JAGMOHAN SINGH v. THE STATE OF U. P

PALEKAR, J. The appellant Jagmohan Singh has been convic cd under section 302-IPC for the murder of one Chhotey Singh and sentenced to death by the learned Sessions Judge, Shahjahan pur. The conviction and the sentence are confirmed by Allahabad High Court. On the appellant coming to this Court by special leave, special leave was granted limited to the question of sentence only. The shot1 facts of the case are that some six or seven years before the present offence, one Shivraj Singh, father of Jagbir Singh, a cousin of the appellant, was murdered. The deceased Chhotey Singh was charged for that murder but was eventually acquitted. by the High Court. As a result of that murder, there was ill-feeling between Chhotey Singh, on the one hand, and the appellant and Jagl:iir Singh, on the other. Both of them were_ minors at the time of the murder of Shivraj Singh. But by now they had grown up and it is plain from the evidence that Chhotey Singh's murder was the result of this ill-feeling. Chhotey Singh was murdered on September 10. 1969 at about 5.00 P.M. A day earlier, there was n quarrel between Jagmohan Singh and Jagbir Singh, on the one hand. and Chhotey Singh, on the other, on the question of a right to irrigate their fields. However, the dispute was settled by persons who reached the spot at the time and nothing untoward happened. Next day, however, the appel lant armed with a country made pistol and Jagbir Singh anned with a lathi concealed themselves in a bajra field and emerged from the same as Chhotey Singh passed by to go to his field for fetching fodder. The appellant asked Chhotey Singh to stop so that the matter between thein could be for. a!L Naturally Chhotey Singh tried to run away but he was chased bv the appell~nt and sh~t in the back; Chhotey Singh fell down after runm?g some distance and dwd. That is how the murder was committed. settled once . On the facts and circumstances of the case the learned Ses s10ns J.udge held that the appellant deserved the extreme penalty. The High Court, while confirming the death sentence, observed 544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] 2 S.C.R. that there were no extenuating ~ircwmtanccs and the sentence of death awarded to the appellant was just and proper. The ques tion is whether this Court should interfere with the sentence. Under section 367(5) of the Criminal Procedure Code as it stood before its amendment by Act 26 of 1955 the normal rule was to sentence the accused to death on a conviction for murder and to impose .the lesser sentence of imprisonment for reasons to be recorded in writing. That provision is now deleted and it is left to the judicial discretion of the court whether death sentence or the lesser sentence should be imposed. That disc!don has been exercised concurrently by the Trial Court and the High Court and the question is whether there are sufficient reasons for this court to interfere with that discretion. As pointed out by chis Court in Ram Narain and others v. The State of U.P. (') this Court .normally does not interfere with the discre tion exercised by the High Court on the question of sentence un less the High Court has disregarded recognised principles in im It posing the sentence and there has been a failure of cannot be said on the facts of this case that there has been any breach of the principles governing the matter of sentence. The appellant had armed himself with a gun and was lying in wait for the victim to pass. There was no immediate cause. The murder was entirely motivated by ill-feelings nurtured for years. The offence was pre-meditated. On seeing the appellant, Chhotey Singh started running away, but he was chased and done to death. In tl:ese circumstances, it can hardly be said that the High Court did not exercise its discretion properly. We are, therefore, not in clined to interfere with the sentence imposed by the High Court. justice. Mr. Garg appearing on behalf of the appellant however, raised the· question of constitutional impermissibility of the death sentence for murder, and we have to deal with the question at In the first place. he .contepded. the death sentence some length. puts an end to all fundamental rights guaranteed under clauses (a) to (g) of sub-clause (I) of Article 19 and. law with regard to capital sentence is unreasonable and not in the interest of the general public. Secondly. he contended, the dis cretion invested in· the Judges to impose capital punishment is not based on any standards or policy required by the Legislature for imposing capital punishment in preference to imprisonment In his submission. this was a stark abdication of essential life. legislative function, and. therefore. section 302-lPC is vitiated by the vice of excessive delegation of essential legislative function. Thirdly, he contended, the uncontrolled and unguided discretion in the Judges to impose capital punishment or imprisonment for life is hit by Article 14 of the Constitution. because two persons therefore, (i) 1971 s.c. 157. A B c () E F. G / ,. / •• A B c D E F G H JAGMOHAN v. u.P. STATE (Pa/ekar, J.) founu guilty of murder on similar facts are liable to .be treated differently-one forfeiting hls life and the other suffenng merely a sentence of life imprisonment. Lastly it was contended the provisions of the law do not provide a procedure for trial of factors and circumstances crucial for making the choice between the capital penalty and imprisonment for life. The trial under the Criminal Procedure Code is limited to the question of guilt. In the absence of any procedure established by law in the ma~ter of sentence, the protection glven by Article 21 of the Constitution was violated and hence for that reason also the sentence of death is unconstitutional. The tirst submission is based on the provisions of Article 19 of the Constitution. That Article does not directly deal with It deals with 7 freedoms like freedom of speech freedom to live. and expression, freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms etc., but not directly with the freedom to It is, however . .:ontended that freedom to live is basic to all the several freedoms impossible and since the enjoyment of those seven without conceding freedom to live, the latter i;:annot be denied by any law unless such law is reasonable and is required in general It was. therefore, contended that, unless it was public interest. sho\\ n that the sentence of death for murder passed the test of reasonableness and general public