MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & Anr.

MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER 1115 [2001] 2 SCR 684 referred to [2009] 6 SCR 1030 referred to [2001] 2 SCR 438 [2005] 1 SCR 484 referred to referred to [2005] 3 Suppl. SCR 287 referred to [2014] 12 SCR 453 referred to [2017] 11 SCR 195 referred to [2019] 14 SCR 529 referred to [2020] 2 SCR 1 [2019] 8 SCR 824 followed relied on Para 12 Para 12 Para 12 Para 13 Para 13 Para 13 Para 13 Para 13 Para 15 Para 19 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal Nos. 822-823 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 21.09.2022 and 07.10.2022 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in ABA No. 2594 of 2022. R. Basant, Sr. Adv., Subodh Kr. Pathak, Abhijeet Chatterjee, Shahsi Ranjan, Pawan Kumar Sharma, Gautam Barua, Akash Swami, Ravi P. Wadhwani, Advs. for the Appellant. Sanjay K Hedge, Sr. Adv., Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, Akhilesh Singh, Ms. Neetu Singh, Arun Adhlakha, Nitin Lonkar, Siddharth Dharmadhikari, Aaditya Aniruddha Pande, Bharat Bagla, Amit Singh, Lokesh Dutt Sharma, Advs. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by HIMA KOHLI, J.

Leave granted.

The appellant/prosecutrix, who claims to have been exposed to the horrors of the notorious casting couch syndrome, at the hands of the respondent No.2/accused herein, is aggrieved by the orders dated 21st September, 20221 and 07th October, 20222, passed by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in exercise of its Criminal Appellate jurisdiction 1 First Impugned Order: 2 Second Impugned Order A B C D E F G H 1116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A B C D E F G H allowing the anticipatory bail application3 filed by the respondent No. 2/accused in connection with FIR4 filed by her with the MIDC Police Station, Mumbai. Initially, the FIR was registered under Sections 354, 354-B and 506 of the Indian Penal Code5. Subsequently, on the supplementary statement of the appellant/prosecutrix being recorded, offence under Section 376 was added to the subject FIR. By the first impugned order, the High Court granted pre-arrest bail to the respondent No. 2/accused as an interim measure subject to certain conditions and on 7th October 2022, confirmed the said order. FACTS OF THE CASE

The facts of the case as are relevant for deciding the present appeals are briefly stated:-

3.1 The appellant/prosecutrix is a Model by profession. She filed a complaint with P.S. MIDC, Mumbai against the respondent No. 2/accused in the late hours of 5th August, 2022, when she dialled ‘100’ to call the police alleging that the respondent No.2/accused, a businessman, who lured her under the garb of offering her some modelling assignments and then forced himself upon her and raped her in a hotel room where she was staying.

3.2 The relevant portion of the appellant’s statement recorded in the early hours of 06th August, 2022 at the MIDC Police Station, Mumbai is extracted hereinbelow :- “……Thereafter we discussed about our work, thereafter Jignesh told me that he wants to talk with me some personal therefore he told me to go in room. Then as Jignesh is going to give me job therefore at about 11.15 pm in the night I took him in the hotel room. Then I asked him water but he refused. Then he told me that, “xxx tu jo field me kaam kart i hai, wo field me to tumhe pata hai kya kya karna padta hai” (xxx you know that, what things needs to do in the field you are working), at that time I told him to speak clearly. Then he told me that, “xxx kuchh pane ke liye kuchh khona padata hai” (xxx one has to sacrifice something to get something). At that time I told him, that I have cleared you about the same on very first day. At that time he told 3 Anticipatory Bail Application No. 2594 of 2022 4 CR FIR No. 915 of 2022 registered on 06th August, 2022 5 For short ‘the IPC’ MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER [HIMA KOHLI, J.] 1117 me that, you have to compromise with me, I have good contacts. At that time I clearly refused him. Thereafter he got up from bed and pushed me on bed and he touched my breast and backside. Then I started shouting and then he held my neck and threatened to kill me and then he opened his shirt buttons and he tried to open my clothes. In between my maxi was torn near the neck and breast and then he took out his private part with his hand and he started doing intimacy with me and then I pushed him forcibly and went out from the room and then I got down to the reception from staircase and called the police on 100 number’’

