V. VENUGOPALA RAVI VARMA RAJAH v. UNION OF INDIA & Anr.

Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated November 5, 1965 of the Kerala High Court in Writ Appeals Nos. 9 and 44 of 1964. M. C. Chag/a, C. K. Vishwa Nath Aiyar and R. Gopalakrish- 11a11, for the appellant (in both the appeals). D. Narsaraju, T. A. Ramachandran, and B. D. Sharma, for the respondents (in both the appeals). A B c D E F The Judgment of the. Court was delivered by Shah, J. Rajah Padmanabha Ravi Varma was the karta of a Hindu undivided family governed by the Marumakkattayam G law. On his death in 1961 the appellant-his brother-became family, the karta of the family. while remaining joint, had entered separate enjoyment of certain properties of the family by diffe- rent members. For the assessment year 1958-59 Rajah Padma nabha filed under the Expenditure-tax Act of the taxable expenditure incur- red by him in respect of the property under his "personal control and direct enjoyment". The Expenditure-tax Officer added thereto in the status of a Hindu undivided family, a return H In 1909 the members of into an arrangement A B c D VENUGOPAIA V. UNION (Shah, J,) 8 29 the expenditure incurred by the other members of the family i'1l respect of properties set apart for their use and enjoyment. The Expenditure-tax Officer also served a notice of assessment under s. 15(2) calling for a return of expenditure by the Hindu un divided family for the assessment year 1959-60. The appellant thC1n 111nved petitions before the High Court of Kerala under Art. 226 of the Constitution for writs quashing the assessment and the 11·1tice of demand for the year 1958-59 and the notice calling for a return for the assessment year 1959- 60 contend-ng, inter alia, that he was not liable to be assessed to tax on expenditure incurred in respect of property not "under his personal control and direct enjoyment". A single Judge of In appeal a the High Court of Kerala upheld the contentiQn. Division Bench of the High Court set aside the order of the single Judge. The appellant contc1ds that the Jaw which enables the Expenditure-tax Ofliccr to Jssess tax on the expenditure of all members of the Hincu ur 'ivided family governed by the Maru makkattayam law. discri•. religion, iates, Q\n between the Hindu undiv··led family and a Mappilla undivided family governed by the M urumakkattayam law resident in North Malabar. the ground of Section 3 of the Expenditure-tax Act 29 of 1957 is the charg E ing section : insofar as it is relevant it reads : " (I) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act, there shall be charged for every financial year, commencing on and from the first day of April, 1958, a tax (hereinafter referred to as expenditure tax) at the rate or rates specified in the Schedule in respect of the expenditure incurred by any individual or H\ndu undivided family in the previous year : Provided that " Under the charging section tax is imposed on individuals and Hindu undivided families. An -undivided family which consists of Hindus alone may be treated as a unit of assessment : an un divided family whose members are not Hindus will be assessed to tax as an "individual". Counsel for the appellant contends that whereas a Hindu family governed by the Marumakkattayam law is assessed to expenditure-tax on the total expenditure incur red by all the members of the undivided family, because the unit ol taxation under s. 3 is the Hindu Ullldivided family, a Mappill~ the Marumakkattayam law in undivided family governed by F G H 830 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1969] 3 S.C.R. North Malabar is liable to be assessed to tax as an "individual", and on that account at a lower rate. Marumakkattayam law applied originally by usage to a sec tion of the Hindus inhabiting the South-Western coastal region in India. Some centuries ago a section of the Hindu inhabitants of North Malabar were converted en masse to Is/am, but they sti!J continued to remain 'governed by the Marumakkattayam law especially in matters of property relations among members of the family. The law administered by the Courts to these communi ties is, subject to express statutory provisions, a body of customs and usages which have received judicial recognition. The Mitakslzara law of joint family is founded upon agnatic relationship : the U;lldivided family is characterised by community of interest and unity of possession among persons descended from a common ancestor in the male line. The principal incident of Marumakkattayam law is that it is matriarchate : members of the family constituting a Marumakkattayam tarwad are descemded through a common ancestress in the female line with equal rights in the property of the family. Under the customary Marumak· kattayam law no partition of the family estate may be made, but items of the family property may by agreement be separately enjoyed by the members. On death of the interest of a member devolved by survivorship. Management of the family property remained in the hands of the eldest male member, and in the ab sense of a male member a female member. A tarwad may consist of two or more branches known as thavazhies; each tavazhi or branch consisting of one of the female members of the tarwad and her children and all her descendants in the female line. Every tarwad consisted of a mother a,nd her children-male and female-living in commensality, with joint rights in property. The District c.f Malabar formed part of the State of Madras till October 31. 