interest, it would not be a valid law. freedoms is live. W c will assume for the purposes of the present argument that the right to live is basic lo the freedoms mentioned in Article 19 and that no law can deprive the life of a citizen unless it is reason able and in the public interest. The question, therefore, for our consideration is whether the law. namely, section 302-IPC which prescribes the sentence of death for murder passes the above test. In this connection it would be proper to recall the observa tions of Patanjali Sastri, CJ in State of Madras v. V. G. Row(') at page 607 : "It is important in this context to bear in mind that the test of reasonableness, wherever presc{ibed, should be applied to each individual statute impugned, and no abstract standard. c·· general pattern, of reasonableness can be laid down as ap~lic~ble to all cases. The nature of the right alleged to .have been mfnnged, the underlying purpose of the posed, the extent and urgency of the evil sought to be remedied t~ereby, the ~isproportion of the imposition, the prevailing condi In tions at the ttme, should all enter into the evaluating such elusive factors and forming their own conception of what is reasonable: in all the circumstances of a given case. it judicial verdict. restrictions (I) [1952] S.C.R. 597. 546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973) 2 s.c.R. is inevitable that the social philosophy and the scaic of \ alues of the judges participating in the decision should pl:iy an important part, and the limit to their interference with legislative judgment in such cases can only be dictated by their sense of responsibilit) and self-restraint and the sobering reflection that the Con; titution is meant not only for people of their way of thinking but for all, and !hat the majority of the elected representatives of th.; people have, in authorising the imposition of the restrictions, considered them to be reasonable." The responsibility of Judges in that res jcct is the greater, since the question as to wh·ether capit~l ~en­ tence for murder is appropriate in modern times has raised serious controversy the world over, sometimes, with emotional 0\ ~rtones. lt is, therefore, essential that we approach this constitutional ques tion with objectivity and a proper measure of self restraint. A B c The arguments advanced by Mr. Garg against death penalty per se were practically similar to those which were addressed recently to the Supreme Court of America in the case of Furman (Nos. 69-5003, 69-5030 and 69-~031 v. State of Georgia decided on June 29. 1972) and obtained the assent of two Judges. in that case the Mr. Justice Brennan and Mr. Justice Marshall. Judges were invited to reject capital punishment <ln the ground that it violated the Eighth Amendment which forbade "cruel and unusual punishments". Brennan. J. accepted the validity challenge in these words : ;:if "If a punishment is unusually severe, if there i> a strong probability that it is inflicted arbitrarily, if it is ;f substantially rejected by contemporary there is no reason to believe that it serves any judicial purpose more effectively than some less severe puni,h'. mcnt, then the due infliction of that punishment violates the command of the clause that the State may not inflict inhuman and uncivilized punishments upon those cr~- victed of crimes." justice and · Marshall, J. observed as follows : 'There is but one conclusion that can be dr~c,,a from all of this-i.c., the death penalty is an excessive and unnecessary punishment which violates the Eighth Amendment. The statistical evidence is not convinc- It is not ing beyond all doubt. but. it is persuasive. improper at this point to take judicial notice of fact that for more than 200 years men have labored to demonstrate that capital punishment serves no purpose that life imprisonment could not serve equally as weli. And they have done so with great success. Little if . D E F G u JAGMOHAN V. U.P. STATE (Pa/ekar, J.) 547 A B c D E F G H any evidence had been adduced to prove the c9ntrary. The point has now been reached at which deference to the legislatures is tantamount to abdication of our judi cial roles as factfinders. judges, and ultimate arbiters of the constitution. We know that at some point the pre sumption of constitutionality accorded legislative acts gives way to a realistic assessment of those acts. This point comes when there is sufficient evidence availal•k so that Judges can determine not whether the legisla ture acted wisely. but whether it had any rational bask whatsoever for acting. We have this evidence before us th3t now. There is no rational basis for concluding capital punishment is not excessive. It therefore violates the Eighth Amendment." In another place he observed : ··[ believe that the great mass of citizens would con clude on the basis of the material already considered that the death penalty is immoral and therefore un constitutional." intenJed The arguments advanced by Mr. Garg were persuade us to come to the above conclusion on the abstract question as to whether death penalty for murder was Nnstitu tionally permissible. It is, however. to be noted in the above case of Furman v. State of Georgia that though the learned Judges by a majority of 5 to 4 set aside the sentences of death with which they were con cerned, it was only Brennan and Marshall. JJ. who were prepared to outlaw capital punishment on the ground that it was an ana chronism. degrading to human dignity and unnecessary in modern life. The other three Judges namely Mr. Justice Dougla-. Mr. Justice Stewart and Mr. Justice White who formed the n;~j..irity along with Brennan and Marshall. JJ. <lid not take the Yi~w that the Eighth Amendment prohibited capital punishment for all crimes and under all circumstances. Mr. Justice Douglas. indeed held, that the death penalty contravened the Eighth Amendment. But his judgment is not capable of being read as requiring final abolition of capital punishment. Mr. Justice Stewart and Mr. Justice White merely concluded that the death sentence be fore them must be set aside because prevailing sentencing prac· tices did not comply with the Eighth Amendment. The minority of four Judges (Burger, CJ, Blackmun, Powell and Rehnquist JJs) held that death penalty did not contravene the Eighth Amendment. Mr. Justice Douglas in reversing the death sen re<juired tence was of the view that "the Eighth Amend1'.lent Jei:,islatures to write penal laws that are even handed, nonsdec tive. and nonarbitrary, and to require judges