GUDA VIJAYALAKSHMI v. GUDA RAMCHANDRA SEKHARA SASTRY

Judgment

#1. It will invariably be expedient to have a joint or consolidated hearing or trial by one and the same Court of a husband's petition for restitution of con jugal rights on the ground that the wife has withdrawn from his society withont reasonable excuse under section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act and the wife's petition for judicial separation against her husband on ground of cruelty under section 10 of the said Act in order to avoid conflicting decisions being rendered In such a situation rnsort will have to be had to tltc! by twG> different Courts. A B c D E F G H 224 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (I 981] 3 S.C.R. powers under sections 23 to 25 of the Civil Procedure Code for directing transfer of the petitions for a consolidated hearing. [228 G-H, 227 A] 2:1.

On a proper construction of the relevant provisions, it cannot be said that the substantive provision contained in section 25 Civil Procedure Code is excluded by reason of section 21 of the Hindu Marriage Act. 1955. [226 FJ 2 ;.2. In terms, section 21 C.P.C. does not make any distinction between pro cedural and substantive provisions of C.P.C. and all that it provides is that the Code, as far as may be, shall apply to all proceedings under the Act and the phrase "as far as may be" means and is intended to exclude only such provi sions of the Code as are or may be inconsistent with any of the provisions of the Code. It is impossible to say that such provisions of the Code as partake of the character of substantive law are excluded by implication as no such imp lication can be read into section 21 of the Act and a particular provisio.n of the Code irrespective of whether it is procedural or substantive will not apply only if it is inconsistent with any provisions of the Act. [226 G-H, 227 A-BJ

#3. Section 21A of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 does not exclude the power of transfer conferred upon the Supreme Court by the present section 25 C.P.C., in relation to proceedings under that Act. The marginal note of sec tion 21 A itself makes it clear that it deals with power to transfer petitions and direct their joint or consolidated "trial in certain cases" and is not exhaustive. Section 21A does not deal with the present section 25 C.P.C. which has been substituted by an amendment which has come into force with effect from Febru ary 1, 1977 (section 11 of the Amending Act 104, 1976). By the amendment very wide and plenary power has been conferred on the Sllpreme Court for the first time to transfer any suit, appeal or other proceedings from one High Court to another High Court or from one Civil Court in one State to another Civil Court in any other State throughout the country. Conferal of such wide and plenary power on the Supreme Court could not have been in contemplation of Parliament at the time of enactment of section 21 A of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. [227 C-D, F-H, 228 A-BJ Smt. Rama Kanta v. Ashok Kumar, AIR 1977 Punjab & Haryana 373 and P,.iyavari Mehta v. Priyanath Mehta, AlR 1980 Bombay 337, overruled. Per Amre11dra Nath Sen, J.' ... I. A plain reading of section 25 C.P.C. clearly indicates that very wide jurisdiction and powers have been conferred on the Supreme Court to transfer any suit, appeal or any other proceedings from a High Court or other Civil Court in any State to a High Court or other Civil Court in any other State for the ends of justice. Supreme Court enjoys the power and jurisdiction to entertain the transfer application under section 25 of the Code of Civil Proce dure. [230 F, 233 DJ 2: t. Sections 21 and 21A of the Hindu Marriage Act do not in Ut?Y way, exclude, effect or curtail the power conferred on the Supreme Court under section 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure. If the jurisdiction clearly :onfer.red A B c D E F G H G. VIJAYALAKSHMI v. G. RAMACHANDRA (Tulz:ipurkar, J.) 225 en any court has to be ouited, the exclusion of such jurisdiction must be made [232E, 2330] in clear and unequivocal terms. 2 : 2. Section 21 of the Hindu Marriage Act only provides that "all proceedings under the Hindu Marriage Act shall be regulated as far as may be by the Code. of Civil Procedure, 1908". Section 21 of the Hindu Marri age Act does not deal with the question of jurisdiction of any court and it cannot be construed the jurisdiction conferred on the Supreme Court under section 25 C.P.C. to exclude [232 E-G] .. 2: 3. Section 21A of the Hindu Marriage Act has, indeed, no bearing on the question of jurisdiction conferred on the Supreme Court under section 25 C.P.C. Section 21 A has no application to the case of transfer of any suit or proceeding from one State to another. [233 B-C] 2 : 4. The Supreme Court must necessarily enjoy the power and juris diction under the provisions of section 25 C.P.C. of transferring such a suit er proceeding for the ends of justice unless the pO\yer and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court are specifically taken away by any statute. [2320-E]

