High Court
Case Details
Crl.A. 119/2010 BEFORE HON’BLE MRS JUSTICE ANIMA HAZARIKA JUDGMENT AND ORDER(ORAL) This appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 17.7.2010 passed by the learned Sessions Judge, Dhubri in Sessions Case No.45/2006 thereby convicti ng the appellant under Section 304-B IPC and sentenced to undergo rigorous impri sonment for 7 years. 2. ard Mr. BJ Dutta, learned Addl. PP, Assam appearing for the respondent. Heard Mr. P Kataki, learned counsel appearing for the appellant. Also he 3. The prosecution case, in brief is that sister of informant Jesmina Begum was married to accused Zakir Hussain on 6.2.2004 socially as per Muslim law (sh ariat). At the time of marriage, family members of the victim paid Rs.50,000/- i n cash, one Fierro F-2 Motor Cycle, furniture and other household articles to th e accused person. However, just after marriage accused demanded an amount of Rs. 50,000/- from the father of the deceased. On 10.4.2004, Jesmina came back to her paternal house and reported the family members that she was tortured by demandi ng more money amounting to Rs.50,000/-. On 18.4.2004, the victim was taken back to her matrimonial house by her paternal uncle Matiur Rahman. Her paternal uncle requested family members of the accused not to torture her. However, he refused to pay further amount as per demand, as the stridhan along with cash was alread y paid. On 24.4.2004, at 5-30 AM, the informant got telephonic message that his sister, i.e. the victim was no more. Immediately after receipt of the informati on, the informant and his younger paternal uncle rushed to the house of the accu sed and found the dead body of the victim at Majipar Ghatpar near the bank of ri ver. In the meantime, all the family members of the accused including the accuse d left the place by locking the house. On such suspicious condition, he lodged a n FIR at Gauripur Police Station against the eight family members of the accused person including the accused on 24.4.2004 itself wherein the same was registere d as GR (GPR) PS Case No.72/2004 under Section 304 B IPC. Police started investi gation of the case. Accordingly, inquest report was prepared and the dead body w as sent for post mortem examination. In the meantime, accused was arrested. The Investigating Officer (I/O for short) prepared the sketch map of the place of oc currence, seized one Kabin nama regarding marriage of the accused with the victi m and recorded the statement of the witnesses. After completion of investigation , I/O submitted charge sheet against the accused under Section 304 B IPC. Other named accused persons were not sent up for trial. The case being exclusively triable by the court of Sessions, the same wa 4. s committed to the court of Sessions at Dhubri by the learned Chief Judicial Mag istrate, Dhubri. The learned Sessions Judge on the materials available on record framed c 5. harge under Section 304 B IPC against the accused person. The charge so framed b eing read over and explained to the accused, he pleaded not guilty and claimed t o be tried. 6. During trial, prosecution examined 16 witnesses. Defence case is of comp lete denial. On closure of the prosecution witnesses, learned Sessions Judge rec orded the statement of the accused under Section 313 CrPC wherein he denied all allegations made against him. Defence adduced no evidence. The moot question, which falls for determination in this appeal, is thus
Facts
7. ;- Whether the finding of guilt arrived at by the learned trial Court is justified on the basis of the evidence on record and the law relevant thereto?