to see to it that gene- 548 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] 2 S,C.R. ral l;i,ws are not applied sparsely,, selectively, and spottily to un popular groups.'' As is clear from his judgment Douglas, J was very much exercised by the fact that the law with regard to death penalty was being enforced in a discriminatory manner-the vic tim being mostly the poor and the despised, especially, if he was a member of a suspect or unpopular minority-Obviously meaning the Negros. At the end of the judgment, however, he made clear that he was not considering in that case whether mandatory death penalty would be constitutional if it was enforced even hand~dly and in non-discriminatory manner. Mr. Justice Stewart after noting that at least two of his brothers (Brennan and Mar shall, JJ) had concluded that the infliction of the death penalty is constituti0nally impermissible in all circumstances under Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments stated "their case is a strong one. But I find it unnecessary to reach the ultimate question they would decide". At a later stage he made it clear that "the constitutionality of capital punishment in the abstract is not, however. before us in these cases." Mr. Justice White started his opinion : "In joining the court's judgment, therefore, I do not at all intimate that the death penalty is unconstitutional per se or that there is no system of capital punishment that would comport with the Eighth Amendment. That question, ably argued by several of my Brethren. is not pres.!nted by these cases It will thus be seen that although the and need not be decided." death sentences in that case were set aside by a majority. out oi five Judges who formed the majority did not consider necessary to outlaw capital punishment on the social and moral considerations which prevailed upon the other two Judges namely Brennan and Marshall. JJ. In short, even when the court was presented with a wealth of evidence compiled by Sociologists and research workers in refutation of the necessity of retaining capital punishment, only two Judges out of nine could be persuaded to hold that capital punishment per se is constitutionally impemtls sible. reasonableness with So far as we are concerned in this country. we do not have. in our constitution any provision like the Eighth Amendment nor are we at liberty to apply the test of freedom with which the Judges of the Supreme Court of America Indeed what are accustomed to apply "the due process" clause. is cruel and unusual may. in conceivable circumstances, be regarded as unreasonable. But when we are dealing with punishments for crimes as prescribed by law we are confronted with a serious problem. Not a few are found to hold that life imprisonment. .On the other especially, as it is "understood in U.S.A. is cruel. hand, capital punishment cannot be described as unusual because that kind of punishment has been with us from ancient times right A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H JAGMOHAN v. U.P. STATE (Pa/ekar, J.) 5~9 upto the present day though the number of offences for which it can be imposed has continuously dwind~ed. The frai~1ers of ?ur Constitution were well aware of the existence of capital punish ment as a permissible punishment under the law. For example, Article 72 ( 1 ) ( c) provides that the President shall have power to grant pardons, reprieves. respites or remissions of punishment. or to suspend. remit or commute the sentence of any person convict ed of any offence "in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death''. Article 72(3) further provides that "Nothing in clausc ( c) of clause ( 1 ) shall affect the power to suspend. remit or commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the time being in force." The obvious rcfeFence is to sections 40 I and 402 of the Criminal Procedure the Sewnth Code. Then again entries I and 2 in List In Schedule refer to criminal law and criminal procedure. entry no. I the entry Criminal Law is extended by specifically in cluding therein "all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the co~nmcncement of this Constitution''. All matters not only referred to offences but also punishments--one of which is death sentence. Article 134 gives a right of appeal to the Sup reme Court where the High Court reverses an order of acquittal and sentences a person to death. All these provisions clearly go to show that the Constitution-makers had recognised the death sentence as a permissible punishment and had made constitutional provisions for appeal. reprieve and the like. But more imporiant than these provisions in the Constitution is Article 21 which pro vides that no person shall be deprived of his life except according to procedure established by law. The implication is very clear. Deprivation of life is constitutionally permissible if that is done according to procedure established by law. indications of constitutional postulates it will be very difficult to hold that capital sentence was regarded per se as unreasonable or not in the public interest. In the face of Ill of Reference was maoe by Mr. Garg to several studies made by \yestern scholars to show the ineffectiveness of capital punishment either as a deterrent or as appropriate retribution. There is lar~e ~·olume of evidence compiled in the West by kindly r~­ tormers and research workers to confound those who want:to re ·ended tain the c~pital punishment. The controversy is not yet sentence and expenments are made by suspending \\'here possible in order to see its affect. On the other hand most of t~ese studies _suffer from one grave defect namely consider all ~urders as stereotypes, the result of sudden passion individual case. A or the hke, disregarding motivation in each large number of murde~s is .und?ubtedly of the comm911 type. Bu'. some at least are dtabohcal m conception and cruel· in exe In some others where the victim is a person of high rnt1on. the death social ·s so SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 2 S.C.R, ·standing in the country Society is liable to be rocked to its verv foundation. Such murders cannot be simply wished away bv finding alibis in the social mal-adjustment of the murderer. Pre valcn.ce of such crimes speaks, in the opinion of many, for the in evitability of death penalty not only by way of deterrence but :.;s a token of emphatic disapproval by the society. We have grave doubts about the expediency of transplanting Western experience in our country. Social conditions