1956. The customary Marumakkattayam law applicable to Malabar was modified in certain respects from time to time by the Madras Legislature e.g. the Malabar Marriage Act 4 of 1896. the Malabar Wills Act 5 of 1898. But the law relating to property relations between the members of the tarwad remained in its customary fom1 till the fourth decade of this cen tury. Under the customary law partition of the property of the family could not be claimed by a,n. individual member or even by a thavazlzi. judicial decisions for over 75 years, and this rule was accepted iis settled Jaw ti!1 the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Marumak· kattayam Act, 22 of 1933 and the Mappilla Marumakkattayam Act 17 of 1939. the former applying to Hindus and the latter to Mappillas who are Muslims. There were however significant differences between the two Act~. Under Act 22 of 1933 only It was so laid down by a course of B c D E F G H A B c 0 E F VENUGOPALA v. UNION (Shah, J.) 8 31 a tarwad could claim partition ( s. 3 8) (by the Madras Marumak kattayam (AmendmMt) Act 26 of 1958 enacted by the Ker-dla Legislature the right to claim partition was also granted to indi vidual members); property obtained by partition was held with incidents of tarwad property [s. 38 (2) ]; and the Karnavan was not required to maintain an inventory of the property, but had to mai.ntain a true and correct account of the income and expenditure :if the tarwad. By the Madras Act 17 of 1939 any member o: a Mappilla tanvad could claim partition ( ss. I 3 & 14); succession to prope,·ty obtained by partition was governed by Islamic law ( s. 18) ; the Karnavan was required to maintain an inventory of family property (s. 3); any member of the family could apply to the Court for an order directing the Karfl(lvan to give inspection of accounts or inventory [s. 5(2)]; surplus in come had to be invested by the Karna van ( s. 7) ; and the Kama van could be removed by a suit ( s. 11). These and other statutory modifications were applicable only to the Malabar area which was originally part of the State of Madras and not to the State of Travancore-Cochin as it existed before the States R.eorganization Act, 1956. Ther.e were several in the States of Travancore and Cochin legislative measures before those States merged with the Indian Union, and State of Travancore-Cochin after merger and in the State of in the customary Marumakkattayam Kerala, making changes law: these were the Cochin Makkathayam Thiyya Act 17 of (M.E.); Cochin Marumakkattayam Act 13 of 1095 1115 (M.E.). Cochin Nair Act 13 of 1095 (M.E.) and Act 29 of 1113 (M.E.); Cochin Paliam Tarwad Act 8 of 1097 (M.E.); Cochin Thiyya Act 8 of 1107 (M.E.); Travancore Nanjinad Vellala Regulation 6 of 1101 (M.E.); Travancore Nayar Regu lation I of 1088 (M.E.) and II of 1100 (M.E.); Travaocore It is sufficient to observe that by Wills Act 6 of 1074 (M.E.). the customary these statutes significant changes were made laws governing the family and property relations between members governed by the Marumakkattayam law. G H The Hindu Succ.:ssion Act 30 of 1956 also made inroads upon the customary law. Sectio.n 3 (h) defined the expression "Marumakkattayam law", and by s. 7 it was pcovided that if a Hindu to whom the Marumakkattayam or Nambudri law would have applied, if the Hindu Succession Act had not been passed. dies, his or her interest in the property of a tanvad, tavazhi or il/om shall devolve by testamentary or intestate succession, not according to the Marumakkatta, vam law or the Nambudri law, but ·under the Hindu Succession Act. By s. 17 of the Act ss.8, 10, 15 and 23 apply to persons governed by the Marumakkattavam law snbject to certain modifications. 