground that they are not resid ent within the State would be likely to promote substandard candidates and bring about fall in medical competence, injurious in the long run to the very region. (cid:28)It is no blessing to inflict quacks and medical midgets on people by wholesale sacrifice of talent at the threshold. Nor can the very best be rejected from ad mission because that will be a national loss and the interests of no region can be higher than those of the nation. (cid:29) The primary consideration in selection of c andidates for admission to the medical colleges must, therefore, be merit. The o bject of any rules which may be made for regulating admissions to the medical co lleges must be to secure the best and most meritorious students. (cid:29) [para 10]. (cid:28)We cannot, therefore, have arid equality which does not take into account the social and economic disabilities and inequalities from which large masses of peo ple suffer in the country. Equality in law must produce real equality; de jure e quality must ultimately find its raison d’etre in de facto equality. The State m ust, therefore, resort to compensatory State action for the purpose of making pe ople who are factually unequal in their wealth, education or social environment, equal in specified areas. The State must, to use again the words of Krishna Iye r, J., in Jagdish Saran case, (1980)2 SCC 768 (SCC p. 782, para 29) (cid:28)weave those special facilities into the web of equality which, in an equitable setting, pro vide for the weak and promote their levelling up so that, in the long run, the c ommunity at large may enjoy a general measure of real equal opportunity. . . . e quality is not negated or neglected where special provisions are geared to the l arger goal of the disabled getting over their disablement consistently with the general good and individual merit (cid:29). The scheme of admission to medical colleges may, therefore, depart from the principle of selection based on merit, where it is necessary to do so for the purpose of bringing about real equality of opportu nity between those who are unequals. (cid:29) [Para 13]. (cid:28) &..These decisions which all relate to admission to MBBS course are binding up on us and it is therefore not possible for us to hold, in the face of these deci sions, that residence requirement in a State for admission to MBBS course is irr ational and irrelevant and cannot be introduced as a condition for admission wit hout violating the mandate of equality of opportunity contained in Article 14 &. (cid:29) [para 19] (cid:28)We agree wholly with these observations made by the learned Judge and we unres ervedly condemn wholesale reservation made by some of the State Governments on t he basis of (cid:28)domicile (cid:29) or residence requirement within the State or on the basis of institutional preference for students who have passed the qualifying examina tion held by the university or the State excluding all students not satisfying t his requirement, regardless of merit. We declare such wholesale reservation to b e unconstitutional and void as being in violation of Article 14 of the Constitut ion. (cid:29) [para 20] 22. There is no doubt that demand for admission to Medical Colleges is far i n excess of availability of seats. The doctors who are brought up and educated i n urban areas prefer not to go to rural areas either by choice or on account of lack of facilities for personal comforts or for professional requirements. While effort must be to select the best and most meritorious for admission to the MBB S, consideration of providing adequate medical services to people of the State b y imparting medical education to students who are likely to settle down and serv e the people of the State justifies requirement of permanent residence. As obser ved in Pradeep Jain (supra), reservation on the ground of permanent residence sh ould the progressively reduced. Therein it was observed :- (cid:28) & & &.We are of the opinion that this outer limit fixed by us gradually over the years be progressively reduced but that is a task which would have to be perfor med by the Indian Medical Council. We would direct the Indian Medical Council to consider within a period of nine months from today whether the outer limit of 7 0 per cent fixed by us needs to be reduced and if the Indian Medical Council det ermines a shorter outer limit, it will be binding on the States and the Union Te rritories. We would also direct the Indian Medical Council to subject the outer limit so fixed to reconsideration at the end of every three years but in no even t should the outer limit exceed 70 per cent fixed by us. (cid:29) The above observation shows that reservation for permanent residents has not to be perpetuated but to be progressively reduced. In Yogesh Bhardwaj vs. State of U.P. and others, (1990) 3 SCC 355, it wa 23. s observed that while ’domicile’ required not merely physical fact of residence but also intention to reside permanently, ’residence’ did not require such inten tion. Residence was only bodily presence and animus manendi is