are diffe In the context of rent and so also the general intellectual level. our criminal law which punishes murder, one cannot ignore_ foct that life imprisonment works out in most cases to a dozen yc"rs of imprisonment and it may be seriously questioned whether that sole alternative will be an adequate substitute for the death penalty. We h<ive not been referred to any large scale studies of nime statistics compiled in this country with the object of esti mating the need of protection of the society against murders. The only authc1rtative study is that of the Law Commission of India pub!ished in 1967. It is its Thirty-Fifth Report. After collect ing as much available material as possible and assessing the views expressed in the West both by abolitionists and the rctentionists ~he Law Commission has come to its conclusion at raras 262 to 264. These paragraphs are summarized by the Commission_ as follows at page 354 of the Report : to be 'The issue of abolition or. retention has decided on a balancing of the various arguments and against retention. No single argument fo~ .aboli Tn arnvmg at tion or retention can decide the issue. any conclusion on the subject, the need for protecting society in general and individual human beings must be borne in mind. Tt is difficult to rule out the validity, of, or strength khind. many of tl;e arguments for abolition nor docs, the Commission treat lightly the argument based on the irrcvocabilily of the sentence of death. the need for a modern approach. the severity of capital punishment. and the strong feeling shown by certain sec tions of public opinion in stressing deeper questions of hun1an values. Havin~ rcoard. however. to the conditions in India. to the variety ~f the social upbringing of its inhabitants. to the disparity in the level of morality and education in the country, to the vastness of its area, to the diver sity of its population and to the paramount need for maintainino law and order in the country at the present juncture, T~dia cannot risk the experiment of abolition .Of caoital punishment. A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H JAGMOHAN v. u.P. STATE (Palekc.r, J.) 5 5! Arguments which would be valid in respect of one area of the world may not hold good in respect of an Similarly, even if aboli other area, in this context. tion in some parts of India may not make a material difference, it may be fraught with serious consequences in other parts. On a consideration of all the issues involved, Commission is of the opinion, that capital punishment should be retained in the present state of the country." A very responsible body has come to the ~bove conclusion the conclusions. after considering all the relevant factors. On thus offered to us, it will be difficult to hold that capital punish ment as such is unreasonable or not the public interest. required In dealing with the question of reasonableness, we cannot ignore the procedural safeguards provided by the statute. An acc1·sed charged for murder is first put up before a Magistrate who on an examination of the evidence commits him to the Court of Sessions for trial. The accused knows at this stage what is the evidence against him. The trial is conducted before a Ses sions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge with considerable experience in the trial of criminal cases. If the Sessions Judge, after trial, comes to the conclusion tnat the accused is guilty of required· murder and deserves to be sentenced to death, he up.der section 374 of the Criminal Procedure Code to submit to the High Court the proceedings before him and it is the High Court which has to review the whole evidence and consider whether the sentence of death passed by the Sessions Judge should be confirmed. The rule under section 378 is that this review of the evidence shall be made by a bench of not less ihan two Judges. If the sentence of death is. confirmed, the accused can in appro priate cases appeal to the Supreme Court by special In cases where the Sessions Judge acquits the accused of murd~r but the High Court in appeal sets aside the acquittal and sentences him to death, the accused is entitled under the Constitution prefer an appeal as of right to this Court. It will be thus seen that there are inbuilt procedural safeguards against any hastv . decision. leave. ' ' As is well known. the subject of capital punishment is a diffi It has cult and controversal subject. long and hotly debated. evoked strong views. the Leoic; lature decides to retain capital pnnishment for murder. it will 11'e dilli ~ult for this Court in the absence of objective evidence regardin~ ns unreasonableness to question the wisdom and propriet\· of the Legislature in retaining it. A Bill for the abolition o( c,1pit:ii In that state of affairs if ' SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973) 2 S.C.R. the A punishment was introduced in the Lok Sabha in 1956 but same was rejected on November 23, 1956. Similarly a resolu tion for the abolition of capital punishment was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in 1958 but the same was withdrawn after debate. Later in 19 61 a similar resolution was moved in the Rajya Sabha but the same was negatived in 1962. A resolution for its aboli- tion was discussed in the Lok Sabha but the same was withdrawn B after discussion. All this goes to show that the representatives of the people do not welcome the prospect of abolishing capital punishment. In this state of affairs, we are not prepared to con clude that capital punishment, as such, is either unreasonable or not in the public interest. The next contention of Mr. Garg was that by providing section 302-IPC that one found guilty thereunder is liable to be punished either with death sentence or imprisonment for life, ihe legislature has abdicated its essential function is not providing by legislative standards in what cases the Judge ~hould sentence the a.ccused to death and in what cases he should sentence him only to life imprisonment. It may be noted here that prior Amending Act 26 of 1956, section 367(5) of the Criminal Pro cedure Code read as follows : in C "If the accused is convicted of an offence punish- able with death and the court's sentences him to any punishment other than death, the court shall in its judg ment state the reason why sentence of death was not µassed." By the amendment this provision is deleted and, as the Code at present stands, punishment for murder is one of the two--namely death or imprisonment for life. Neither