3.3 Thereafter, in the evening of 06th August, 2022 itself, a supplementary statement of the appellant/prosecutrix was recorded, relevant portion whereof is as under :- “……Then he got up from the bed and pushed me on the bed by pushing me hard. This time he touched my chest and my rear and lifted my dress which I was wearing. As I screamed and begged him not to do this to me, he grabbed me by the throat and threatened to kill me. At that time my whole body was shivering, I was completely scared, I had no idea. He then unbuttoned his shirt, removed his pants and tried to remove my clothes. There was a tussle between us and my maxi was torn near my neck and near my chest. During the tussle, he pulled my knicker down and pulled out his private part with his hand and tried to insert in my private part. Then I pushed him hard and I opened the door and ran outside, then he told, “if you say something about this by going outside then I will kill you and your family.” He was giving such threat then also I came out from the room……”

3.4 It is the case of the appellant/prosecutrix that to favour the respondent No. 2/accused, the police had intentionally removed a vital portion of her statement while recording the FIR and had only mentioned the offences under Sections 354, 354-B and 506 IPC; that the police deliberately did not take the appellant/prosecutrix for a medical examination even on her alleging commission of rape by the respondent No.2/accused; that though the police came to the Hotel on a call being made by the appellant/prosecutrix at around 11:00 p.m. on 5th August, 2022 and had taken her and the respondent No. 2/accused to the Police Station, she was made to wait from 11:30 p.m. till 05:00 a.m. on 6th August, 2022 and during that period, she was being constantly pressurized A B C D E F G H 1118 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A B C D E F G H to settle the matter with the respondent No. 2/accused; that when the appellant/prosecutrix did not agree for any settlement, the police was compelled to register the FIR but even then, they had watered down the offences to favour the respondent No. 2/accused. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS :

On 6th August, 2022 itself, at noon time, the police produced the respondent No. 2/accused before the Court of the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate6, XXII Court, Andheri, Mumbai and sought his judicial custody which was allowed by the learned ACMM upto 20th August, 2022. Contemporaneously, the respondent No.2/accused filed an application for bail7 in the Court of the learned ACMM which was opposed by the Additional Public Prosecutor appearing for the State on the ground that the offence is non- bailable; the statement of the prosecutrix was yet to be recorded under S. 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure8, the investigation was still in progress; and if released, the respondent No.2/accused may tamper with the evidence. However, the said application was allowed by the learned ACMM vide order dated 06th August, 2022.

Aggrieved by the casual approach allegedly adopted by the investigating team, the appellant/prosecutrix approached the Deputy Commissioner of Police of the area, which as per her, activated the police and on 7th August, 2022, they called her for recording her further statement. Based on the said statement, the offence under Section 376 IPC was added in the FIR . Thus, the FIR was registered under Sections 376, 354, 354-B, 506 and 506(2), IPC. On the same day, the investigating officer addressed a letter to the appellant/prosecutrix requesting her to present herself for her medical examination on 8th August, 2022. Accompanied by a lady Police Officer the appellant/prosecutrix was taken to the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai Hospital on 08th August, 2022 where the doctor conducted her medical examination and recorded the following :-

As per history given by the survivor 25 yrs. Female were at hotel Silver INN at Marol Andheri West. Survivor met Jignesh Mehta 48 yrs. Male around time 11.15 pm. 5.8.2022. 6 For short ‘ACMM’ 7 Bail Application No.2279/BA/2022 8 For short ‘CrPC’. MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER [HIMA KOHLI, J.] 1119 Jignesh touched survivor on her private parts, breast, abdomen he held survivor’s neck and threatened that he will kill her removed own clothes and survivor’s clothes forcefully and inserted his genitalia penis in the vulvo once. After that survivor pushed Jignesh and ran away from room. A There was history of sexual assault physical assault verbal assault….