832 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 969] 3 S.C.R. The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 78 of 1956 and the Hindu Marriage Act 23 of 1955 also apply to Hindus govern ed by the Marumakkattayam law and modify the law relating to family relations. Initially a common system of law relating to family property of the tarwad was applicable 1.0 Hindus and Mapillas governed by the Marumakkattayam law. Since the enactment of Madras Act 22 of 1933 and the other Acts governing the Hindus, and Act 17 of 1939 governing the Mappillas, points of similarity even in property relations in the tarwads have considerably narrowed. Application of the Islamic laws of marriage and inheritance the Mappillas led to greater cleavage. If a member of a Map pilla Marumakkattayam family married a person not governed by the Marumakkattayam Jaw, the property of the person govern ed by the Marumakkattayam law apparently devolved according to that system of law, whereas the property of the person govern ed by the Islamic law devolved according to rules of succession. The result was th?t whereas the interest of a Map pilla governed by the Marumakkattayam law devolved by survivorship, his separate property desceinded by inheritance in accordance with the Islamic law. Hindus governed by the Maru makkattayam law,. since the enactment of the Hindu Succession Act remained members of the undivided family, but on death the interest devolved by the rules prescribed by the Hindu Succession Act. Islamic In a Hindu tanvad governed by the Marumakkattayam Jaw the descent is matriarclrate and all members male and female have equal shares in the property of the tarwad. Though not a family governed by the M itakshara law, it is still a Hindu undivided family within the meaning of the Expenditure-tax Act. The pro perty relations between members of a Mappilla Marumakkatta yam tarwad governed by the matriarchate with equal shares for males and females were in certain respects, already stated, diffe rent from the relations between members of a Hindu family governed by the Marumakkattayam law. The community of Mappillas governed by the Marumak kattaya!!' law is, compared to the Hindus, a small community restricted only to the northern area ~f the Mafabar District. It is again a dwindling community because of the impact of the Jaw of inheritance applicable to share obtained on partition. in the light of these special characteristics that the plea of dis crimination must be considered. Jt Equal protection clause of the Constitution does not enjoin laws as abstract propositions. Laws equal protection of the being the expression of legislative will intended to solve specific A B c .I.I E F G H VENUGOPALA v. UNION (Shah, !. ) 8 33 A 8 c D E F G H subiect problems or to achieve _defini_te objectives by Sj)t:C~c re~edies, absolute equality or uniformity of treatment is nnposs1ble of achievement. Again tax laws are aimed at dealing with complex problems of infinite variety necessitating_ adjustme~t of . several disparate elements. The c;,::ourts accordmgly admit, adherence to the fundamental principles of the doctrine of equal ity, a larger play to legislative _discretion in the ID:atter of classi fication. The power to c!ass1iy may be exercised so as to adjust the system of taxation in all proper and reasonable ways : the Legislature may select persons, properties, transactions and objects, and apply different methods and even rates of tax, if the Legislature does so reasonably. Protection of the equality clause does not predicate a mathematically precise or logically complete or symmetrical classification : it is not a condition of the guar antee of equal protection that all transactions, properties, objects or persons of the same genus must be affected by it or •none at all. choose objects of taxation, impose different rates, exempt classes of property from taxation, subject different classes of property to tax in different ways and adopt different modes of assessment. A taxing statute may contravene Art. 14 of the Constitution if it seeks to impose on the same clas, of property, persons, transac tions or occupations similarly situate. incidence of taxation, which leads to obvious inequality. A taxing statute is not, therefore, exposed to attack on the ground of discrimination merely because different rates of taxation are prescribed for different categories of persons, transactions, occupations or objects. If the classification is rational, the Legislature is It is for the Legislature to determine the objects on which tax The Courts will not shall be levied, and the strike down an Act as denyijllg the equal protection of Jaws merely because other objects could have been, but are not, taxed by the Legislature : Raja Jagannath Baksh Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Another('). The same rule has been accepted by the Courts in America. thereof. Willis in his ConstitutiQ!lal Law of the United States has stated at p. 587 : "A state does not have to tax everything in order It is allowed to pick and choose dis to tax something. tricts, objects, persons, methods, and even taxation if it does so reasonably." As stated in Weaver's Constitutional Law Art. 275 at p. 405 : "The Fourteenth Amendmemt was not designed to prevent a state from establishing a system of taxation or from effecting a change in its system in all proper (I) [19631 I S.C.R. 220. .834 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1969] 