section 302-IPC nor any other provision in the Criminal Procedure Code says in what cases the capital punishment is to be imposed and in what others It is, therefore, argued by Mr. Garg that the lesser punishment. th~ Legislature has left this awful duty to the Judge or Judges concerned without laying down any standards to guide .them In fact he says the Legislature has abdicated its their decision. legislative function and this delegation of its power to the Judges is vitiated by the vice of excessive delegation. We think there is In this connection we have to take no merit in this submission. note of the policy of the law with regard to crimes and punishments. The position in England is stated by Halsbury in Laws of England, Third Edition, Volume 10 at page 486. The relevant portion of para 888 is as follows : "DISCRETION OF COURT AS TO PUNISHMENT In all crimes except those for which the sentence of death must be pronounced a very wide discretion in the lJ E F G H i- JAGMOHAN v. U.P. STATE (Palekar, J.) 553 A matter of fixing the degree of punishment is allowed to the Judge who tries the case. The policy of the law is, as r~gards most crimes, to fix a maximum penalty, which is intended only for the worst cases, and to leave to the discretion of the judge the detennination of the extent to which in a particular case the punishment awarded should approach to or re cede from the maximum limit. The exercise of this dis cretion is a matter of prudence and not of law, but an appeal lies by the leave of the Court of Criminal Appeal against al)y sentence not fixed by law, and if leave is given, the sentence can be altered by that court. Mini mum penalties have in some instances been prescribed by the enactment creating the offence." The position in India is practically the same. The exception made in English Law with regard to the sentence of death does not hold good in India. The policy of our criminal la\\' as re gards all crimes, including the crime of murder, is to fix a maxi mum penalty-the same being intended for the worst cases, leav ing a very wide discretion in the matter of punishment to In England, murder and treason were offences for which Judge. If after trial the accused was the death sentence was mandatory. found guilty by the Jury, neither the Jury nor the Judge had any discretion in the matter of sentence. The Judge had to sentence the accused to death. The sentence may be Home Secretary after taking all the circumstances of the. caS<! and other matters into consideration. But that was no part of judicial process. reprieved by Absence of any discretion with regard to the sentence raised strong cliticism in England because it was recognised, as was done in many other countries. that death penalty was not the only ap propriate punishment for 1'nurder. A Royal Commission was thereupon appointed in 1949 to consider and report whether liability under the Criminal Law in Great Britain to suffer capital punishment for murder should be limited or modified and if so to what extent and by what means. 1953 the Commission found it impossible to improve the position either by re-defining murder or, hy dividing murder into degrees. In para 535 of the Report it pointed out that "the general liability under the existing law to suffer capital punishment for murder cannot be satisfactorily limited by such means. U.e. re-defining murder or dividing murder into degrees) because no legal defini tion can cover all the multifarious considerations. relating to offender as well as to his crime, which ought to be taken into . account in deciding whether the supreme penalty should be exact· ed in each individual case." The Commission considered variom In its report published B c D E F G H 554 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 2 S.C.R. alternatives-one of them being a provision on the lines of section 302-IPC which was pressed with great force by Sir John Beau moni-a former Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court, and later a Privy Councillor. He pressed on the Commission the ad visability of leaving it to the Judge whether the death sentence should be imposed or the lesser sentence, adding further that this procedure had worked quite well in India for generations and there was no reluctance on the part of the Judges to assume the responsibility to pass the death sentence. The Judges in. England, however, unanimously Tefused to accept 8uch a responsibility. The q1.1estion then arose whether the responsibiltiy for the death sentence may be given to the Jury .as was done in some of States in America. The Royal Commission fell in with this sug gestion and expressed itself as follows (See para 595 of Report). A B c "It is not questioned that the liability to suffer capi tal punishment under the existing law is rigorous to excess. We cannot but regard it as a reproach to our criminal law that this excessive rigour should be tole rated merely because it is corrected by executive action. The law itself should mitigate it. We have been forced to the conclusion that this cannot be done by a redefi nition of murder or by dividing murder into degrees. No formula is possible that would provide a reason able criterion for the infinite variety of circumstances that may affect the gravity of the Crime of murder. Discretionary judgment on the facts of each case is the only way in which they can be eqnitably distinguished. This conclusion is borne out by American experience : there the experiment of degrees of murder, introduced Jong ago, has ha~ to be supplemented by giving to the courts a discretion that in effect supersedes it. Such a discretion, if it is to be part of the legal process. and not an act of executive clemency, must be given either to the Judge or to the jury. We find that the Judges in this country. for reasons· we respect, would be mosf re luctant to assume this duty. There remains the method of entrusting it to the jury. We are satisfied that as long as capital punishment is retained this is the only prac ticable way of correcting the outstanding defects of the existing law." D E F G In India the difficulty encountered by the Commission had been overcome long ago and it is accepted by the public that only H the foJges shall decide the sentence. Where an error is committed in the matter of sentence the sJme is liable to be corrected by appeG!s and revisions to higher courts for which appropriat~ pro- JAGMOHAN v. U.P. STATE (Pa/ekar, J.) 555 .A B c D vision was n-.ade in the Criminal Procedure Code. The structure