Legal Reasoning
(cid:28)152 (1) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn sh ould be fully established. &.. the circumstances concerned’ must or should’ and not ’may be’ established & & & (2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of th e guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any ot her hypothesis except that the accused is guilty, (3) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency, (4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved, a nd (5) there must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused (cid:29). Reference may be made to a decision of this Court in C. Chenga Reddy vs. State of A.P. reported in (1996) 10 SCC 193 wherein at para 21 it has been obse 13. rved as thus :- (cid:28)21. In a case based on circumstantial evidence, the settled law is that the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is drawn should be fully p roved and such circumstances must be conclusive in nature. Moreover, all the cir cumstances should be complete and there should be no gap left in the chain of ev idence. Further, the proved circumstances must be consistent only with the hypot hesis of the guilt of the accused and totally inconsistent with his innocence (cid:29). 14. To found conviction of the accused on the basis of circumstantial eviden ce, the settled position of law is that every link in the chain of circumstances pointing towards the guilt of the accused must be clearly established and the c hain of circumstances so established shall not only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but that it shall also be inconsistent with his innocence. There is yet another rider attached to the basing of conviction on circumstantial evi dence. The rider being that every reasonable hypothesis of the innocence of the accused must be excluded before the conviction is founded on such circumstantial evidence. Bearing the above principles in mind let us scan the evidence of the pro 15. secution witnesses and examine carefully the circumstances appearing in this cas e against the appellant. PW 1 is the uncle of the victim. The informant Rasidul Haque is his neph 16. ew. PW 1 has stated that accused socially married the victim on 6.2.2004. At the time of marriage apart from articles, cash amounting to Rs.50,000/-, a motor cy cle as well as golden ornaments were given to the accused. After one month of th e marriage, accused demanded Rs.50,000/-. The accused again demanded an amount o f Rs.50,000/- and tortured her. The victim was left at her paternal house due to non fulfillment of the demand. However, his younger brother Matiur Rahman conso led and left the victim at her husband’s house. He told that the money will be p aid later on. But only one day later, PW 1 was informed by Matiur Rahman and Gau tam Roy that the dead body of the victim was found floating on the water of Gada dhar River. They rushed to the place of occurrence and saw the dead body of the victim and thereafter, they went to the house of the accused. They found no one in the house of the accused. His nephew, i.e. brother of the victim lodged an FI R in the police station. They saw grievous injury marks on the dead body as well as on the neck of the dead body. He had a doubt that the victim was killed by s trangulation. PW 1 has specifically stated that the victim had no decease. In the cross-examination, he has stated that the victim came with her hu sband to her paternal house several times. After marriage, he did not see any un natural between them. When asked he has stated that he did not tell the police t hat the victim had some black spots on her body and that she had skin disease an d treatment was provided to her for the purpose. He has further denied that the injury marks of the deceased were not seen from outside. The suggestions put to him that the victim did not want to get married and she was forcibly given marri age to the accused by suppressing her disease and that several times, accused pr ovided treatment to the victim have been denied. 17. PW 2, Md. Rasidul Haque, brother of the deceased is the informant. He ha s stated that in the marriage, a cash amount of Rs.50,000/, a motor cycle, ornam ents etc. and other gifts almost Rupees two and half lacks were given. After one month of the marriage, the victim came to his house and told him about the dema nd of Rs.50,000/- and physical and mental harassment subjected to her by the acc used. On 10.4.2004, the victim came to his house and informed about the said dem and. On 18.4.2004, she was left at her husband’s house by his uncle Matiur Rahma n. Matiur told that right now it is not possible to meet any demand and requeste d them not to inflict any physical harassment to her. On 24.4.2004, after getti ng the information about the death of the victim, PW 2 along with Matiur Rahman went to the house of the accused. However, they found nobody and the house was u nder lock and key. Then they went to the river ghat and found the dead body of t he victim floating on the water. Thereafter he lodged the FIR in the police stat ion. Police prepared inquest report wherein he put his signature. The dead body was taken to Dhubri hospital and thereafter, to Gauhati Medical College and Hosp ital. He suspected that the accused had killed his sister by strangulation. In the cross-examination, he has stated that he did not hear from any bo dy that accused had killed his sister by strangulation. But it was his suspicion only. The suggestions put to him that as nothing has been found at the Dhubri h ospital, post mortem was done at Gauhati Medical college and hospital to entangl e the accused in the case as one of his relatives was serving at GMCH, have been denied. PW 2 has further stated that they found the ornaments as well as the we aring apparels on the dead body of the deceased. He has also stated before the p olice regarding the same. He has also denied that he told the police that his si ster had skin disease and that the accused provided treatment to her. He also di d not see any injury mark on the dead body. The PW 2 has again stated that all t he articles given in the marriage were returned back to them. The house of Matiu r is situated nearby their house. Matiur, his uncle is serving in police departm ent. He has also denied that the victim had a skin disease and she was forcibly given marriage with the accused although she did not want to get married and for that they have inflicted torture upon the victim. 