much less in qual ity and content for such requirement compared to domicile. Even a short period m ay constitute residence if it is not transitory, fleeting or casual. It was obse rved : (cid:28)16. In the present case, the appellant came to the State of Uttar Pradesh with a predetermined mind, namely, to complete the chosen course of studies and retur n to the State which had nominated him for the purpose. Having regard to the tim e and duration, the object and obligation, and the uncontroverted facts, the app ellant was undoubtedly a bona fide student who resided in Uttar Pradesh for over five years, but whose residence did not acquire the attributes of ’domicile’ wi thin the meaning of clause 4(a). The question then is whether the appellant is a ’bona fide resident of Uttar Pradesh’ within the meaning of clause 4(b). 17. Residence is a physical fact. No volition is needed to establish it. Unlike in the case of a domicile of choice, animus manendi is not an essential requirem ent of residence. Any period of physical presence, however short, may constitute residence provided it is not transitory, fleeting or casual. Intention is not r elevant to prove the physical fact of residence except to the extent of showing that it is not a mere fleeting or transitory existence. To insist on an element of volition is to confuse the features of ’residence’ with those of ’domicile’. 18. A person is ordinarily resident in a country if his residence there is not c asual or uncertain, but is in the ordinary course of his life. A man may be ordi narily resident or habitually resident in more than one place. While ’ordinary r esidence’ is the physical residence in regard to which intention is irrelevant, except to show that the residence is not merely fleeting, ’habitual residence’ m ay denote a quality of endurance longer than ordinary residence, although durati on, past or prospective, is only one of the many relevant factors, and there is no requirement of any particular minimum period. 19. In Reg v. Barnet L.B.C., Ex p. Nilish Shah, (1983)2 AC 309, the House of Lor ds held that a person was ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom, if he norma lly resided lawfully in that country from choice and for a settled purpose. If a person resided there for the specific and limited purpose of education, he was ordinarily resident in that country, even if his permanent residence or real hom e was outside that country or his future intention or expectation was to live ou tside that country. 20. Residence must be voluntary. (cid:28)Enforced presence by reason of kidnapping or i mprisonment, or a Robinson Crusoe existence on a desert island with no opportuni ty of escape, may be so overwhelming a factor as to negative the will to be wher e one is. (cid:29)16 Education, business, profession, employment, health, family, or mer ely love of the place are some of the reasons commonly regarded as sufficient fo r a choice of regular abode. It is only lawful residence that can be taken into account. If a man stays in a country in breach of immigration laws, his presence there does not constitute ordinary residence. 21. While residence and intention are the two essential elements constituting th e ’domicile of choice’, residence in its own right is a connecting factor in a n ational legal system for purposes of taxation, jurisdiction, service of summons, voting etc. To read into residence volition as a necessary element is, as state d above, to mistake residence for domicile of choice, and that is the error whic h the High Court appears to have committed. Where residence is prescribed within a unified legal system as a qualifying condition, it is essential that the expr ession is so understood as to have the widest room for the full enjoyment of the right of equality before the law. Any construction which works to the disadvant age of the citizen lawfully seeking legitimate avenues of progress within the co untry will be out of harmony with the guaranteed rights under the Constitution, and such a construction must necessarily be avoided. 22. Clause 2, which we have set out above, refers to a ’bona fide resident’ and such a person is defined under clause 4 to include a person who has resided in U ttar Pradesh for not less than five years at the time of making his application. These two clauses indicate that a person should have resided in Uttar Pradesh f or the requisite period lawfully and bona fide. The converse of bona fide being mala fide, meaning lack of good faith, in the absence of any allegation that the appellant’s residence in that State was in any manner opposed to the law of th e land, or tainted by lack of good faith, and in the light of the undisputed fac t that his residence was neither casual nor fleeting, but in excess of the minim um period of five years, and for the definite purpose of education, he satisfies the definition of a ’bona fide resident’. Any other construction of the clauses would, in our view, be unreasonably restrictive and thus conflict with the appe llant’s constitutional rights. 