KUSUMA ANKAMA RAO v. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan AIR (1977) SC 1063; Eradu and Ors. v. State of Hyderabad AIR (1956) SC 316; Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka AIR (1983) SC 446; State of UP v. Sukhbasi and Ors. AIR (1985) SC 1224; Ba/winder Singh v. State of Punjab AIR (1987) SC 350; Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of MP AIR (1989) SC 1890; Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab AIR (1954) SC 621; C. Chenga Reddy and Ors. v. State of A. P (1996) 10 SCC 193 ; Padala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P and Ors. AIR (1990) SC 79; State of UP v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1992) Crl.LJ 1104 - relied on. t ...., State of Haryana v. Ved Prakash AIR (1994) SC 468; Kai/ash Potlia v. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR (1996) SC 66 - ..referred to. G

2.1. Confessions may be divided into two classes i.e. judicial and extra-judicial. Judicial confessions are those which are made before a Magistrate or a court in the course of judicial proceedings. Extra-judicial confessions H are those which are made by the party elsewhere than ·I. '( -.I ,,, .. "' KUSUMA ANKAMA RAO v. STATE OF AN DH RA PRADESH 91 before a Magistrate or court. Extra-judicial confessions A are generally those that are made by a party to or before a private individual which includes even a judicial officer in his private capacity. It also includes a Magistrate who is not especially empowered to record confessions un- der s.164 Cr.P.C. or a Magistrate so empowered but re- B ceiving the confession at a stage when s.164 does not apply. As the section enacts, a confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in criminal proceedings, if the making of the confession appears to the court to have been caused by any inducement, threat or promise, (1) c having reference to the charge against the accused per- son, (2) proceeding from a person in authority, and (3) sufficient, in the opinion of the court to give the accused person grounds which would appear to him reasonable for supposing that by making it he would gain any advan- tage or avoid any evil of a temporal nature in reference to the proceedings against him. It follows that a confession would be voluntary if it is made by the accused in a fit state of mind, and if it is not caused by any inducement, threat or promise which has reference to the charge against him, proceeding from a person in authority. Whether or not the confession was voluntary would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case, judged in the light of s.24. [Para 17] [101-A,8,C,D,E,F,G & H] D E

2.2. If the facts and circumstances surrounding the F making of a confession appear to cast a doubt on the veracity or voluntariness of the confession, the court may . refuse to act upon the confession, even if it is admissible in evidence. The question whether a confession is vol- untary or not is always a question of fact. All the factors and all the circumstances of the case, including the im- portant factors of the time given for reflection, scope of the accused getting a feeling of threat, inducement or promise, must be considered before deciding whether the court is satisfied that in its opinion the impression caused G H 92 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S.C.R C A by the inducement, threat or promise, if any, has been fully removed. A free and voluntary confession is deserving of the highest credit, because it is presumed to flow from the highest sense of guilt. It is not to be conceived that a man would be induced to make a free and voluntary confes- s sion of guilt, so contrary to the feelings and principles of human nature, if the facts confessed were not true. Delib erate and voluntary confessions of guilt, if clearly proved, are among the most effectual proofs in law. Every induce ment, threat or promise does not vitiate a confession. Since the object of the rule is to exclude only those confessions Which are testimonially untrustworthy, the inducement, threat or promise must be such as is calculated to lead to an untrue confession. On the aforesaid analysis the court is to determine the absence or presence of an inducement, promise etc. or its sufficiency and how or in what measure it worked on the mind of the accused. If the inducement, promise or threat is sufficient in the opinion of the court, to give the accused person grounds which would appear to him reasonable for supposing that by making it he would gain any advantage or avoid any evil, it is enough to ex- E elude the confession. The words "appear to him" in the last part of the section refer to the mentality of the accused. [Para 17] [102-A,B,C,D,E; 103-A,B,C & D] 0 Woodroffe's Evidence, 9th Edn., p. 284 - referred to. t .. G F