#3. Section 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure came into force after section 21 and 21A of the Hindu Marriage Act have been incorporated in1the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and as such section 25 of the Code overrides sections 21 and 21 A of the Hindu Marriage Act. [233 A-El ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Transfer Petition No. 36 of 1980. Petition under section 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure for transfer of case No. 28 of 1980 Misc. (36) pending in the Court of the Distt. Judge, Udaipur (Rajasthan) to the Court of Subordinate Judge, Eluru (Andhra Pradesh) to be tried a\ongwith 0 P. No. 72 ot i 979 pending in that court. G. S. Rama Rao for the Petitioner. B. D. Sharma for the Respondent. The following Judgments were delivered : TULZAPURKAR, J. On September 26, 1979, the petitioner (wife) filed a suit in Jonna pauperis seeking maintenance from the respon dent (her husband) in the Court of Subordinate Judge, Eluru (Andhra Pradesh) being 0. P. No. 72 of 1979. On the receipt of the notice of the suit, the respondent filed a divorce suit (Petition Case No. 28 of l 980) against the wife under s. 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 in the Court of the District Judge, Udaipur (Rajasthan). By the instant transfer petition filed under s. 25 C.P.C. A B c D E F G H 226 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1981) 3 S.C.R. 1908 the wife is seeking to get the husband's suit transferred to Eluru. On merits we are satisfied that it is expedient for the ends of justice to transfer the husband's suit to the District Court at Eluru (A.P.) where both the proceedings could be tried together and for that purpose the wife is agreeable to have her maintenance suit transferred to the District High Court at Eluru (A.P.) However, counsel for the respondent (husband) has raised before us a preliminary objection that s. 25 of the C.P.C. under which the transfer petition has been made is not applicable to proceedings under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and as such this Court has no power to transfer the husband's suit from Udaipur District Court to the District Court at Eluru. He urged that s. 25 of C.P.C. gets excluded by reason of the provisions of s. 21 and 21A of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955. According to him s. 25 C.P.C. deals with the· substantive law and not procedural law and since s. 21 of the Hindu Marriage Act makes applicable to all the proceedings under the Act only such provisions of C.P.C. as relate to the regulation of proceedings i.e. such provisions which deal with procedural matters only, s. 25 C.P.C. is not applicable. He also urged that s. 21 A (3) of the Hindu Marriage Act also makes the above position clear beyond doubt by specifically excluding ss. 24 and 25 C.P.C. from being applied to the proceedfogs under the Hindu Marriage Act. A large number of authorities were referred to by counsel to substantiate his contention and general principles but in particular one decision of the Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court in the case of Priyavari Mehta v. Priyanath Mehta(1) was pressed into service as having a direct bearing on the point. In our view, on proper construction of the relevant provisions it is not possible to uphold the preliminary objection. In the first place it is difficult to accept the contention that the substantive provision contained in s. 25 C.P.C. is excluded by reason of s. 21 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. Section 21 of the Hindu Marriage Act merely provides : "Subject to other provisions contained in this Act and to such rules as the High Court may make in that behalf, all proceedings under this Act shall be regulated, as far as may be, by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908". In terms s. 21 doe& not make any distinction between procedural and substantive pro. visions of C.P.C. and all that it provides is that the Code as far as may be shall apply to all proceedings under the Act and the phraSI!: (il A.I.R. 19'3Q Boru. 337. A B D E F G H ... ' . G. AIJAYALAKSHMI v. G. RAMACHA]'jDRA (Tulzapurkar J.) 227 "as far as may be" means and is intended to exclude only such provisions of the Code as are or may be inconsistent with any of It is impossible to say that such pro the provisions of the Act. visions of the Code as partake of the character of substantive law are excluded by implication as no such implication can be read into s. 21 and a particular provision of the Code irrespective of whether it is procedural or substantive will not apply only if it is inconsis tent with any provision of the Act. For instance, it is difficult to countenance the suggestion that the doctrine of res judicata contained in s. 11 of the Code which partakes of the character of substantive law is not applicable to proceedings under the Act. Resjudicata, after all, is a branch or specie of the Rule of Estoppel called Estop pel by Record and though Estoppel is often described as a rule of evidence, the whole concept is more correctly viewed as a substantive rule of law (See : Canada and Dominion Sugar Co. Ltd. v. Canadian National (West Indies) Steamships Ltd.