JANAPADA SABHA, CHHINDWARA ETC v. THE CENTRAL PROVINCES SYNDICATE LTD & Anr.

The levy of coal cess by the Sabha was challenged by the Amalgamated Coalfields Ltd. & Others on diverse grounds in petitions filed in this Conrt under Art. 32 of the Constitution. This Court rejected the· petitions holding that Act 4 of 1920 had received ihe assent of the Governor-Gnereal and its validity was not liable to be challenged and that "on a proper interpretation of s. 51 of the Act th© levy of coal cess was not excluded from the purview of the local authority. " It was also held that the levy of the cess was valid even after the coming into force of the Government of India Act, 1935, and the Constitution of India, in view of s. 143 of the Government of India Act, 1935 and Art. 277 of the Constitution. But the Court declined to allow the petitioners to urge that the increase in the rate of tax by resolutions in the years 1943, 1946 and 1947 was invalid·: Amai gamated Coal-fields Ltd. v. Janapada Sabha, Chhindwara('). Validity of the enhanced levy was then challenged in petitions filed before the High Court of Madhya Pradesh by the Amalga mated Coal-fields Ltd. and Others. In appeals against the order of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, this Court held that since neither the Act nor the Rules prescribed a ceiling on the levy, the expression "first imposition" occurring in s. 51 (2) would include every increase of the levy after its initial imposition and the in creased levy would require the previous sanction of the Local Government and such sanction not being there, the levy at the rate of 9 pies per ton was illegal. The Court accordingly allow ed the appeals and orjlered that the appropriate directions be issued restraining the Janapada Sabha from recovering the tax at a rate higher than 3 pies per ton and also restraining the Sabha from recovering any additional tax in respect of the years for which (1) f1962] I S.C.R. l.

7.J 8 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1970] 3 S.C.R. tax had already been assessed against the petitioners : The Amal gamated Coalfields Ltd. v. The Janapada Sabha, Chhindwara('). To rectify the defect pointed out by this Court in the imposi tion of the cess, the Legislature of Madhya Pradesh enacted the Madhya Pradesh Koyala Upkar (Manyatakaran) Adhiniyam Act 18 of 1964. Bys. 2(a) "Board" means "the Independent Mining Local Board, Chhindwara, constituted under the Central Pro vinces Local Self Government Act, 1920 (IV of 1920), and its successor body, the Janapada Sabha, Chhindwara, constituted under the Central Provinces and Berar Local Government Act, 1948 (XXXVIII of 1948)". Secti~n 2(b) defines "cess" as mean ing "'a cess imposed by the lndependem Mining Local Board, Chhindwara, or its successor body, on coal, coal dust or coke, from time to time, as the case may be, produced or manufac· tured at the mines, so1d for export outside the State, or sold otherwise than for export by rail within the territorial jurisdiction of !he said Board'', and by s.

2(c) "enactment" is defined as meaning "the Central Provinces Local Self Government Act, 1920 (IV of 1920), or the Central Provinces and Berar Local Government Act, 1948 (No. XXXVIII of 1948), as the case may be, and rules made thereunder". By s. 3 it is provided: "(!) Notwithstanding anything contained in any judgment, decree or order of any Court, cesses im posed, assessed or collected or purported to have been imposed, assessed or collected -by the Board in pursu ance of the notifications/notices specified in the Sche dule shall. for all purposes, be deemed to be, and to have always been, validly imposed, assessed or collect ed as if the enactment under wh.ich they were so issued stood amended at all material times so as to empower the Board to issue the said notifications/notices and accordingly : - (a) all acts, proceedings or things done or taken by the Board or by any officer of the Board in connection with the imposition, assessment or collection of such cess shall, for all purposes, be deemed to be and to have always been done or taken in accordance with law; (b) any cess imposed or assessed in pursuance of the said notifications/notices before the 20th day of May, 1964 but not collected before such date may be recover ed (after assessment of the cess where necessary) in the manner provided therefor; (c) no suit or other proceeding shall be maintained or continued in any Court against the Board or any person (I) [1963] Supp.

1 S.C.R. 172. A B c D E F G H JANAPADA SABHA V. CENTRAL PROVINCES (Shah, J.) 749 A or authority whatsoever for the refund of any cess so paid; ( d) no Court shaU e.nforce any decree or order directing the refund of any cess so paid. (2) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declar ed that nothing in sub-~ction (1) shall be construed as preventing any person- (a) from questioning in accordance with the provi sions of the enactment, the assessment of such cess for any period. (b) for claiming refund of the cess paid to him in excess of the amount due from him under the enact n1ent. " In the Schedule, notificaitons dated December 22, 1943, July 29, 1946 and July 19, 1947, enhancing the rate of cess were referred to. The levy of coal cess validated by the provisions of Act 18 of 1964 was again challenged by the Central Provinces Syndicate Ltd. and other producers of coal, by petitions filed in the High It was claimed by the petitioners Court of Madhya Pradesh. that Act I 8 of 1964 was "ultra vires and ineffective", and notices issued pursuant thereto were liable to be quashed.