18. PW 3 is a cycle mechanic. He has stated that one day, accused came to hi s shop to repair a tyre of the motor cycle which got punctured. When he enquired about the domestic life of the accused he told that his father-in-law had to gi ve him Rs.50,000/- and if the amount was not paid, a major incident would take p lace. PW 3, however, did not report the same to the family members of the victim . In the cross-examination, he has stated that 5/6 persons were there in h is shop. The accused did not tell about demand of money in their presence. Other suggestions put to him have been denied. PW 4 is the another uncle of the deceased. On the day of occurrence, he 19. was at home. One boy called Hakim informed him that the wife of the accused was floating in the Gadadhar river near Rajbari, Matia bag. He went to the place of occurrence and saw many persons there. He enquired about the matter from relativ es of the deceased when Matiur and Rahul told him that accused had caused death of the victim. He has further stated that he used to visit the house of the dece ased during their conjugal life. She told him that the bed used by her was not shared by accused Zakir. In the cross-examination, he has stated that he was middle man in the ma rriage. He has stated that it was a negotiated marriage. However, he did not kno w about spots on the skin of the deceased and ailments relating to skin. He has stated that he saw wearing apparels on the dead body. The articles were given at the time of marriage as given normally. 20. he did not hear anything about any quarrel between the accused and his wife. PW 5 is a co-villager of the accused. He has stated that as a neighbour In the cross-examination, he has stated that being the neighbour of the accused, he did not hear anything about demand for dowry. 21. and the deceased was solemnized socially. PW 6, neighbour of the accused, has stated that marriage of the accused In his cross-examination, he has stated that he did not hear anything ab out any quarrel between the accused and the deceased. 22. PW 7, Md. Sainal Haque is the cousin of the deceased. He has also stated that at the time of marriage, the deceased was given furniture, ornaments, cash amounting to Rs.50,000/-. After about the month of marriage, the accused again demanded Rs.50,000/-. On failure to pay the amount, quarrel took place. They per suaded the accused and the deceased was left to live conjugal life with the accu sed. After 5/6 days he heard that body of the deceased was found on the bank of the river Gadadhar. So he suspected that the accused and his family members had killed the deceased on conspiracy. In cross-examination, PW 7 has stated that he is a teacher of school. Th ough Kabinnama was executed in the marriage, he has not submitted the kabinnama. Articles given were not mentioned in kabinnama. No list was prepared. He did no t come with marriage party. He also did not visit the house of the accused after the marriage. He visited the house of the accused before marriage for fixing ma harana. The deceased and her husband, the accused used to visit their families n ormally. They came to his house also. They were duly received by them. The decea sed did not tell him about demand of money. He has further stated that at the ti me of recording his statement by police, he stated before police that the deceas ed had some spots on her body and she suffered from skin disease. He has denied that they arranged the marriage forcefully suppressing the fact of illness. 23. PW 8 is Matiur Rahman. He has stated that at the time of marriage of the deceased and the accused, cash and articles were given. However, accused demand ed Rs.50,000/- again and for non-fulfilling the demand, the accused tortured her . The accused threatened that things would go worse if the money was not paid. A fter about a month, he got the message from the people that the deceased was mis sing from the house of the accused. PW 8 is serving as constable. The villagers told him that the accused and Malek killed the deceased. He has further stated t hat he believed that Abdul Malek and the accused killed the deceased. During cross-examination, he has specifically stated that the deceased h ad no spot in her face. He has stated that kabinnama was executed but he did not put any signature thereon. In kabinnama, the list of goods given were not inclu ded. After marriage, the deceased and the accused used to visit their house. The y came several times. Though the deceased told him that her husband tortured her , he did not file any case on the allegation of torture, he also did not inform anybody about torture. He has denied that he stated before the police that decea sed had spot and skin disease and she was taken back by them. He has also denied that they provided treatment to the deceased. The suggestions put to him that a s the deceased did not live in the house of her husband, most of the time, they tortured her. PW 9 is the mother of the deceased. She has not stated about giving any 24. article or money at the time of marriage. She has only stated that social marria