23. Viewed in this light, we have no doubt that the construction placed by the H igh Court upon sub-clause (b) of clause 4 of the notification is unsustainable. In our opinion, a person, such as the appellant, who resided in the State of Utt ar Pradesh specifically for the purpose of undergoing a course of studies for no t less than five years, albeit with the intention of finally returning to his ho me State, also comes within the meaning of the expression ’bona fide resident’ a s defined in the said clause. (cid:29) 24. Owing property can at best be evidence of permanent residence, though it may not be conclusive. Even permanent resident may not own property. Conversely owner of property may not be resident or permanent resident. Unless a factor is conclusive, it cannot be equated with condition of eligibility. 25. In Sodhi Transport Co. and others vs. State of U.P. and others, (1986)2 SCC 486, the question which arose for consideration was whether a transporter no t carrying prescribed documents can be held to be evading tax. It was held that statutory presumption to the effect that such a person is presumed to be evading tax could not be taken to be conclusive. It was observed :- (cid:28)16. In our opinion a statutory provision which creates a rebuttable presumptio n as regards the proof of a set of circumstances which would make a transaction liable to tax with the object of preventing evasion of the tax cannot be conside red as conferring on the authority concerned the power to levy a tax which the l egislature cannot otherwise levy. A rebuttable presumption which is clearly a ru le of evidence has the effect of shifting the burden of proof and it is hard to see how it is unconstitutional when the person concerned has the opportunity to displace the presumption by leading evidence. 17. We are of the view that the words contained in Section 28-B of the Act only require the authorities concerned to raise a rebuttable presumption, that the go ods must have been sold in the State if the transit pass is not handed over to t he officer at the check-post or the barrier near the place of exit from the Stat e. The transporter concerned is not shut out from showing by producing reliable evidence that the goods have not been actually sold inside the State. It is stil l open to him to establish that the goods had been disposed of in a different wa y. He may establish that the goods have been delivered to some other person unde r a transaction which is not a sale, they have been consumed inside the State or have been redespatched outside the State without effecting a sale within the St ate etc. It is only where the presumption is not successfully rebutted the autho rities concerned are required to rely upon the rule of presumption in Section 28 -B of the Act. It is, therefore, not correct to say that a transaction which is proved to be not a sale is being subjected to sales tax. The authority concerned before levying sales tax arrives at the conclusion by a judicial process that t he goods have been sold inside the State and in doing so relies upon the statuto ry rule of presumption contained in Section 28-B of the Act which may be rebutte d by the person against whom action is taken under Section 28-B of the Act. Whe n once a finding is recorded that a person has sold the goods which he had broug ht inside the State, then he would be a dealer even according to the definition of the word ’dealer’ as it stood from the very commencement of the Act subject t o the other conditions prescribed in this behalf being fulfilled. A person who s ells goods inside the State of Uttar Pradesh and fulfills the other conditions p rescribed in that behalf is a dealer even as per amendments made in 1959, 1961, 1964, 1973 and 1978 to the said definition. There is, therefore, no substance in the contention that a transporter was being made liable for the first time afte r 1979 with retrospective effect to pay sales tax on a transaction which is not a sale. Tax becomes payable by him only after a finding is recorded that he has sold the goods inside the State though with the help of the presumption which is a rebuttable one. (cid:29) On the same analogy, mere owning of property cannot be taken to be concl usive for permanent residence nor absence of ownership of property can rule out permanent residence. Thus, it will be arbitrary and unreasonable to prescribe su ch requirement as proof of permanent residence. 26. As laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, permanent residence, cannot b e equated to ’domicile’ where intention to permanently settle has also to be est ablished. Permanent residence can be proved by physical residence for prescribed reasonable duration and study in the State for prescribed reasonable period. In the present case, these conditions admittedly stand fulfilled. Persons belongin g to other states who may take up employment or business for prescribed duration cannot be treated differently from people originally settled in Assam. Objectiv e of national integration cannot be lost sight of. (cid:28)We the People (cid:29) of India are one nation. Narrow parochial approach cannot be encouraged. For general seats, m 28. s observed : (cid:28)6. erit cannot be sacrificed. (cid:28)Narrow domestic walls (cid:29) which Tagore wanted to see de molished cannot be erected. 