NARAYAN DASS INDUllAKHYA v. STATE OF MADHYA PR..\DESH

H~mam Das v. State of Uttar Pradesh, [1962] 2 S.C.R. 487, Naresh Cltondra Ganguli v. The State of West Bengal and orhers, (1960] 1 S.C.R. 411, 421, State of Bombay v. Atma Ram Sridhar Vaidya, [1951] S.C.R. 167, referred to. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No . . 236 of 1969. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and Order dated March 13, 1969 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Miscella neous Criminal Case No. 268 ol 1967. Ram Punjwani and P. C. Bhartari, for the appellant. R, P. Kapur·and I. N. Shroff, for the respondent. A B c D E F G H A B c D E r NARAYAN DASS v. STATE (Mitter. J.) 313 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by llllMa, J. This appeal by special leave from a judgment and order of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh dismissing the writ petition of the appellant challengjn~: ~he order of the State Govern ment under s. 5 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act (Act XXIII of 1961 ) forfeitin2 the copies of a book published by the appellant under s. 4(1) of the· Act, can be disposed of on the short ground that the order did not disclose the grounds of the o~inion formed . l>y the State Government. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') empowered the State Governments by s. 4 to make order declaring any newspaper or book as defined in the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 or any other document wherever printed, to be forfeited to the Government if it appeared to the Government that the said book etc. questioned the lerritorial integrity or frontiers of India in a manner which was or was likely to be prejudicial to the interests of the safety or security of India. The relevant provisions of the Act are as follows : - "S. 2; Whoever by words either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation or otherwise, questions the territorial integrity or frontiers of India in a manner which is, or is likely to be prejudicial to the interests of the safety or security. of India, shall be puni• sbable with imprisonment for a term which may ex: telld to three years, or with fine, or with both.

#4. (1) Where any newspaper or book as r!efined in the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867, or any other document, wherever prinled, appears to the State Government to c.imtain any matter the publication of which is punishable under section 2 or sub-section (2) of section 3, the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, stating the grounds of its opinion, declare every copy of the issm: of the newspaper con taining such matter and every copy of such book or other <locument to be forfeited to the Government, and there ~pon any police officer may seize the same wherever '. found and any Magistrate may, by warrant authorise any police officer.not below the ran1< of Sub-Inspector to en ter upon and search for the same in any premises where any copy of such issue or any copy of such book or other document may be or may be reasonably suspected to be. R

#5. (1) Any person having any interest in any news paper, book or other document in respect of which an order of for, feituTe has been nia.de under section 4 may, within two months from the date of such order, apply to 394 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973) 1 S.C.R. the High Court to set aside such order on the ground that the issue of the newspaper, or the book or other document in respect of which the order was made did not contain any matter of such a nature as is referred to in sub-sec tion (1) of section 4. (2) The provisions of sections 99-C to 99-F of the Code of Criminal P'rocedure, 1898, shall apply in rela tion to an application under sub-section (1) as they apply in relation to an application under section 99-B of that Code and the reference in section 99-D to seditious or other matter of such a nature as is referred to in sub• section(!) of section 99-A of that Code shall be construed as reference to any matter of such a nature as is referred to in sub-section (I) of section 4 of this Act. ( 3) No order passed or action taken under section 4 shall be called in question in any Court otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this section." The appellant who was admittedly the proprietor of the Narmada Printing Works, Jabalpur had published a book under the name and style of "!11adhyamic Bhoogol (Part I for Classes IX and X) written by C. P. Saxena. On 1st July, 1967 the State Government passed the order which is impugned in this case : "Whereas the books specified in the Schedule below question the territorial integrity and frontiers of Indi~ :n a manner which is likely to be prejudicial to the interest of the safety and security of India; And whereas it appears to the State Government that the said three books contain matter the publication of which is punishable under section 2 of die Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1961 (No. 23 of 1961); Now therefore in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Act, the State Government hereby declares every copy of the said three books and all other documents containing copies, reprint and reproduction of 'the said books to be forfeited · in favour of the Government." '.'fhe second item in the Schedul·~ relates to the appellant's publica t10n. From the communication of the Deputy Secretary to the Government of Madhya Pradesh dated 5th August 1967 it would appear that the State Government took objection ~o pages 138, 147 and 149 of the said book as containing' wrong maps. A B c D E F G H NAR.