B

5.1. Dissatisfied with the manner in which the Investigating Officer was conducting the investigation, the appellant/prosecutrix states that she submitted an application dated 10.08.2022 to the Additional Commissioner of Police, West Region imploring him to ensure that the investigation is carried out properly and the respondent No. 2/accused is arrested.

5.2. On 10th August, 2022, the police moved an application before the learned ACMM for cancellation of the bail granted to the respondent No. 2/accused having regard to the fact that the provision of Section 376 IPC has been added to the subject FIR vide application dated 8th August, 2022. The said application was allowed and vide order dated 23rd August, 2022, the learned ACMM cancelled the bail granted to the respondent/accused on 6th April, 2022.

5.3. On 06th September, 2022, the Supplementary Statement of the appellant/prosecutrix was recorded by the police wherein she stated as follows :-

…..I straightaway refused to oblige him but he got up from the bed and forcefully pushed me onto the bed. He touched my chest and posterior inappropriately and pulled up posterior the gown worn by me. I screamed and requested him to not to do such things with me but he held me by my neck and threatened to kill me. At that time out of grave fear I was completely petrified and was unable to think anything. Thereafter he removed his shirt buttons, removed his pants and tried to disrobe me. In the ensuing scuffle my gown tore near my neck and breasts. During the struggle he pulled down my nickers, pulled out his member and penetrated it inside my private part…….

5.4. On 17th September, 2022, the respondent No.2/accused filed an application9 under Section 438 Cr.P.C. seeking anticipatory bail in 9 Anticipatory Bail Application No. 1367 of 2022 C D E F G H 1120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A B C D E F G H respect of the subject FIR before the court of the Learned Additional Sessions Judge, Borivali Division, Dindoshi (Borivali Division), Goregoan, Mumbai. After noting the submissions made by the respondent No.2/ accused, counsel for the State and counsel for the appellant/prosecutrix who had moved an intervention application in the matter, the learned Additional Sessions Judge rejected the anticipatory bail application of the respondent No. 2/accused with the following observations :- “12 It is pertinent to note that in the application filed under section 438 of Cr.P.C. the applicant has averred several facts which appear to be aptly unusual and strange. Though the applicant has contended that he is the victim of honey-trap which was arranged by the victim with her friends, in Para. No. 8 of the application the applicant has contended that he is lifetime member of the Club Emerald, where he used to go for recreation and fitness. In Para. No. 14 of the application whatever is stated prima-facie does not appear to be acceptable in ordinary human behavioral pattern. Despite the applicant is claiming himself to be reputed businessman who used to visit the Club as lifetime member, he has stated in Para. No. 14 that in the said room of the hotel he was invited by the prosecutrix and she started kissing him on his neck and cheek and even rubbing her hand on the body of the applicant and when the applicant stopped her, prosecutrix became more aggressive and suddenly demanded Rs. 15,00,000/- from the applicant.

Considering the grounds set up in the application, it is apparent that the applicant has not disputed that at the time of the incident, he was with the victim in the room of the said hotel. Even if the contents in the supplementary statement are overlooked, averments in the FIR prima-facie made out the case under section 376 of IPC. I am, therefore of the view that, in view of the gravity of the offence and nature of punishment in the light of aforesaid allegations, no prima-facie case is made out by the applicant for granting bail under section 438 of Cr.P.C…..” IMPUGNED ORDERS:

The respondent No. 2/accused then approached the High Court seeking anticipatory bail 10. By the first impugned order dated 10 Anticipatory Bail Application No. 2594 of 2022 MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER [HIMA KOHLI, J.] 1121 21st September, 2022, interim protection was granted to the respondent No. 2/accused with the following order :- A “1. Heard Iearned counsel for the applicant and learned A.P.P. for the State.