of our criminal law which is principally contained in the Indian Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code underlines policy that when the Legislature has defined an offence with suffi cient clarity and prescribed the maximum punishment therefor, a wide discrcticn in the matter of fixing the degree of punishment should be allowed to the Judge. As pointed out by Ratanlal in his Law of Crimes, Twenty-Second Edition page 93 "The authors of 1he Code had, in many cases not heinous, fixed a minimum as wdl as a maximum punishment. The Committee were 'of opinion thut, considering the general tem1s in which offences were defined. it would be inexpedient, in most cases, to fix a minimum punish ment; .and they had accordingly so altered the Code as to leave the minimum punishment for all offences. except those of gravest nature, to the discretion of the Judge who would have the me~ns in each case of forming an opinion as to the character of the offender, and the circumstances. whether aggravating or miti gating. under which the offence had been committed. But with respect to some heinous offence-such as offences against State, murder. attempt to commit murder. and the like-they had thought it right to fix a minimum punishment". In the whole code there is only one section (Section 303) where death is prescribed as the only punishment for murd~r by a person uRder sentence for imprisonment for life. Thcr~ arc several other sections in which death sentence ceuld be impo, cd. but that sentence is not mandatory. Under two sections n;imcly section 302-murder. and section I 21-waging war again<t the Government of India, alternative punishments - of death or :m prisonment for life are lcviable. These are the two sections where the maximum punishment is death and the minimum is imprison ment for •life. There are two other sections in the Indian Pcm1l Code where· the minimum punishment is prescribed-one i; sec tion 397 which provides that if at the time of committing roh\Jery or dacoity, the offender uses any deadly weapon, or causes grie vous hurt to any person, or attempts to cause death or !!rie:{ous hurt to any person, the imprisonment with which such offender shall be punished shall not be less than seven 'years and (2) Sec tion 396 which provides that at the time of attempting to commit robbery or dacoity, the offender is armed with any deadly wcJpon. the imprisonment with which such offender shall be puni; hed shall not be less than seven years. As regards the rest cf the offences, even those cases where: the maximum punishment is the death penalty. a wide discretion to punish is given to the Judge. The reasons are explained by Ratanlal on the page referred to above. E F G H "Circumstances which are properly and expressly recognized by the law as aggravations calling for in• 18-L498SupC!/73 556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973) 2 S.C.R. creased severity of punishment are principally such as consist in the manner in which the offence is perpet rated; whether it be by forcible or fraudulent means, or by aid of accomplices or in the malicious motive by which the offender was actuated, or the consequences to the public or to individual sufferers, or the special necessity which exists in particular cases for counter acting the temptation to offend, arising from the degree of expected gratification, or the facility of perpetrati<.>n peculiar to the case. These considerations naturaily include a number of particuiars, as of time, place,. pc sons and things, varying according to the nature of the case. Circumstances which are to be considered alleviation of punishment are : (I) the minority of the offender: (2) the old age of the offender; (3) the condi tion of the offender e.g .. wife, apprentice; ( 4) the order of a superior military officer; (5) provocation; (6) when offence was committed. under a combination of circum stances and influence of motives which are not likely to recur either with respect to the offender or to any other; (7) the state of he<1hh and the sex of the delin quent. Bentham mentions the following circumstances in mitigation of punishment which should be inflicted : (!) absence of bad intention; ( 2) provocation; ( 3) seif preservation; ( 4) preservation of some near friends; ( 5) transgression of the limit of self-defence; ( 6) sub mission to the menaces; (7) submission to authority; ( 8) drunkenness; ( 9) childhood." Indeed these are not the only aggravating or mitigating circum stances which should be considered when sentencing an offender. The list is not intended to be exhau1tive. In fact the P1'.mjab High Court has heJd that considerable delay in the disposal of a factor in awarding lesser punishment. See : case may be a Municipal Committee v. Baisakhi Ram (1). The policy of the law in giving a very wide discretion in the matter of punishment to the Judge has its origin in the impossi bility of laying down standards. Take:. for example. the offence of criminal breach of trust punishable under section 409-IPC, The maximum punishment prescribed for the offence is imprison ment for life. The minimum could be as low as one day's impri sonment and fine. It is obvious that if any standards were to be laid down with regard to several kinds of breaches of trust by the persons referred in that section. that would be an impossible task. Ali that could be reasonably done by the Legislature is to tell the Jud2es that between the maximum and minimum Prescrib ed for an offence. they should. on ba11ncing the agravating and (1 l Crl. Law .I0'.1rnal 475. B c D E G II A (' D F H JAGMOHAN v. C.P. STATE (Pa/ekar, J.) 557 mitigating circumstances as disclosed in the case, judicially decide what would be the appropriate sentence. Take the other case of the offence of causing hurt. Broadly, that offence is divided into two categories-simple hurt and grievous hurt. Simple hurt is again sub-divided-simple hurt caused by a lethal weapon is made punishable by a higher maximum sentence-section 324. Where grievous hurt is caused by a lethal weapon, it is punishable under section 326 and is a more aggravated form of causing griev1ius hurt than the one punishable under section 325. Under section 326 the maximum punishment is imprisonment for life and the minimum can be one day's imprisonment 'and fine. Where a person by a lethal weapon causes a slight fracture of one of the un-important bones of the human body, he would be as mu.:h punishable under section 326-lPC as a person who with a knife It will be absurd to say that