\YAN DASS v. STATE (Miller, J.) 395 A B c D B F G H According to the said communication : "These books contain maps of India, part of India, maps of countries adjacent to India and maps of Asia. All these maps involve the external boundary of India which has been found to be grossly incorrect. Besides this, the island territories of 'Laccadive, Minicoy and Aminc!ivi Islands' whkh form an integral part of India are omitted together from every map o( India. In some of the maps the territory of Bhutan has been omitted whiie in other Inda-Pakistan boundary is ignored." The communication refers not only to the publication with which we are concerned in this case but also two other publications both of which appear to be books on geography-for school students. The appellant filed his writ petition on August 29, 1967 before tr"~ High Court challen~ng ti\e order of the lst July 1967 inter a/ia on the ground that the grounds for the opinion of the State Government which had to be given in tJenns of s. 4 of the Act were non-existent in the order. He therefore filed the petition within two months of the date of the order forfei1ting the book in terms of s. 5 of the Act. In the counter affidavit of the State the stand taken was that the State Government was not bound to place details of infonna tion on the basis of which its satisfaction was arrived at. Refer ence was however made in the counter affidavit ~o a communica tion of the Director of Map Publications to the Director of Public Instruction dated 21st March 1967 in which it was stated with regard to all the three alleged offencling books that : "they contain maps of India, part of India, maps of countries adjacent to India and maps of Asia. All these maps involve the external boundary of India which has incorrect. Besides this, the been found to be grossly island territories of ··Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands' which form an integral 1>art of India are omitted together from every map of India. In some of ;he maps the territory of Bhutan has been omitted while in other Inda-Pakistan boundary is ignored." The High Court of Madhya Pradesh -took the view that the impugned order could not be said 'lo have omi'ted to state the grounds for the opinion of the State Government. According to the High Court : "the grounds on which the said opinion was based • were that the books contained matter which qu~stioned the territorial integrity and frontiers of India in a man ner which is likelv to be nreiudicial to the interest of the saf0 tv and security of India." r-Ll286Snp Cl/72 I 396 SUPP.EME COURT REPORTS [ 1973] l S.C.R. In our view the High Court had clearly gone wrong in tills view of the law on the subject. According to the Oxford Dictionary the meaning of the word 'ground' in this connection must be "base, foundation, motive, valid reason." What the State Gov ernment did in this case in the opening paragraph of the order was merely to quote a portion of the words of s. 2 namely, that :he books "questioned the territorial integrity and frontiers of India in a manner which is likely to be prejudicial to the mterest of the safety or security of India". The order gives no indication of the facts or the statements. or the representations contained in the book which according to the State Government offended s. 2. In the order itself there is no reference to any map or any text in the book which would come within the mischief of the said sec tion. A book may contain matter questioning the territorial inte grity and frontiers of India ip many ways one of which may be a wrong map which dqes not show the proper boundaries of India, either by omitting a portion of the Indian territory therefiom or by depicting a portion of what is really Indian territory as belong ing to some other State. A book may also c0me within the mis chief of s. 2 if there is any express reference in the text containing suggesthns based on historical or political or other reasons that some portion of what is generally known to the public as Indian territory is not so. There is a considerable body of statutory provisions which en able the State to curtail the liberty of the subject in the interest of the security of the State or forfeit books and documents when in the opinion of the Government, they promote class hatred, re In all such ligious intolereilce, disaffection against the State etc. cases, instances of some whereof are given below the State Gov ernment has to give the grounds of its opinion. Clearly the grounds must be distinguished from the opinion. Grounds of the opinion must mean the conclusion of facts on which the opinion is based. There can be no conclusion of fact which has no refer ence to or is not ex facie based on any fact. The provisions of the Act have a close parallel in s. 