27. We are unable to accept the submission that merely because a specific pr ayer is not made in the writ petition, Article 14 of the Constitution could not be invoked during the course of argument. It is not a case where there is no ple ading that Article 14 was violated. There is no specific prayer or plea that req uirement of owning property is invalid and be quashed. Rules of pleading applica ble to the writ proceedings cannot be read so rigidly as to exclude invocation o f constitutional provisions in appropriate cases without taking either of party by surprise. The judgments relied upon on behalf of the appellants are on indivi dual facts and do not lay down any rigid rule contrary to these observations. Th e judgments relied upon contain general principle that the Court has to go by pl eadings. There is no dispute with the said proposition. At the same time, if par ties are conscious of legal issue, by hypertechnical approach, fundamental right under Article 14 cannot be brushed aside. From the judgment of learned Single Judge, it is clear that parties are conscious of the issue raised. We have fully heard learned counsel on this issue. There is, thus, no prejudice to the State in any manner. In Ram Sarup Gupta v. Bishun Narain Inter College (1987)2 SCC 555, it wa & &The object and purpose of pleading is to enable the adversary party to know the case it has to meet. In order to have a fair trial it is imperative th at the party should settle the essential material facts so that other party may not be taken by surprise. The pleadings however should receive a liberal constru ction; no pedantic approach should be adopted to defeat justice on hair-splittin g technicalities. Some times, pleadings are expressed in words which may not exp ressly make out a case in accordance with strict interpretation of law. In such a case it is the duty of the court to ascertain the substance of the pleadings t o determine the question. It is not desirable to place undue emphasis on form, i nstead the substance of the pleadings should be considered. Whenever the questio n about lack of pleading is raised the enquiry should not be so much about the f orm of the pleadings; instead the court must find out whether in substance the p arties knew the case and the issues upon which they went to trial. Once it is fo und that in spite of deficiency in the pleadings parties knew the case and they proceeded to trial on those issues by producing evidence in that event it would not be open to a party to raise the question of absence of pleadings in appeal. In Bhagwati Prasad v. Chandramaul, AIR 1966 SC 735, a Constitution Bench of this Court considering this question observed: (cid:28)If a plea is not specifically made and yet it is covered by an issue by implica tion, and the parties knew that the said plea was involved in the trial, then th e mere fact that the plea was not expressly taken in the pleadings would not nec essarily disentitle a party from relying upon it if it is satisfactorily proved by evidence. The general rule no doubt is that the relief should be founded on p leadings made by the parties. But where the substantial matters relating to the title of both parties to the suit are touched, though indirectly or even obscure ly in the issues, and evidence has been led about them, then the argument that a particular matter was not expressly taken in the pleadings would be purely form al and technical and cannot succeed in every case. What the court has to conside r in dealing with such an objection is: did the parties know that the matter in question was involved in the trial, and did they lead evidence about it? If it a ppears that the parties did not know that the matter was in issue at the trial a nd one of them has had no opportunity to lead evidence in respect of it, that un doubtedly would be a different matter. To allow one party to rely upon a matter in respect of which the other party did not lead evidence and has had no opportu nity to lead evidence, would introduce considerations of prejudice, and in doing justice to one party, the court cannot do injustice to another. (cid:29) 29. We, thus, conclude that laying down of requirement of owning property as a condition for eligibility for admission is not permissible. Requirement of re sidence in the State can be laid down by specific and objective parameters such as residence for particular period or study in the State for particular duration . These requirements have been validly laid down and stand admittedly complied w ith in the present case. Such requirement cannot be equated to requirement of do micile which may additionally require proof of intention to permanently settle d own at a particular place. 30. iew taken by learned Single Judge. For the above reasons, we do not find any ground to interfere with the v The appeals are dismissed accordingly.