ge took place between the accused and the deceased and the accused thereafter de manded Rs.50,000/- as dowry. Accordingly, the demanded amount was paid. She has further stated that the deceased was left at her house for a week while PW 9 was ill. Thereafter, her uncle left her at the house of her husband. Just after one week, her daughter was missing from her house. The dead body of her daughter wa s found in the river. She has further stated that the deceased had no disease. In cross-examination, she has stated that though the house of the accuse d would be around 5/6 km away from her house, she never went to the house of the accused. She has further stated that the deceased, her daughter had some sorts of skin disease and she was suffering from some ailments for which they provided treatment to her. She has further denied the fact that her daughter was forcibl y given marriage to the accused although she had physical and mental diseased an d had no intention to get married, so the incident occurred. 25. PW 10 was declared hostile. In the cross-examination by defence, he has stated that he was not aware about demand of money and also did not hear from an y person about the same. 26. PW 11 has stated that the deceased was married socially with the accused . The marriage was solemnized by giving plenty of dowry. In the cross-examinatio n, he has stated that he went to the house of the deceased. Their condition was normal. In the marriage, normal gifts were provided. There was no conflict in th e marriage. 27. n the dead body of the deceased and found as follows; PW 12 is the doctor of GMCH, who performed the post mortem examination o (cid:28)Moderately fair complexion, average built, female dead body. Wearing:- One black sari, one blue peti coat, one red blouse and o n red bracier (all wetted). Body was cold on touch. Rigor mortis was present fully on lower limbs and partially passed off f rom upper limbs. Faint red fluidy discharge present per nostrils. Mouth closed, teeth clinched, tip of tongue touches the lingual surfaces of anterior teeth. Th e face was cyanosed. Eyes closed conjunctive congested. Externally no injuries found on the body. Neck: Ligature mark not found. No injury visible externally on the nec k. However, on dissection contusion present all along both sternomastoid muscles . Contusion also present in the muscles on both sides of the neck at the root in front. Contusions present in the muscles on an around the thyroid cartilage and the hyroid bone. Thyroid cartilage and hyroid are healthy. All injuries are sustained during life. Scalp: externally health. On dissection contusion present in lower part of mid o ccipital regions. Other parts healthy. Skull and vertabra healthy. Membraine and brain congested. Thorax and abdomen: On tharasic wall externally healthy. On dissection contusion s present in the muscle over and around over manubrium sternum. Ribs and sternum healthy. The plerrai and both lungs congested. Petechial Haemmorhages present. On lungs surfaces at place. Heart health y. Heart chambers full of dark red fluid blood. Liver, spleen and kidney found congested. Other organs of abdomen found healthy. Genital organs found healthy. Uterus empty and nulliparous. (cid:29) In his opinion, cause of death was due to asphyxia as a result of manual strangulation on the neck which was ante mortem and homicidal in nature. Ext 3 is the post mortem report wherein Ext 3(1) and Ext 3(2) are his signatures. In the cross-examination, PW 11 has stated that how the dead body of the deceased arrived at GMCH he cannot say. He also cannot say whether any other po st mortem was done on that day. He did not find any nail mark or finger/thumb im pression, bruised externally on the skin of the neck. He has further stated that though strangulation is usually homicidal, but very rarely a person can die by suicidal strangulation. Slow or rapid asphyxia cannot be determined. But in the instant case, the victim girl died 2-3 minutes. The suggestions put to him that he has conducted the post mortem on the influence has been denied. 28. PWs 13 and 14 are reported witnesses and hence their depositions are not relevant for deciding the case. 29. PW 15 has stated that on 6.6.2004, he was at Gauripur Police Station as in-charge and on that day, his predecessor being suspended, he was given the cas e diary to complete the investigation. Accordingly, he collected the post mortem report and submitted the charge sheet under Section 304 B IPC. Ext 4 is the cha rge sheet and Ext 4(1) is his signature. In the cross-examination, he has stated that he did not cross-examine an y witnesses and seized anything. 30. PW 16 is the Investigating Officer, who has stated that on 24.4.2006, on e Matiur Rahman informed over telephone that his niece Jasmina Begum @ Bhanti wh o was given marriage with the accused four months back was killed and her body w as lying at Majhipara ghat near Gadadhar river. On receipt of the said FIR, a GD entry was entered into and he went to the place of occurrence along with one Ex ecutive Magistrate. The Executive Magistrate conducted inquest on the dead body and the dead body was sent to Dhubri Civil Hospital for post mortem examination. Thereafter, he visited the place of occurrence, prepared sketch map, examined t he witnesses found in the place of occurrence and recorded their statements. Dur ing investigation, Md. Zakir Hussain, Malek Ustad and Momina Bibi were arrested in connection with the said case. Thereafter, on being transferred, he handed ov er the case diary to the Officer-in-Charge of the police station. Ext 1 is the F IR and Ext 1(2) is his signature. In the cross-examination, he has stated that in Ext 2, i.e. inquest repo rt, it has been stated that there were black spots found in the dead body of