2.3. An extra-judicial confession, if voluntary and true and made in a fit state of mind, can be relied upon by the court. The confession will have to be proved like any other fact. The value of the evidence as to confession, like any other evidence, depends upon the veracity of the witness to whom it has been made. It is not open to any court to start with a presumption that extra-judicial confession is a weak type of evidence. It would depend on the nature of the circumstances, the time when the confession was made and the credibility of the witnesses who speak to H such a confession. Such a confession can be relied upon 'f -.I( -"! ,,, ... I (' KUSUMA ANKAMA RAO v. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 93 and· conviction can be founded thereon if the evidence about the confession comes from the mouth of witnesses who appear to be unbiased, not even remotely inimical to the accused, and in respect of whom nothing is brought out which may tend to indicate that he may have a motive of attributing an untruthful statement to the accused, the words spoken to by the witness are clear, unambiguous and unmistakably convey that the accused is the perpe- trator of the crime and nothing is omitted by the witness which may militate against rt. After subjecting the evidence of the witness to a rigorous test on the touchstone of cred- ibility, the extra-judicial confession can be accepted and can· be the basis of a conviction if it passes the test of credibility. [Para 18J [103-D,E,F,G,H; 104-A & BJ State of Rajasthan v. Raja Ram (2003) 8 SCC 180 - re- lied on.

#3. If the factual scenario is considered it is seen that the prosecution clearly established the guilt of the ac- cused. There is no infirmity in the judgment of the trial Court as affirmed by the High Court. [Para 19J [104-8 & CJ CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 185 of 2005 A B c D E From the final Judgment and Order dated 2.9.2004 of the High _Court of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in Criminal Ap- peal No. 867 of 2002 F Sudhir Kulshreshtha for the Appellant. Debojit Borkakati and D. Bharathi Reddy for the Respon dent. Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court upholding the appellant's conviction for offence punish able under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the 'IPC') for commitilng murder of one Gottapu Adilakshmi H G 94 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S.C.R. A . (hereinafter referred to as ·the 'deceased') by strangulating her with a towel on 22.2.2001. Learned VI Additional Sessions Judge (Fast Track Court), Machilipatnam had found the accused guilty and convicted and sentenced him to imprisonment for life and fine. B