2. On 06/08/2022, C.R.No.915 of 2022 came to be registered with MIDC Police Station, on the complaint filed by the prosecutrix, who is a model by profession and she reported to the police station that her modesty was outraged by the applicant. This resulted in invocation of Sections 354, 354-B, 506 IPC. On the very same day, i.e. on 06/10/2022, the prosecutrix got her supplementary statement recorded and this time, she elaborated the incident by taking it further and stated that after inappropriately touching her, she was pushed on the bed and an attempt was made to commit forcible sexual intercourse. In the scuffle that took place, she alleged that her apparel, which she was wearing was torn and she pushed him out of the door, but while leaving the room, he threatened her that she should not disclose the incident to any one. She came to reception and made a phone call. After one month i.e. on 06/09/2022, there is further improvement in the version of the prosecutrix, where she states that there was penetrative sexual assault and the other narration that she pushed him and rang the reception remain same.

3. The applicant was released on bail on an earlier occasion, when the subject C.R. invoked Sections 354, 354-B and 506 of I.P.C., but on the supplementary statement being recorded, Section 376 has been added to the subject C.R. and the applicant is apprehending his arrest, since the earlier order operating in his favour, has been cancelled. Looking to the star variations in the narration of the prosecutrix, without judging it’s truthfulness, at this stage, these variations itself persuade me to protect the applicant by way of an interim order. Subject to his co- operation in the investigation and the material that would come up before the Investigating Officer, further course of action as to whether his custodial interrogation is necessary, would be ascertained. Hence, the following order: B C D E F G H 1122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A B C D E F G H :ORDER: (a) In the event of arrest in connection with C.R.No.915 of 2022 registered with MIDC Police Station, applicant-Jignesh Jashwantrai Mehta shall be released on bail on furnishing P.R. Bond to the extent of Rs.25,000/- with one or two sureties in the like amount. (b) The applicant shall report to the concerned police station from 27th to 30th September, 2022 between 2.00 p.m. to, 5.00 p.m. (c) The applicant shall not directly or indirectly make any inducement, threat or promise to any person acquainted with the facts of the case so as to dissuade him from disclosing the facts to Court or any Police Officer and shall not tamper with evidence. List the application on 07/10/2022.”

6.1. On coming to know of the passing of the aforesaid order, the appellant/prosecutrix filed an application for intervention11 before the High Court. By the second impugned order dated 7th October 2022, the Bail application moved by the respondent No.2/accused was allowed with the following order :- “2. Considering the improvement in the version of the prosecutrix and that too coming after a period of more than one month, the applicant was protected by interim order he was directed to report to the Investigating Officer. Accordingly, he has reported to the Investigating Officer, his medical is conducted and the mobile phone is seized.

3. In the wake of the above, since the applicant has rendered his co- operation in the investigation, order dated 21/09/2022 is made absolute.”

Aggrieved by the aforesaid two orders, the appellant/prosecutrix has preferred the present appeals wherein notice was issued on 18th November, 2022. Appearance was entered on behalf of the respondent No. 1 – State and the respondent No. 2/accused before the next date of hearing and time was granted to file counter affidavits. Counter affidavits have been filed by the counsel for the respondent No. 1/State and the respondent No. 2/accused. 11 Intervention Application No.17150 of 2022 in Anticipatory Bail Application No.2594 of 2022 dated 06.10.2022 MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER [HIMA KOHLI, J.] 1123 ARGUMENTS ADVANCED BY THE LEARNED COUNSEL FOR THE PARTIES: A A. COUNSEL FOR THE APPELLANT/PROSECUTRIX