scoops out the eyes of his victim. bot!i of them. because they are liable under the same section should h: given the same punishment. Here too, any attempt to lay <lr.wn standards why in one case there should be more punishment and in the other less punishment would be an impo.ssible task. What is thus true with regard to punishment imposed for other oftenccs of the code is equally true in the case of murder punish able under section 302-IPC. Two alternate sentences are pro vided one of which could be described as the maximum and the ether minimum. The choice is between these two punishments anJ as in other cases the discretion is left to the Judge to decide upon the punishment in the same manner as it does in the case of other offences. namely, balancing the aggravating and mitigat in:; circumstances. The framers of the Code attempted to con fin~ the offence of murder within as narrow limits as it was possi bk for them to do in the circumstances. All culpable homicides we:-~ not made punishable under section 302-IPC. Culpable hcmicides were divided broadly into two classes ( 1) culpable homicide amounting to murder and (2) culpable homicide not mnouuting to murder. Culpable homicide which fell in the one or the other of the four strictly limited categories described in .sec tion 300-TPC amounted to murder unless it fell in one of the five exceptions mentioned in that section, in which case the offence of murder was reduced to culpable homicide not amounting to mur der. Any further refinement in the definition of murder-Was not practicable and. therefore, not attempted. The recent experience of the Royal Commis>ion referred to above only emphasizes the extreme difficulty. The Commission frankly admitted that it was net possible to prescribe the lesser punishment of imprisonment for life by redefinition of murder or by dividing murder into de- 11rees. It conceded that no formula was possible that would pro vide a reasonable criterion for the infinite variety of circumstances that may affect the gravity of the crime of murder. That conclu sion forced the Commission to the view that discretionary judg:- 558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 2 s.c.R. ment on the fa.ct~ of .each case is the only way in which they can A be eqmtably d1stmgu1shed. See : para 595 of the Commission's Report. American experience is not different. In some of the States murder and rape were punishable with death. But that was not the only punishment. The Law gave the Jury discretion in capital sentencing, and the question arose recently before the Supreme Court of America in McGi111th11 v. California( 1 ) whether in the absence of any standards for deciding when the accused should be sentenced to death or to life imprisonment the provision of law which gives the discretion to the Jury was con>titutional. Mr. Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of five Judges and Mr. Justice Black substantially agreed with that opinion in a separate judg ment. The majority held that "the infinite variety of cases and facets to each case would make general standards either mean; ng- less 'boiler pbte' or a statement of the obvious that no Jury would need." The majority agreed with the view of the Royal Commis- sion alreadv referred to and observed "those who have come to grips with the hard task of actually attempting to draft means of channeling capital sentencing discretion have confirmed the lesson taught by the history recounted above. To identify before the fact those characteristics of criminal homicides and their perp~- 1rators which call for the death penalty, and characteristics in language which can be fairly understood .:nd applied by the sentencing authority. appear to be tasks which me beyond present human ability." The model Judicbl Code which was presented to the court as an attempt towards stamlardfsation was strongly criticised by the majority who pointed out that the Craftsmen of the Model Judicial Code had expressly agreed w;th the conclusion of the Royal Commission that the factors which determined whether the sentence of death the appropriate penalty in particular cases are too complex to be expressed within the iimits of a simple· formula. Some of the circumstances of aggravation and mitigation were mentioned in the Appendix to the Code. But it was pointed out that the Draftsmen of the Cod~ did not restrict themselves to the items referred to in the Appendix but expressly stated that besides the above circumstances the court was bound to take into consideration "any other facts that the relevant". This only meant that any exhaustive court deems enumeration of aggravating or mitigating circumstances is impos sible-the admission of which emphasizes the view that standardi sation is impossible. Finally the majority observed at page 726 : "In lfght of history, experience, and the present limitations of human knowledge, we find it quite impossible to say that com mitting to the untrammeled discretion of the jury the power to pronounce life or death in capital cases is offe~ive to anything in tile Constitution." to express {I) United St~tes Suprem~ Court Report Lawyl!rs' Edition. 28. 71 ~. JI (' D F G H JAGMOHAN I'. U.P. STATE (Palekar, J.) 559 A B c D E F G In India this onerous duty is cast upon Judges and for more thall a century· the judges are carrying out this duty under the Indian Penal Code. The impossibility of laying down standards is at the very core of the criminal law as administered in India which invests the Judges with a very wide discretion in the matter of fixing the degree of punishment. That discretion in the matter of sentence is, as already pointed out, liable to be corrected by superior courts. Laying down of standJrds to the limited extent possible as was done in the Model Judicial Code would not serve the purpose. The exercise of judicial discretion on well-recognis ed principles is, in 'the final analysis, the safest possible safeguard for the accused. It was next contended by Mr. Garg that uncontrolled and unguided discretion in the judges to impose capital punishment or imprisonment for life was hit by Article 14 of the Constitution. We do not find any merit in this contention also. If the Law has given to the Judge a wide discretion in the matter of sentence to be exercised by him after balancing all the aggrevating and miti gating circumstances of the crime. it will be impossible to say facts and that there would be at all any discrimina:ion. since circumstances of one case can hardly be the same as the facts and circumstances of another. It has been pointed out by this Court in Budhan Clroudhry _and others v. The State of Bihm·(') Art. 14 can hardly be invoked in matters of judicial' discretion. This Court ob:;erved at page I 054 : "It has. however, to be re membered that. in the language of Frankur~er. J. in S11011"den v. Hughes. 