(1) So far ass. 2!A of the Hindu Marriage Act Is concerned the marginal note of that section itself makes it clear that it deals with power to transfer petitions and direct their joint or consolidated trial "in certain cases" and is not exhaustive. Further sub-s. (3) of s. 21A on which strong reliance was placed runs thus: "21A (3). In a case where clause (b) of sub-section (2) applies, the Court or the Government, as the case may be, competent under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) to transfer any suit for proceeding from the district court in which the later petition has been presented to the district court in which the earlier petition is pending, shall exercise its powers to transfer such later petition as if it had been empowered so to do under the said Code." This provision in terms deals with the power of the Government or the Court on whom powers of transfer have been conferred by the C.P.C. as it then stood, that is to say, .olds. 24 and 25 of C.P.C. It does not deal with the present s. 25 C.P.C. which has been substi tuted by an amendment which has come into force with effect from February 1, 1977 (s. 11 of the Amending Act 104 of 1976). By the amendment very wide and plenary power has been conferred on this Court for the first time to transfer any suit, appeal or other proceed ings from one High Court to another High• Court or from one Civil (I) (1947] A.C. 46, P.C., at p. 56. A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G_J H 228 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981] 3 S.C.R. Court in one State to another Civil Court in any other State through out the country. Conferal of such wide and plenary power on this Court could not have been in the contemplation of Parliament at the time of enactment of s. 21 A of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. It is, therefore, difficult to accept the contention that s, 21A of Hindu Marriage Act excludes the power of transfer conferred upon this Court by the present s. 25 of C.P.C. in relation to proceedings under that Act. Coming to the decision rendered by the Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court in Priyavari Mehta's case (supra) it needs to be pointed out that the aforesaid aspects of s. 21 A of the Hindu Marriage Act and the presents. 25 of the C.P.C. were not consider ed by the Nagpur Bench at all. Moreover, the Nagpur Bench, following the decision of the Punjab and HaryanaJiigh Court in Smt. Rc,ma Kanta v. Asl10k Kumar(1 ) has also taken the view that s. 21A of the Hindu Marriage Act permits transfer and consolidation of only two types· of petition under the Act, namely, cross petitions filed by the two spouses against each other under s. I 0 or s. 13 of the Act and that consolidation or joint hearing of other types of petitions intendment. The Bench has observed is excluded by necessary "The effect of s. 21A, therefore, in my op11110n, is that joint or consolidated hearing or trials of petitions other than those mentioned in that section not being permissible, the powers under s. 23 to 25 of the Code cannot be exercised for transfer of petitions for a consolidated hearing of the petitions no! contemplated by that section." Such a view, in our opinion, is not correct. As stated earlier, in the matter of transfer of petitions for a consolidated hearing thereof s. 21 A cannot be regarded as exhaustive for the marginal note clearly suggests that the section deals with power to transfer petitions and direct their joint and consolidated trial "in certain cases." Moreover, it will invariably be expedient to have a joint or con- solidated hearing or trial by one and the same Court of a husband's petition for restitution of conjugal rights on ground that the wife has withdrawn from his society without reasonable excuse under s. 9 of the Act and the wife's petition for judicial separation against her husband on grom1'tl of cruelty under s. I 0 of the Act in order to avoid ~onflicting decisions being rendered by two different y (1) AIR 1977 Punj. & Har. 373. G. VIJAYALAKSHMI v. G. RAMACHANDRA (A.N. Sen, J.) 229 In such a situation resort will have to be had to the powers Courts. under ss. 23 to 25 of the Civil Procedure Code for directing transfer of the petitions for a consolidated hearing. Reading s. 21A in the manner done by the Nagpur Bench which leads to anamolous results has to be avoided. · A In this view of the matter, the preliminary objection is over- ruled. Divorce case No. 28 of 1980 pending in the District Court Udaipur (Rajasthan) is transfered to the District Court Eluru (A.P.), to which Court the wife's petition for maintenance shall also stand transferred. No order as to costs. AMRENDRA NATH SEN, J. I agree with the order proposed by I, however, propose to make certain obser my learned brother. vations with regard to the preliminary objection raised as to the jurisdiction of this Court to entertain this application. The pre liminary objection raised is that the jurisdiction and power conferred on this Court under S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure are excluded by the provisions contained in S. 21 and S. 21 A of the Hindu Marriage Act; and as S. 25 of the Civil Procedure Code is .not attracted, this Court does not have jurisdiction to entertain this application for transfer. S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure reads as fQllOWS : - "(I) On the application of a party, and after notice to the parties, and after hearing such of them as desire to be heard, the Supreme Court may, at any stage, if satisfied that an order under this section is expedient for the ends of justice, direct that any suit, appeal or other proceeding be transferred from a High Court or other Civil Court in one State to a High Court or other Civil Court in any other State. • (2) Every application under this section shall be mad~ by a motion which shall be supported by an affidavit. (3) The Court to which such suit, appeal or other proceeding is transferred shall, subject to any special directions in the order of transfer, either re-try it or proceed from the stage at which it was transferred to it. (4) In dismissing any application under this section, thr.i Supreme Court may, if it is of opinion that the application was frivolous or vexatious, order the applicant to pay by way of compensation to any person who has oppo1ed th!l B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 230 SUPREME COURTS REPORTS ( 1981 J S.C.R. 3 application such sum, not exceeding two thousand rupees, as it considers appropriate in the circumstances of the case. (5) The law applicable to any suit, appeal or other proceeding transferred under the section shall be the law which the court in which the suit, appeal or other proceeding was originally instituted ought to have applied to such suit, appeal or proceeding." ""'f' It may be noticed that the present section 25 was substituted for the former section 25 by the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1976. In this connection it may be relevant to set out S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure, as it stood before its amendment by the substitution of the present section. The earlier section 25 was in the following terms :- "(I) Where any part to a suit, appeal or other proceeding pending in a High Court presided over by a single Judge objects to its being heard by him and the Judge is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for the objection, he shall make a report to the State Government, which may, by notification in the "Official Gazette, transfer such suit, appeal or proceeding in any other High Court : Provided that no suit, appeal or proceeding shall be transferred to a High Court without the consent of the State Government of the State that High Court has its principal seat. (2) The law applicable to any suit, appeal or proceeding so transferred shall be the law which the Court in which the suit, appeal or proceeding was originally instituted ought to have applied to such case." A plain reading of S. 25 of the Code clearly indicates that very wide jurisdiction and powers have been conferred on this Court to transfer any suit, appeal or any other proceeding from a High Court or other Civil Court in any State to a High Court or other Civil Court in any other State for the ends of justice. I shall now set out the relevant provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act. S. 21 of the Hindu Marriage Act is in the following terms :- "Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act and to such rules as the High Court may make in this behalf, all - • G. VIJAYALAKSHMI v. G. RAMACHANDRA (A.N. Sen, J.) 231 proceedings under this Act shall be regulated, as far as may be by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908." Section 21A which was introduced in the Act by the Amending Act, (68 of 1976) provided as follows "(1) where- (a) a petition under this Act has been presented to a district court having jurisdiction by a party to a marriage praying for a decree for judicial separation under s. 10 or for a decree of divorce under section 13, and (b) another petition under this Act has been presented thereafter by the other party to the marriage praying for a decree for judicial separation under section 10 or for a decree of divorce under section 13 on any ground, whether in the same district court or in a different district court, in the same State or in a different State; the petition shall be dealt with as specified in sub-section (2) (2) in a case where sub-section (I) applies; (a) (b) if the petitions are presented to court, both together by that Court : the same district the petitions shall be tried and heard if the petitions are presented to differeut district courts, the petition presented later shall be trans ferred to the district court in which the; earlier petition was presented and both the petitions shall be heard and disposed of together by the district court in which the earlier petition was presented. (3) In a case where clause (b) of sub-section (2) applies, the court or the Government as the case may .be, competent under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 to transfer any the district court in which the suit