Mr. R. Basant, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant/ prosecutrix has urged that while granting anticipatory bail, the High Court has failed to take notice of the nature and gravity of the allegations levelled against the respondent No.2/accused; that while making the observation in the first impugned order that “star variations in the narration of the prosecutrix, …….itself persuade me to protect the applicant by way of an interim order”, the High Court failed to appreciate that the allegations recorded in the FIR itself were sufficient to demonstrate commission of offence under Section 376 IPC; that the High Court ignored the observations made by the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Borivalli in the order dated 17th September, 2022, while rejecting the anticipatory bail application of the respondent No.2/accused to the effect that even if the contents in the supplementary statements are overlooked, the averments made in the FIR prima facie make out a case under Section 376 IPC; that despite an intervention application12 filed by the appellant/prosecutrix in the application for anticipatory bail13 filed by the respondent No. 2/accused before the High Court, she was not granted a hearing; that the order granting anticipatory bail to the respondent no. 2/accused falls foul of the settled legal principles required to be followed by the Court while considering an application for bail, as has been spelt out by this Court in several judicial verdicts including Prasanta Kumar Sarkar v. Ashis Chatterjee And Another14; that the High Court ignored the fact that the respondent No. 2/accused is a wealthy and influential businessman who used his influence to delay registration of the FIR and having been granted anticipatory bail, is bound to influence the witnesses to the detriment of the appellant/prosecutrix. B. COUNSEL FOR THE RESPONDENT NO. 2/ACCUSED

On the other hand, Mr. Sanjay R Hegde, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent no. 2/accused has defended the impugned orders and submitted that after the first impugned order was passed granting interim protection to the respondent No.2/accused, he 12 Intervention Application No. 17150 of 2022 in Anticipatory Bail Application No. 2594 of 2022 13 ABA NO. 2594 of 2022 14 (2010) 14 SCC 496 B C D E F G H 1124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A B C D E F G H was called for investigation on several dates and had duly cooperated and reported to the Police Station, as and when called; that he had been attending the hearings before the learned ACMM, Andheri and the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Borivalli on all occasions; that there is no eye witness to the alleged incident; that the circumstantial evidence and the medical report does not support the allegations levelled by the appellant/ prosecutrix against the respondent No.2/accused; that there is no justification to interfere with the order granting anticipatory bail to the accused, more so, when no supervening circumstances for cancellation of bail have been pointed out by the appellant/prosecutrix or the counsel for the State. C. COUNSEL FOR THE STATE – RESPONDENT NO. 1

Mr. Nitin Lonkar, learned counsel for the State has informed the Court that a charge-sheet15 in the instant case was filed before the Sessions Court on 21st October, 2022 and 25 witnesses have been cited by the prosecution out of which 12 are independent witnesses. The case is now listed for arguments on charge on 27th July, 2023. ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND CASE LAWS:

We have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the records. As can be gathered from a perusal of the impugned order, the primary ground that had persuaded the High Court to grant interim protection to the respondent No. 2/accused is that the appellant/ prosecutrix tried to improve her version of the incident from what was first recorded in the FIR in the early hours of 06th August, 2022, by levelling additional allegations in her first Supplementary Statement recorded in the evening on the very same date and in the second Supplementary Statement recorded after one month, on 06th September, 2022. In the words of the High Court, there were “star variations in the narration of the prosecutrix….”. The aforesaid observation has been reiterated in the second impugned order and noting the fact that the respondent No.2/accused had reported to the investigating officer, his medical examination had been conducted and the mobile phone had been seized, the interim order passed earlier, was made absolute16.

11.1. We propose to take a quick look at the considerations that ought to govern grant of anticipatory bail. There are a line of decisions 15 As sworn in Para 8 of counter affidavit filed by the Investigating Officer 16 Vide second impugned order dated 21st September, 2022 MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER [HIMA KOHLI, J.] 1125 of this court that have underscored the fact that while deciding an application for bail, the court ought to refrain from undertaking a detailed analysis of the evidence, the focus being on the prima facie issues including consideration of some reasonable grounds that would go to show if the accused has committed the offence or those facts that would reflect on the seriousness of the offence. The self- imposed restraint on delving deep into the analysis of the evidence at that stage is for valid reasons, namely, to prevent any prejudice to the case set up by the prosecution or the defence likely to be taken by the accused and to keep all aspects of the matter open till the trial is concluded.