'the Constitution does not assure uniformity of decisions or immunity from merely erroneous action. whether by the Courts or the executive agencies of a State'. The judicial decision must of necessity depend on the facts and circumstances of each parti cular case and what 111ay superficially appear to be an unequal application of the law may not necessarily amount to a denial of equal protection unless there is shown to be present in it an ele ment of intentional and purposeful discrimination ..... Further. the discretion of judicial officers is not arbitrary and the law pro vides for revision by superior courts of orders passed by the Sub ordinate courts. In such circumstances. there is hardly any ground for apprehending any capricious discrimination by judicial tribu nals." Crime as crime may appear to be superficially the same but the facts and circumstances of a crime are widely different and since a decision of the court as regards punishment is dependant upon a consideration of all the facts and circumstances, there is hardly any ground for challenge under Article 14. H Lastly it was contended by Mr. Garg that under Article 21 of the Constitution no person shall be deprived of his life except according to procedure established by law and. in his submission. (I) (1955] S.C.R. 1045. 560 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1973] 2 S.C.R. before the sentence of death is passed there is, in fact, no proce It is admitted that the Criminal Pro dure established by law. cedure Code lays down a detailed procedure but that procedure, according to Mr. Garg, is limited to the finding of guilt, After the accused is found guilty of the offence, there is no other pro cedure laid down by the law for determining whether the sentence of death or something less is appropriate in the case. Therefore, he contended, death sentence is unconstitutional. We are not impressed by this argument also. The accused who is charged for murder knows that he is liable to be sentenced to death in the Committing Court itself. He knows what the evidence i's. He. further knows that if after trial in the Sessions Court he is found guilty of murder, he is liable to be sentenced the extreme penalty. Experience of trials shows that where the accused knows the whole attempt on that the facts of the case are against him. the part of his counsel is to fill the record with as many circums tances in his favour as possible which would tend to show that he is either guilty of a lesser crime or, in any event, there are mitiga ting and extenuating circumstances. The court is primarily con cerned with all the facts and circumstances in so far as they are relevant to the crime and how it was committed and since at the end of the trial he is liable to be sentenced, all the facts and cir cumstances bearing upon the crime are legtimately brought to the notice of the court. Apart from the cross-exantination of the witnesses, the Criminal Procedure Code requires that the accused must be questioned with regard to the circumstances appearing against him in the evidence. He is also questioned generally on the case and there is an opportunity for him to say whatever he wants to sa:;. He has a right to examine himself as a witness, thereafter, and give evidence on the material facts. Again he and his counsel are at liberty to address the court not merely on tfie In impor question of guilt but also on the question of sentence. tant cases like murder the court always givees a chance to the accused to address the court on the question of sentence. Under the Crintinal Procedure COde after convicting the accused the court has to prenounce the sentence according to law. In a Jury trial if the accused is convicted the Judge shall (unless he pro ceeds 'in accordance with the provisions of section 562) pass sentence on him according to law. See section 306 (2). Simi larly, where the case is tried by the Judge himself sub-section (2) of section 309 says that if the accused is convicted, the Judge shall, unless he proceeds in accordance with the provisions of section 562, pass sentence on him according to Jaw. The sentence follows the conviction, and it is true that no formal proceibre for producing evidence with reference to the sentence is specifi cally provided. The reason is. that relevant facts and circumstan ces impinging on the nature and circumstances of the crime are already before the court. Where counsel. addresses the court with A lJ c D E F G H JAGMOHAN V. U.P. STATE (Palekar, !.) 561 regard to the character and standing of the accused, they are duly considered by the court unless there is something in the evidence the State itsrlf which belies him or the Public Prosecutor If the matter is relevant and essential to be challenges the facts. considered, there is nothing in the Criminal Procedure Code which prevents additional evidence being taken. It must, however, be stated that it is not the experience of criminal courts in India that the accused with a view to obtaining a reduced sentence ever, offers to call additional evidence. the particular However, it is necessary to emphasize that the court is princi pally concerned with the facts and circumstances, whether aggra vating or mitigating, which are connected with crime under inquiry. All such facts and circumstances are capa ble of being proved in accordance with the provisions of Indian Evidence Act in a trial regulated by the Cr. P.C. The trial does not come to an end until all the relevant facts are proved and the counsel on both sides have an opportunity to address the court. The only thing that remains is for the Judge to decide ·on the guilt and punishment and that is what section 306(2) and 309(2) Cr. P.C. purport to provide for. These provisions are part of the procedure established by law and, unless it is shown that they are inV'alid for any other reasons, they must be regarded as valid. No reasons are offered to show that they are constitu tionally invalid, and, hence, the death sentence imposed after trial in accordance with the procedure established by law is not unconstitutional under Article 21. In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed. B c D E G.C. Appeal dismissed.