#2. Prosecution case as unfolded during trial is as follows: 0 Kusuma Ankama Rao (hereinafter referred to as 'ac cused') was a resident of Pedaveedhi of Gudivada Town. He was a fruit vendor. Sankara Rao (PW-1) and Rama Swamy (PW- C. 2) are the son and husband of the deceased respectively. The deceased stayed with her family in the house of M. Simhachalam (PW-3) in Padamata Veedhi at Gudivada. Accused was hav ing illegal intimacy with the deceased. On 22.2.2001 at about 6.30 p.m., the accused met PW-1 (son of the deceased) and asked him to get a quarter bottle of liquor and a beedi packet and paid Rs.50/- for the purpose. Accordingly, PW-1 brought the said items. Thereafter, the accused asked the whereabouts of the deceased. PW-1 took the accused to Gopalakrishna (A.C.) theatre, where the deceased was working as a labourer on thatday. On their way to the theatre, they found the deceased E and some others coming in the opposite direction. At that point of time, the accused falkedwith the deceased; and the accused, deceased and PW-1 went to the by-pass road leading to Eluru and thereafter they further went to the black gram field of one N. Narasimha Rao. At that point of time the accused asked _PW-1 F not to follow them and to stop there. Accordingly, PW-1 waited there for half an hour or so and as the deceased and accused did not return, he returned to the hotel where he was working. Thereafter, he went to the house late in the night. In the morning when he found that her mother had not returned home, he stated the above facts to his father. In the meanwhile, they heard the people saying· that· there was a dead body in the field of N. Narsimha Rao. Then PWs 1 and 2 went there and saw the dead body of the deceased and PW-2 asked PW-1 to give com plaint to the police. Accordingly, PW:-1 went to Town Police, H Gudivada and gave Ex.P-1 report. On the basis of the said re- G ., -It ' ' ~ ~ KUSUMA ANKAMA RAO v. STATE OF AN DH RA PRADESH [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 95 port, FIR was registered by PW-11. The investigating officer A (PW-12) on receipt of the FIR went to the place of offence and conducted Panchanama of scene of offence and thereafter held inquest over the dead body of the deceased. He also exam- ined the witnesses and seized the towel and other material ob- jects. In the meanwhile, the accused made an extra judicial con- B fession before PW-6, the village Administrative Officer to the effect that he had committed murder of the deceased by stran- gulation. Immediately, thereafter PW-6 recorded the statement of the accused duly attested the same by PW-8, the village ser- vant. He took the accused to the Police Station along with the c report. The C.I. of police examined Village Administrative Of- ficer. After completion of investigation, charge sheet was filed before the learned Additional Judicial First Class Magistrate, Gudivada, who registered the same as P.R.C. No.30 of 2001. Since the offence punishable under Section 302 IPC is exclu- sively triable by the Court of Sessions, he committed the same to the Court of Session, Machilipatnam, who registered the case as S.C.No.211 of 2001. Thereafter, the case was made over to the learned VI Additional District and Sessions Judge, Machilipatnam for trial and disposal in· accordance with law. D E In order to establish its version, prosecution examined 12 witnesses and marked as Exh. P-1 to P-14 documents and M.Os. 1 to 19 were also marked. The trial Court after consider- ing the evidence on record found the accused guilty and sen- tenced him as afore-stated. The conviction· was challenged F before the High Court. The stand before the High Court was that the prosecution case was based on circumstantial evidence and the circumstances highlighted do not establish the guilt of the accused. The State on the other hand referred to the evi- dence of PWs 1 and 2 and the extra judicial confession made before Village Administrative Officer (PW-6) to the effect that accused and the deceased were last seen together, and the evidence clearly established the guilt of the accused. The High Court accepted the stand of the State and disn 1issed the ap- peal. G H 96 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S.C.R. A

#3. In support of the appeal, learned counsel for the appel- lant submitted that the last seen concept is not applicable to the present case. The so called extra judicial confession was be fore a stranger. There is no reason as to why the accused would make confession before a stranger. Reliance is placed on a B decision of this Court in State· of Haryana v. Ved Prakash (AIR 1994 SC 468) and Kai/ash Potlia v. State of Andhra Pradesh (AIR 1996 SC 66).

#4. Learned counsel for the respondent-State on the other hand submitted that the three witnesses i.e. PW 1 (son of the C deceased) PWs 4 and 5 had seen the deceased and the ac cused going together and, thereafter the dead body was recov ered. The Village Administrative Officer was not a stranger but he was incharge of the village and was a person of authority in that sense. • D

#5. It has been consistently laid down by this Court that where .a case rests squarely on circumstantial evidence, the inference of guilt can be justified only when all the incriminating facts and circumstances are found-to be incompatible with the innocence of the accused or the guilt of any other person. (See E Hukam Singh v State of Rajasthan AIR (1977 SC 1063); Eradu and Ors. v. State of Hyderabad (Al R 1956 SC 316); Earabhadrappa v. State of Kamataka (AIR 1983 SC 446); State ofUP v. Sukhbasi and Ors. (AIR 1985 SC 1224); Ba/winder Singh v. State of Punjab (AIR 1987 SC 350); Ashok Kumar F Chatterjee v. State of M.P (AIR 1989 SC 1890). The circum stances from which an inference as to the guilt of the accused ls drawn have to be proved beyond reasonable doubt and have to be shown to be closely connected with the principal fact sought to be inferred from those circumstances. In Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab (AIR 1954 SC 621), it was laid down that where the case depends upon the conclusion drawn from cir cumstances the cumulative effect of the circumstances must be such as to negative the innocence of the accused and bring the offences home beyond any reasonable doubt. G H .., ~ ~ t, , ..__ ~ }--. I -r , "'= 1 ,,, ... I ~ f- KUSUMA AN KAMA RAO v. STATE OF AN DH RA PRADESH [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 97