In Prasanta Kumar Sarkar’s case (supra), a Division Bench of this Court had highlighted the factors that ought to be borne in mind while considering the anticipatory bail application and had stated that :- “9. We are of the opinion that the impugned order is clearly unsustainable. It is trite that this Court does not, normally, interfere with an order passed by the High Court granting or rejecting bail to the accused. However, it is equally incumbent upon the High Court to exercise its discretion judiciously, cautiously and strictly in compliance with the basic principles laid down in a plethora of decisions of this Court on the point. It is well settled that, among other circumstances, the factors to be borne in mind while considering an application for bail are: (i) whether there is any prima facie or reasonable ground to believe that the accused had committed the offence; (ii) nature and gravity of the accusation; (iii) severity of the punishment in the event of conviction; (iv) danger of the accused absconding or fleeing, if released on bail; (v) character, behaviour, means, position and standing of the accused; (vi) likelihood of the offence being repeated; (vii) reasonable apprehension of the witnesses being influenced; (viii) danger, of course, of justice being thwarted by grant of bail. A B C D E F G H 1126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A B C D E F G H [See State of U.P. through CBI v. Amarmani Tripathi17, Prahlad Singh Bhati v. NCT, Delhi and Another18 and Ram Govind Upadhyay v. Sudarshan Singh and Others19] “

13. In Masroor v. State of Uttar Pradesh And Another20, speaking for the Division Bench, Justice D.K. Jain observed that courts ought to refrain from mechanically granting bail and absence of relevant considerations will make such an order susceptible to interference. Para 13 of the said order is relevant and is reproduced herein below :-

13. ……Though at the stage of granting bail an elaborate examination of evidence and detailed reasons touching the merit of the case, which may prejudice the accused, should be avoided, but there is a need to indicate in such order reasons for prima facie concluding why bail was being granted particularly where the accused is charged of having committed a serious offence. (See also State of Maharashtra v. Ritesh21, Panchanan Mishra v. Digambar Mishra And Others22, Vijay Kumar v. Narendra and Others23 and Anwari Begum v. Sher Mohammad And Another24)

[Also refer : Neeru Yadav v. State of Uttar Pradesh And Another25; Anil Kumar Yadav v. State (NCT Of Delhi) And Another26 and Mahipal v Rajesh Kumar Alias Polia And Another27]

Stressing on the necessity to look into the earlier orders where the bail applications of the accused have been rejected, this Court in Kalyan Chandra Sarkar v. Rajesh Ranjan alias Pappu Yadav And Another28 held thus :- 17 (2005) 8 SCC 21 18 (2001) 4 SCC 280 19 (2002) 3 SCC 598 20 (2009) 14 SCC 286 21 (2001) 4 SCC 224 22 (2005) 3 SCC 143 23 (2002) 9 SCC 364 24 (2005) 7 SCC 326 25 (2014) 16 SCC 508 26 (2018) 12 SCC 129 27 (2020) 2 SCC 118 28 (2004) 7 SCC 528 MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER [HIMA KOHLI, J.] 1127

12. In regard to cases where earlier bail applications have been rejected there is a further onus on the court to consider the subsequent application for grant of bail by noticing the grounds on which earlier bail applications have been rejected and after such consideration if the court is of the opinion that bail has to be granted then the said court will have to give specific reasons why in spite of such earlier rejection the subsequent application for bail should be granted.

In Sushila Aggarwal and Others v. State (NCT of Delhi) And Another29, a Constitution Bench comprising of five Judges was confronted with conflicting views of different Benches of varying strength on the following two questions framed for consideration :- A B C

(i) Whether the protection granted to a person under Section 438 CrPC should be limited to a fixed period so as to enable the person to surrender before the trial court and seek regular bail. (ii) Whether the life of an anticipatory bail should end at the time and stage when the accused is summoned by the court.

D After an extensive discussion, the Constitution Bench distilled the Law and answered the above reference in para 91 in the following words:- “91.1. Regarding Question 1, this Court holds that the protection granted to a person under Section 438 CrPC should not invariably be limited to a fixed period; it should enure in favour of the accused without any restriction on time. Normal conditions under Section 437(3) read with Section 438(2) should be imposed; if there are specific facts or features in regard to any offence, it is open for the court to impose any appropriate condition (including fixed nature of relief, or its being tied to an event), etc.