99,A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 in which a large number of matters are mentioned which according lo the Government may lead it to form the opinion that the publication offended the said section. There are also decisions under the Indian Press Act which In re. illu9trate what the g.rounds in a case like this must be. Mahomed Ali(1), a case of an order of fotfeiture of a pamphlet under the Press Act of 1910, the order of Government went to show that the pamphlet "Come over to Macedonia and help us" contained words of the nature described in s. 4 sub-s. (1) of the (1) 41 Calcutta 466. A B c D I! F' G H NARAYAN DASS v. STATE (Mitter, J.) 397 Indian Press Act, 1910 inasmuch as they are likely to bring into hatred or contempt certain classes of His Majesty's subjects in British India. According to Jenkins C.J. (p. 476) : "Those responsible for this Act foresaw this, ancl so they specifically provided that the forfeiting notificat10n should state the grounds of the Local Government's opinion. But when we turn to the notihcation no such grounds are stated; nothing in the nature of a fact is set forth, there is merely a citMion of those words of the section which are invoked .... But the r~petition of an opinion cannot be its grounds, and yet that is all that the notification furnishes in the shape of grounds. This is obviously insufficient and not a compliance with the terms of the Act." According to the other learned Judge Stephen, J. (p. 4 8 7) : "The ground of an opinion must in this case, it not always, be a fact or facts, and no fact is disclosed merely by a specific relation of the elements that the law requires to be present in order for legal consequences to follow." In Arun Ranjan Ghose v. Stale oj' West Bengal(') a case under ss. 99-A and 99-D of the Code of Criminal Procedure it was stated by Chakravartti, C.J. (p. 497): "It is useful to consider hem what is meant by grounds of opinion. The formation of an opinion by Govern ment is undoubtedly the ground for the action taken by them, but the grounds for the opinion are obviously different. The opinion, after it has been formed, fur nishes a irround to Govemm~nt for taking ac ion con templated, but the grounds on which the opinion itself is formed are and must be other grounds. Those grounds must necessarily be the import or the effec;t or the ten dency of matters contained in 1the offending publication, either as a whole or in portions of it, as illustrated by passages which Government may choose." In Harnam Das v. State of Uttar Pradesh(') 1he order under s. ~9-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure which was made went to show that the State Government declared the books for feited on the ground that the said books con ained matter the pub lication of which was puni~hable under s. 153-A and 295-A of the Penal Code. The two sections C>f the Indian Penal Code have little in common inasmuch as s. 153-A relates to an offence of (I) 59 C. W.N. 495. (2) [1962] l S.C.R. 487. B c D G H 398 SUPREME COUllT llEPORTll [1973] 1 s.c.R. promotion or attempt to promote feelings of enmity or hatred bet ween different classes of citizens of India and s. 295-A relates to an offence mauciously intended to outrage .he religious foe!ings of any such class by msultmg the religion or the religious belief of tnat class. The order wlllch was considered by tne court in that case gave no indication which formed the reason for Govern ment takin,g the view that the book should be forfeited. The Court he1d that tne order did not as it should have stated the g··ounds of opiruon. It is not known which communities were alienated from each other or whose religious beliefs were wounded. We may also refer to Art. 22(5) of the Constitution which lays down that when any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, conununicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representa· tion against the order. In considering the question as to what the grounds of detention meant when an order under Preventive Deten tion Act was made this Court said in Naresh Chandra Ganguli .v. The State of West Bengal & others(1): . " . . the grounds for making an order of deten tion, which have. to be communicated to the detenu as soon as practicable, are conclusions of fact'S, . and those conclusions of facts have to be communicated to the detenu as soon as may be." . We may also refer to the judgment of this Court m State of Bombay v. Atma Ram Sridhar Vaidya('), a case under the Pre ventive Detention Act, 'J(ania C.J. said (p. 178) : "By their very_ nature the grounds are conclusions of facts and not a complete detailed recital of all the facts . These conclusions are the "grounds" and they . . must be supplied." . All the above decisions in our opinion clearly show what the requirements of the Criminal Law Amendment Act are and it ap pears to us that the State Government merely gave its opinion and not the grounds for its opinion. As such the judgment of the High Court must be set aside and the order of Government dated July 1, 1967 mttst be qu"'hed. The appellant will be entitled to rtlturn of all the books forfeited. V.P.S. Appeal alluweJ. (l) [1960] I S.C.R. 411 at 421. (2) [1951] S.C.R. 16?. A c E ' G