#6. We may also make a reference to a decision of this A Court in C. Chenga Reddy and Ors. v. State of A.P (1996) 10 SCC 193, wherein it has been obseNed thus: "In a case based on circumstantial evidence, the settled law is that the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is drawn should be fully proved and such B circumstances must be conclusive in nature. Moreover, all the circumstances should be complete and there should be no gap left in the chain of evidence. Further the proved circumstances must be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused and totally inconsistent with his c innocence .... ".

#7. In Padala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P and Ors. (AIR 1990 SC 79), it was laid down that when a case rests upon circumstantial evidence, such evidence must satisfy the follow- ing tests: D "(1) (2) (3) (4) the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn, must be cogently and firmly established; those circumstances should be of a definite tendency E unerringly pointing towards guilt of the accused; the circumstances, taken cumulatively $hould form a chain so complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime F was committed by the accused and none else; and the circumstantial evidence in order to sustain conviction must be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused and such evidence should not G only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent with his innocence.

#8. In State of UP v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava, (1992 Crl.LJ 1104), it was pointed out that great care must be taken in evalu- H -", r -I 98 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S.C.R. A ating circumstantial evidence and if the evidence relied on is reasonably capable of twO inferences, the one ih favour of the accused must be accepted. It was also pointed out that the circumstances relied upon must be found to have b~en fully es tablished and the cumulative effect of all the .facts so, estab- listied must be consistent only with the hypothesis of guilt . 8 . 9. Sir Alfred Wills in ~is admirable book "Wills' Circum stantial Evidence". (Chapte'r VI) lays down the followi.ng rules specially'to be observed in the case of circumstantial evidence: (1) the facts alleged as the basis of any legal inference must be C clearly proved and beyond reasonable doubt connecte~ with the factum probandum; (2) the burden of proof is always on the party who asserts the existence of any fact, which infers legal accountability; (3) in all cases, whether of direct or circumstan"" tial evidence the best evidence must be adduced which the na- ture of the case admits; (4) in order to justify the infer~nce.of guilt; the inculpatory facts must be incompatible with th.e inno cence of .the accused and incapable of explanation, upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that of his guilt, (5) if there be any reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused, he is entitled 0 E as of right to be acquitted".

#10. There is no doubt that conviction can be based solely, on circumstantial evidence but it should b.e tested by the· touch stone of law relating to circumstantial evidence Jaid down by the this Court as far back as in 1952,

#11. In Hanumant Govind Nargundkar ahdAnr. V State of Madhya Pradesh, (AIR 1952 SC 343), wherein it was observed thus: "It is well to remember that in cases where the evidence is of a circumstantial nature, the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be in the first instance be fully established and all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused. Again, the circumstances should· be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should F G H c.- I ... _ .. , \ L ' ' ~ KUSUMA ANKAMA RAO v. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 99 be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one A proposed to be proved. In other words, there must be a chain of evidence so far complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be such as to show that within all human probability the act must have been 8 done by the accused."

#12. A reference may be made to a later decision in Sha rad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, (AIR 1984 SC 1622). Therein, while dealing with circumstantial evidenc~, it has been held that onus was on the prosecution to prove that C the chain is complete and the infirmity of lacuna in prosecution cannot be cured by false defence or plea. The ~onditions pre cedent in the words of this Court, before conviction could be based on circumstantial evidence, must be fully established. They are: D (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established. The circumstances concerned 'must' or 'should' and not 'may be' established; E the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis o~the guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other ~ypothesis except that the accused is guilty; the circumstances shoUld be of a conclusive nature F and tendency; they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved; and there must be a chain of evidence so complete as G not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused. H r .. 100 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S. C.R. A