the deceased. Ornaments which were found on the dead body were not mentioned there. According to Ext 6, sketch map, Md. Safiur Rahman, Haidar Ali, Nabizur Hussain were neighbours. At the place of occurrence, he met the relatives of the deceas ed. The house of the parents of the deceased is 2-3 km away from the place of oc currence. He has further stated that the girl was not suffering from skin diseas e and respiratory problem. He did not see the findings of the doctor. He also di d not seize any article or made any seizure list. PW 16 has stated that Dulal Ud din stated before him that there was black spots in the body of the deceased and a lot of treatment was provided to her for curing the said disease. PW 2, Rasid ul Haque stated before him that her sister had black spots in her body and treat ment was provided to her. 31. Mr. Kataki, learned counsel appearing for the appellant submits that the prosecution has miserably failed to prove the charge leveled against the accuse d but the learned trial Court basing on the unreliable and uncorroborated eviden ce of the prosecution witnesses convicted the appellant upon misappreciating the evidence on record and misreading the provisions of law. Mr. Kataki has further submitted that the trial Court had committed grave error in law as well as in f act for recording the conviction of the appellant under Section 304 B IPC as no demand of dowry or ill treatment in regard to the demand of dowry has been estab lished soon before her death. In support of his submission, Mr. Kataki has relied upon a decision in T 32. irath Kumari vs. State of Haryana reported in (2005) 12 SCC 561 wherein in a sim ilar situation the Hon’ble Apex Court while allowing the appeal acquitted the ac cused appellants of all the charges. Relevant paragraphs 3, 4, 5 and 6 of Tirath Kumari (supra) are quoted hereunder: It is not disputed that the incident had taken place within seven years (cid:28)3. of marriage. Section 304-B IPC requires the following ingredients to be establis hed before the presumption can be drawn under Section 113-B of the Evidence Act: (a) the death of a woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs othe rwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage; (b) it must be shown that soon before her death she was subjected to cruelty or harass ment by her husband or any relative; (c) such cruelty or harassment must be in c onnection with the demand of dowry. If the aforesaid ingredients are established then the death shall be cal 4. led as dowry death. Once the aforesaid ingredients are established by the prosec ution the presumption under Section 113-B of the Evidence Act shall be drawn. 5. It is contended by Mr. Jaspal Singh, learned Senior counsel appearing fo r the appellants that in the present case both the trial Court and the High Cour t have committed an error in law as well as in fact for recording the conviction of the appellants under Section 304-B as no demand of dowry or ill-treatment in regard to the demand of dowry has been established soon before her death. We ha ve been taken through the evidence of PW 4 OM Prakash, PW 5 Sham Lal Datta, PW 7 Raj Rani and PW 10 Baldev Raj on which reliance has been placed by both the tri al Court and the High Court for recording the convictions of the appellants. Goi ng through the evidence threadbare, we do not find any evidence to show that soo n before her death she was subjected to cruelty by the husband or in-laws in con nection with a demand of dowry. 6. The aforesaid ingredients having not been established, the appellants ar e entitled to the benefit of doubt. The conviction and sentence recorded by the trial Court and affirmed by the High Court are set aside. They are acquitted of all the charges. Accused 4 Tirath Kumari is on bail, her bail bond and surety sh all stand discharged. Accused 1 Vimal Kumar is in custody, he shall be set at li berty forthwith if not required in connection with any other case. (cid:29) 33. Per contra, Mr. Dutta, learned Addl. PP, Assam in support of the impugne d judgment of conviction has submitted that prosecution has clearly established and proved that the deceased was subjected to harassment by the appellants durin g her life time demanding to bring money from her parental house. The impugned j udgment passed by the learned trial Court therefore may not be interfered with i n this appeal, submitted Mr. Dutta. 34. Thus keeping in mind the question formulated, as well as, relevant provi sions of law and upon hearing the submission of learned counsel appearing for th e parties, I have carefully examined the deposition of the witnesses. Since the issue is very delicate, the evidence of the witnesses need to be scrutinized wit h utmost care and circumspection. From the evidence on record, as narrated hereinabove, it reveals as foll 35. ows;- (i) only five (5) prosecution witnesses i.e. PWs 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9 who are al l relatives of the deceased have made a feeble attempt to bring the case under s ection 304-B IPC, i.e. dowry death. But their evidence regarding demand of dowry is not consistent and trustworthy. (ii) PWs 1, 2 and 7 have stated that they only suspect that the accused may k ill the deceased. But no one could specifically stated that it was the accused w ho had killed the deceased. Regarding the deceased suffering from skin disease, it has been stated b (iii) y PW 1 that she had no such disease. On the other hand, PW 2 has stated that, in the Inquest report it has been mentioned that black spots were found in the bod y of the deceased. PW 7 has specifically stated that the deceased was suffering from skin disease, while PW 8 has stated that the deceased did not have skin dis ease. Contrary to the statements made by PW 8, the mother