3 S.C.R. and reasonable ways, nor to require the states to adopt an ironclad rule of equality to prevent the classifica tion of property for purposes of taxation or the impo sitioo of different rates upon different classes." Weaver again says at p. 397 : "Class legislation is that which makes an impro per discrimination by conferring particular privileges upon a class of pe.rsons, arbitrarily selected from a large number of persons, all of whom stand in the same relation to the privilege granted and between whom and the persons not so favoured no reasonable distinction or substantial difference can be found inclusion o~ one and the exclusion of the other from such privilege ...... A classification must not be arbi- trary, artificial or evasive and there must be a reason able, natural and substantial distinction in the nature of the class or classes upon which the Jaw operates. In respect to such distinction, a legislative body has a wide discretiO\'l and an Act will not be held invalid unless the classification is clearly unreasonable and arbitrary." justifying It is unnecessary to multiply citations. The Parliament has declared for the purpose of the Expendi ture-tax Act an undivided family of Hindus as a unit of taxation and imposed tax at the rates prescribed. To fall within the des cription the unit must'be an undivided family of Hindus. Within the expression "Hindu undivided family" will fall an undivided family of Hindus governed by the Marumakkattayam law. Even though the basic scheme of a Hindu undivided family governed by the Mitakshara law and the Marwnakkattayam law is diffe rent in two important respects, l'iz. the descent is through females and childrci.'l both males and females have equal rights to pro· families. The perty-these families are still Hindu undivided law applicable to Hi.ndu undivided Mammakkattayam Jaw. and to the Mappilla tanmd in North Malabar has the same cha:·acteristics in two principal rc>pects (a) descent is traced through fem1les: anJ (b) there is com munity of interest and unity of possession i.11 respect of the family property. But the Jaws applicahle to those families in other re< pects widely differ. family governed by The Mappilla families governed by the Mmwnakkattayam law reside in a small part of the country and fonn !lUmerically a small community. The Parliament has again be~n accustomed A B c E f G II VENJJGOPALA V. UNION (Shah, J.) 8 35 in enact4ng tax laws to make a distinction between a Hindu Undivided Family consisting of Hindus and undivided families of Mappmas. By the taxing Acts the Parliament could have treated MappiJJa tarwads as units of the mere fact that the Jaw could have been extended to another class of persons who have certain characteristics similar to a section of the Hindus but have not been so included is not a ground for striking In treating a Hindu Undivided Family as a unit of down the Jaw. taxation under the Expenditure-tax Act and not a Non-Hindu Un divided Family the Parliament has not attempted an "obvious inequality". taxation. But Under the taxing Acts the scheme of treating a Hindu Un divided Family has been adopted for a Jong time, e.g., the Indian Income-tax Act IX of 1869, Indian Income-tax Act IX of 1870, Indian Income-tax Act XII of 1871, Act VIII of 1872, Act JI of 1886, Act Vll of 1918, Act XI of 1922. Act 43 of 1961 have treated a Hindu Undivided Family as a distinct taxable entity. Similarly under the Wealth-tax Act 27 of 1957 and the Gift-tax Act 18 of 1958, the Hindu Undivided Family is made a unit of taxation. Under the Business Profits Tax Act 21 of 1947 and the Excess Profits Tax Act, 1940 also the Hindu Undivided Family these Acts was made " unit of taxation. For the purposes of Mappilla tarwads governed by the Marumakkattayam law have been regarded as individuals. This Jong course of legislative history in matters of taxing income. wealth, gifts, capital gains and business profits ckarly indicates that the legislature families of Hindus as a class to whiCh the legislation may appropriately .be applied. An intention to effectively administer the taxing Acts and not to discriminate on the ground of religion may be attributed to the Legislature. regarded undivided The Parliament in the present case having made the Expen diture-tax Act applicable to Hindus governed by the law of the joint family, but not including Mappilla families who are govern ed by the Mappilla Marumakkattayam Act has not made ailly dis crimination and the charging section is not liable to be struck <lown on the ground that the Mappilla family may have to pay tax at a lower rate, whereas a Hindu Undivided Family, by reason of the amalgamation of the expenditure of all the mem bers of the family. may have to pay tax at a higher rate. The appeal> fail and are dismissed with costs. One hearing A B c D E G H ' A /ll'ea/s dismincd. f~e. V.P.S. L 11 S·1p Cl/69--4