Dixit, C.J., and Pandey, J., who heard the petitions differed. In the view of the learned Chief Justice the Amending Act which pur ported to amend Act 4 of 1920 by seeking to empower the Mining Board to issue the notifications specified in the Schedule to the Act without reviving the Act of 1920 was ineffective, and that in any event the Act did not validate the levy of coal cess which had been imposed under the three notifications. Pandey. J., ex" pressed· a contrary view. He held that the provisions of s. 3 of Act 18 of 1964 were not invalid, "nor were they ineffective". The petitions were then referred to Shiv Dayal, J. The learned. Judge agreed with Dixit, C.J., and held that Act 18 of 1964 did not give legal effect to the imposition of cess at the rate of 4 pies, 7 pies or 9 pies per ton under the notifications issued by the Independent Mining Local Board nor to anything done in pursuance of those notifications.

The preamble of the Act states that it is "An Act to validate the imposition and collection of cess on coal by certain local authorities". Act 18 of 1964 is a taxing statute whiclj purports to rectify the defects pointed out by this Court. This Court declared invalid the levy of cess by the Independent Mining Local . If Board, Chhindwara, at a rate exceeding three pies per ton. B c D E G H 750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1970] 3 S.C.R. the Act does not by the plain language used therein carry out the object, the Court will not be justified in supplying deficiencies in the Act. As observed by Rowlatt, J., in Cape Brand.v Syndi· care v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue('): "In a taxing Act one has to look merely at what is clearly said. There is no room for any intendment: There is no equity about a tax. There is no presump tion as to a tax. Nothing is to be read jn, nothing is to be implied. One can only look fairly at the langu age used.

" These observations were approved by the House of Lords in Cana· dian Eagle Oil Co. Ltd. v. King('). This Court has also adopt ed the same rule in Commissioner of Income-tax v. Ajax Products Ltd. ("); and Com111issioner of Income-tax v. B. M. Kharwar(4). The relevant words which purport to validate the imposition, assessment and collection of cess on coal may be recalled : they are "cesses imposed, assessed or collected by the Board in pur suance of the notifications/notices specified in the Schedule shall, for all purposes, be deemed to be, and to have always been validly imposed, assessed or collected as if the enactment under which they were so issued stood amended at all material time~ so as to empower the Board to issue the. said notifications/noti ces,.. Thereby the enactments, i.e., Act 4 of 1920 and the Rules framed under the Act pursuant to which the notifications and notices were issued, must be deemed to have been amended by the Act.

But the Act does not set out the amendments intended· to be made in the enactments. Act 18 of 1964 is a piece of clumsy drafting. By a fiction it deems the Act of 1920 and the rules framed thereunder to have been amended without disclosing the text or even the nature of the amendments. Mr. B. Sen appearing on behalf of the Sabha contended that the intention of the Legislature was to repeal with retrospective effect sub-s. (2) of s. 51 of Act 4 of 1920. Bys. 51 of Act 4 of 1920 it was provided : B D E F G "( 1) <;ubject to the provisions of. a~y law or. enact ment for the time being in force, a D1stnct Council may, by a resolution passed by a majority of no.t less t~an two-thirds of the members present at a special meeting convened for the purpose, impose any tax, toll or rate (I) 12 T.C. 358. (l) 55 I.T.R. 74l (S.C.l (2) 27 T.C. 205 (H.L.l. W [1967] 2 S.C.R. 650. A B c D E F G .JANAPADA SABHA V. CENTRAL.PROVINCES (Shah, J.) 75!

(2) The first imposition of any tax, toll or rate under sub-section (1) shall be subject to the previous sanction of the Provincial Government. " But the Act in terms is liniited in its application to the Indepen dent Mining Local Board, Chhindwara, and its successor body the Jamapada Sabha, Chhindwara constituted under Act 38 of 1948, and only in respect of the three notifications specified in the Schedule. Obviously the Act limited to one local Board in its application and· to certain specific notifications cannot ope rate to repeal the clause insofar as it applied to other Boards. The nature of the amendment made in Act 4 of 1920 has not been indicated. Nor is there anything which enacts that the notifications issued without the sanction of the State Govern ment must be deemed to have been issued validly under s. 51(2} without the sanction of the Local Government. On the words i~ is plain that the Legislature attempted to used in the Act, ovecrule or set aside the decision of this Court.

That, in our judgment, is not open to the Legislature to do under our consti tutional scheme. It is 'open to the Legislature within certain limits to amend the provisions of an Act retrospectively and to declare what the law shall be deemed to have been, but fo is not open to the Legislature to say that a judgment of a Court properly constituted and rendered in exercise of its powe.rir in a matter brought before i~ shall be deemed to be ineffecive and the inter pretation of the law shall be otherwise than as declared by the Court. This Court in The Amalgamated Coalfields Ltd.'s(') case held that the cess was not validly imposed and levied because the sanction of the State Government was not obtained at the time of enhancing the rate of levy of tax. That judgment was binding between the parties and also by virtue of Art. 141 binding on all Courts in the territory <if India. The Legislature could not say that that declaration of law was either erroneous, invalid or ineffective either as a precedent or between the parties. It is unnecessary then to consider whether the repealed Act may be amended without re-enactment. The appeals fail and are dismi<~ed with costs. One hearing H fee. V.P.S. (I) [1963] Supp. I S.C.R. ·112. Appeals dismissed •.