or proceeding from later petition has been presented to the district court in which the earlier petition is pending, shall exercise its powers to transfer such later petition as if it._had been empowered so to do under t~e said· Code." A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 232 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981] 3 S.C.R. The learned counsel for the respondent argues that in view of the provisions contained in S. 21, only the provisions contained in the Code of Civil Procedure relating to procedure which will regulate the proceedings instituted under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 ~ill apply; and as S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure does not apper taill to the domain of procedure and confers substantive right, the It is argued said section is not applicable and cannot be attracted. that this position is further made clear by the provisions contained in S. 2IA. In my opinion, this argument of the learned counsel for the respondent husband is without any substance. I have earlier set out section 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure and I have pointed out that an analysis of the section makes it abundantly clear that for the ends of justice, wide power and jurisdiction have been con ferred on this Court in the matter of transfer of any suit, appeal or proceeding from any High Court or other Civil Court in one State to a High Court or other Civil Court in any other State. A suit or a proceeding for divorce under the Hindu Marriage Act in a Civil Court is necessarily a suit or proceeding and must on a plain reading of S. 25(1) of the Code of Civil Procedure be held to come under S. 25(1) of the Code, as the said section speaks of any suit, appeal or other proceeding. This Court must necessarily enjoy the power and jurisdiction under the said provisions of transferring such a suit or proceeding for the ends of justice, unless the power and jurisdiction of this Court are specifically taken away by any statute. If the jurisdiction clearly conferred on any Court has to be ousted, the exclusion of such jurisdiction must be made in clear and unequivocal terms. S. 21 of the Hindu Marriage Act does not deal with the question of jurisdiction of any Court. As no proce dure with regard to the proceedings under the Hindu Marriage Act laid down in the said Act, S. 21 of the Act only provides has been that 'all proceedings under this Act shall be regulated as far as may be by the Code of Civil Procedure.' S. 21 of the Hindu Marriage Act cannot be construed to exclude the jurisdiction conferred on this Court under S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It does not become necessary in the instant case to decide whether the provision in relation to jurisdiction of this Court contained in S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure is one of substantive law or it belongs to the domain of Procedure. Even if I accept the argument of the learned counsel for the respondent that S. 25 does not form any . part of the procedural law and is a part of the substantive law, I am of the opinion that jurisdiction conferred on this Court by S. ZS of. G. VIJA YALAKSHMI V. G. RAMACHANDRA (A.N. Serl, J.) 233 the Code of Civil Procedure, is not in any way, affected by S. 21 of of the Hindu Marriage Act which, as I have already noted, only . provides that 'all proceedings under the Hindu Marriage Act shall be regulated as far as may be by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.' S. 21 A of the Hindu Marriage Act, in my opinion, has indeed no bearing on the question of jurisdiction conferred on this Court , under S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure. S. 21A of the Hindu Marriage Act makes provisions for transfer of petitions specified in the said section and for hearing and disposal of such petitions together by the District Court in which the earlier petition has been presented. Such power bas been conferred on the Court or tbe Government. S. 21 A has no application to the case of transfer of any suit or proceeding from one State to another. As I have earlier noted, very wide power and jurisdiction have been conferred on this Court in the interest of justice for transferring any appeal, suit or proceeding from one State to another under S. 25 of the Code of In the instant case, tbe petitioner bas applied for Civil Procedure. transfer of the suit pending in the District at Udaipur in tbe State the appropriate Court at Eluru in the State of of Rajastban Andhra Pradesh. this Court I am, therefore, of the opinion that enjoys the power and jurisdiction to entertain this application under S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure and S. 21 and S. 21 A of the Hindu Marriage Act do not, in any way, exclude, affect or curtail the power conferred on this Court under S. 25 of the Code of Civil Procedure. I may incidentally add that the present section 25 in ,the Code of Civil Procedure came into force after S. 21 and 21A have been incorporated in the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. V.D.K. Preliminary objection rejected. A B c D E 1