91.2. As regards the second question referred to this Court, it is held that the life or duration of an anticipatory bail order does not end normally at the time and stage when the accused is summoned by the court, or when charges are framed, but can continue till the end of the trial. Again, if there are any special or peculiar features necessitating the court to limit the tenure of anticipatory bail, it is open for it to do so.” 29 (2020) 5 SCC 1 E F G H 1128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A B C D E F G

In the light of the answers given to the Reference, the Constitution Bench went on to clarify the factors that would be required to be kept in mind while dealing with applications moved under Section 438 CrPC and observed that :- “92.3. Nothing in Section 438 CrPC, compels or obliges courts to impose conditions limiting relief in terms of time, or upon filing of FIR, or recording of statement of any witness, by the police, during investigation or inquiry, etc. While considering an application (for grant of anticipatory bail) the court has to consider the nature of the offence, the role of the person, the likelihood of his influencing the course of investigation, or tampering with evidence (including intimidating witnesses), likelihood of fleeing justice (such as leaving the country), etc……

92.4. Courts ought to be generally guided by considerations such as the nature and gravity of the offences, the role attributed to the applicant, and the facts of the case, while considering whether to grant anticipatory bail, or refuse it. Whether to grant or not is a matter of discretion; equally whether and if so, what kind of special conditions are to be imposed (or not imposed) are dependent on facts of the case, and subject to the discretion of the court. xxxx xxxx xxxx

92.6. An order of anticipatory bail should not be “blanket” in the sense that it should not enable the accused to commit further offences and claim relief of indefinite protection from arrest. It should be confined to the offence or incident, for which apprehension of arrest is sought, in relation to a specific incident. It cannot operate in respect of a future incident that involves commission of an offence.” [emphasis added]

In Myakala Dharmarajam and Others v. State of Telangana and Another30, holding that the Appellate Court or a superior Court can set aside an order granting bail if the concerned Court that granted bail, failed to consider the relevant factors, this Court observed that:- H 30 (2020) 2 SCC 743 MS. X v. THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANOTHER [HIMA KOHLI, J.] 1129

9. It is trite law that cancellation of bail can be done in cases where the order granting bail suffers from serious infirmities resulting in miscarriage of justice. If the court granting bail ignores relevant material indicating prima facie involvement of the accused or takes into account irrelevant material, which has no relevance to the question of grant of bail to the accused, the High Court or the Sessions Court would be justified in cancelling the bail.

The aforesaid view has been reiterated in Supreme Bhiwandi Wada Manor Infrastructure Private Limited v. State of Maharashtra And Another31

In Pradeep Ram v. State of Jharkhand And Another32 called upon to deal with a situation where an accused had been bailed out in a criminal case in which new offences were added subsequently and a question arose as to whether it would be necessary to cancel the bail granted earlier for taking the accused in custody, a Division Bench of this Court took pains to examine the view taken by several High Courts including the High Courts of Rajasthan, Madras, Allahabad and Jammu and Kashmir as also the observations made by this Court in previous decisions on this aspect and held thus :- “31. In view of the foregoing discussions, we arrive at the following conclusions in respect of a circumstance where after grant of bail to an accused, further cognizable and non-bailable offences are added:

31.1. The accused can surrender and apply for bail for newly added cognizable and non-bailable offences. In event of refusal of bail, the accused can certainly be arrested.

31.2. The investigating agency can seek order from the court under Section 437(5) or 439(2) CrPC for arrest of the accused and his custody.

31.3 [Ed. : Para 31.3 corrected vide Official Letter dated 31-7- 2020.] . The court, in exercise of power under Section 437(5) or 439(2) CrPC, can direct for taking into custody the accused who has already been granted bail after cancellation of his bail. The court in exercise of power under Section 437(5) as well as Section