of the deceased, PW 9 while deposing before the court, has in clear terms stated that (cid:28)her daughter ha d some sorts of skin disease and she was suffering from some ailments for which they (accused and his family members) provided treatment to her (cid:29). (iv) PWs 5 and 6 who are neighbours of the deceased, neither related or inter ested witnesses, have in unison stated that they have not heard any quarrel betw een the deceased and the accused. (v) he wearing apparels on the body of the deceased. (vi) On the other hand, PW 4, uncle of the deceased has stated that, his niec e, i.e. the deceased told him that the bed used by her was not shared by accused PW 2 and PW 4 have stated that they found all the ornaments as well as t Zakir. The doctor found no external injury on the body, neither any ligature ma PW 2, who is the uncle of the deceased has stated, all the articles give (vii) rk on the neck. (viii) n in the marriage have been returned to the parents of the deceased. The I/O sent the dead body to Dhubri Civil Hospital for post mortem exam (ix) ination, but the post mortem report of Dhubri Hospital is not available in the r ecord, instead a report from the Doctor of GMCH is available, which was exhibite d as Ext 3. Nothing has been found in the record, as to how or why the dead body was sent to GMCH instead of Dhubri Hospital or any autopsy was conducted on the dead body at Dhubri Civil Hospital also and/or who brought the dead body to GMC H under what authority and who actually requested the doctor of GMCH to conduct the autopsy. All these vital material facts relating to investigation are lackin g in the instant case, therefore, I am reluctant to accept the evidence of PW 12 to be trustworthy. 36. From above, it is also evident that there is no reliable evidence to ind icate that the deceased was subjected to cruelty or harassment by the husband, t he accused or any other relative soon before the death for or in connection with demand of dowry. Consequently the earlier mentioned circumstances which are ess ential ingredients to prove a dowry death have not been established. Therefore, presumption of dowry death could not have been drawn against the appellant u/s 1 13 B of the Evidence Act. Hence the evidence and circumstances as discussed above and absence of any relia ble evidence of cruelty and harassment for or in correction with demand of dowry leads to the inference that the essential ingredients of the offence as referre d to above could not be established, therefore, the appellant ought not to have been held guilty of the charge of dowry death. 37. For the above reasons and discussions, the judgment of the learned Sessi ons Judge, Dhubri, regarding conviction of the appellant Md. Zakir Hussain under section 304 B of the IPC cannot be upheld. The appellant is held not guilty and is acquitted of the charge under section 304 - B of the IPC.
Arguments
8. We have carefully perused the entire record of the case including the im pugned judgment and order. Also heard the learned counsel appearing for the part ies at length. 9. It is to be noted herein that in the present case in hand, there is no d irect evidence, not to speak of eye witness. The impugned judgment and order was passed on circumstantial evidence. The law governing the circumstantial evidenc e is fairly well established. 10. The Hon’ble Apex Court in a catena of decisions has consistently held th at when a case rests upon circumstantial evidence such evidence must satisfy the following tests: (1) , must be cogently and firmly established; the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn (2) the circumstances should be of definite tendency unerringly poin ting towards guilt of the accused. (3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively, should form a chain so co mplete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all human probabi lity the crime was committed by the accused and none else ; and (4) the circumstantial evidence in order to sustain conviction must be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of th e guilt of the accused and such evidence should not only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent with his innocence. In the case of Hanumant Govind Nargundkar vs. State of M.P. reported in 11. AIR 1952 SC 343, Hon’ble Apex Court observed as thus: (cid:28) 10 & &..It is well to remember that in cases where the evidence is of a circumst antial nature, the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be dra wn should in the first instance be fully established, and all the facts so estab lished should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused . Again, the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and the y should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be prove d. In other words, there must be a chain of evidence so far complete as not to l eave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be such as to show that within all human probability the ac t must have been done by the accused. (cid:29) 12. In the case of Sharad Birdhichand Sarda Vs State of Maharashtra reported in AIR 1984 SC 1622, while dealing with circumstantial evidence, it has been he ld that the onus was on the prosecution to prove that the chain is complete and the infirmity of lacuna in prosecution cannot be cured by false defence or plea. The conditions precedent in the words of this Court, before conviction could be based on circumstantial evidence, must be fully established. It is held at para 152 of Sharad Birdhichand (supra) as thus -
Decision
38. In the result, this appeal succeeds and is allowed accordingly. The appe llant is in jail. He shall be released forthwith, if not wanted in connection wi th any other offence. 39. Send down the lower court records.