•• CJ.T v. Kruhna Warr.a

Mr. Rajagopala Sastri, learned counselfor the Revenue, contends that under s. 4 ( 3 )( i) of the Act whereunder the said income is given exemption from taxation, the property wherefrom the income is derived shall have been held under trust wholly or in part for religious or charitable purposes, that the business run under the name and style of Arya Vaidya Sala was not capable of being held in trust, that even if it was capable of beirig held under trust, it was not wholly or in part so held in trust for religious or charitable purposes, as only a part of the income was rlirected to be spent for religious or charitable pu.rposes and that in circumstances cl. (b) of the proviso was attractd but the conditions laid down thereunder were not complied with. Learned counsel for the respondent, Mr. S. T. D~sai, contends that business is property within the meaning of s. 4 ( 3 )( i) of the Act and that it is held in tmst in part for religious and charitable purposes and, therefore, the sub stantive part of the provision is attracted to .the facts of the case and hence the proviso is excluded. Before we construe the relevant provisions of the Act and consider the arguments advanced on either sid~, it would be convenient at the outset to read the mateiial part of tbe will and to ascertain· the scope of the bequest created there under. The will is marked as Annexure A2 in the case. 1be relevant parts of the Will read: "l. Will executed by Pannbmnalli Warrialh deceased Parvathi alias Kunkikutty Warassiar's IHI CJ.T. Y. '.ruluw ",,,,;,,,. 40 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [rg64] son Sri Sankunny Warriar known as Vaidyarat nam Sri P. S. Warriar, residing at Puthan Warian in Kottak:kal Amsom and Desom of Ernad Taluk.;' "7. Apart from the properties mentioned in Schedule B, C and D all other properties, movable as well as immovable, belonging to me I hereby constitute into a trust to be managed by the trustees as per the directions in the will. They are described in Schedule E, and on my demise those properties will vest in the trustees. It is my intention that except the properties men tioned in paras 4 and 5 (B, C & D Schedule), all my properties are to be• included in the Trust and therefore, even if some item of property is left out by 'inadvertence, it is also to be deemed included in the Trust and vested in the Trustees." "8. Provisions regarding the Trust. I hereby nomi nate the following persons as the first Board of Trustees:- ........ (Names of 7 persons given). 4 9. The above Trust is to be managed and conducted according to the terms and conditions detailed below:- (A to F) .......................... . G. The primary and chief objects·of the Trust are to carry on for ever the two institutions viz., the Arya Vaidya Sala and the Arya Vaidya Hospital on the lines followed now with the object of enlarging and increasing their scope and utility. The work of Arya Vaidya Sala now consists of,

#1. preparation of Ayurvedic medicines, 2. sale of the same, 3. treatment of patients, receiving from them compensation according to their capacity and means, 8 S.C.R SUPREME COURT REPORTS

#4. to conduct research into Arya Vaidyam with a view to make it more and more useful to the public. H. The following are the matters conducted in the institution called the Arya Vaidya Hospita!.. fff4 ~ ... ,,,.. CJ.T. ... '•bb• Ru 1. II' .nar

#1. To examine poor patients free of charge, to prescribe treatment for them and give medicines gratis (out-patient Department).

#2. To take in at least 12 poor patients at any time, give them lodging and board and also free medicines and treatment free (the in-patient Department).

#3. To carry out the said services with the help of an Arya V aidyan and necessary opera tions with the help of an Allopathi doctor.

#4. Give treatment and medicines to all persons seeking them, receiving from such of them as are able such remuneration as they can afford including cost of medicines. The Arya Vaidya Hospital is now carried on with the medicines supplied by and takeri from th\: Arya Vaidya Sala and incidental expenses are now me~, from out of the funds of the Arya Vaidya Sala. ]. The trustees are to run the above institutions according to the intentions expressed abovo:: with such modifications as the circumstances may .warrant. K. In the Arya Vaidya Patasala run under the auspices of the Arya Samajam, Aryavaidyam is taught in accordance with the service of Ayurveda. the ex penses of the said institutions, not covered by its income. From out of the profits of Arya Vaidya Sala. I have been meeting L. Out of the net profits of the Arya Vaidya Sala 25 per cent is to be devoted to the ftevelop- 1964 CJ.T . ... Krishna Warriar Subba Rao 1. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [rg64] ment of the Arya Vaidya Sala, 25 per cent for meeting the expenses of the Arya Vaidya Hospital and 25 per cent for division equally between the two tavazhies (this only for 25 years) out of the remaining 25 per cent a sum not exceeding 10 per cent may be requirements, utilised for the according to purposes of the Arya Vaidya Patasala. The balance, if any, that m1y remain out of the 10 per cent after disbursement to the Arya Vaidya Patasala, may he used for the Arya Vaidya Sala itself. The balancr 15 per cent are to be deposited by the Trustees each year in approved banks as a Reserve fund for the two tavazhies for a period of 20 years and the fund inclusive of interest is to be divided equally among the two tavazhies equally i.e., in moiety and it will be the duty of the Trmtees to invest the same on the authority of immovable proper ties. thus accumulated M. The Trustees me not bound to pay any amount to the said two tavazhies after the expiry of 20 years. The 40 per cent of the profit so earmarked for 20 years and so released after the expiry 9f 20 years are therefore to be utilised for the development of the Arya Vaidya Sala and Arya V.1idya Hospital according to the discretion of the Trustees. E Schedule: All remaining properties constituted into the Trust. It will be seen from the said recitals of the Will µiat the testator created a trust in respect of his entire properties, including those mentioned in Schedules B, C and D and specifically vested them in the trustees appointed there included the business so vested under. The properties carried on in the name .1nd style of Arya Vaidya Sala. The main objects of the trust were to carry on the said two insti tutions, namely, Arya Vaidya Sala and Arya Vaidya Hospital •· 8 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 43 . 1964 cJ.T. v. and also the other objects mentioned thereunder. Out of the income from the business so vested in the trustees, he directed the trustees to spend 25 per cent for the develop- ment of Arya Vaidya Sala, 25 per cent to meet the expenses Krtslm• War of ·the Arya Vaidya Hospital, not exceeding 10 per cent for Subba Rao . the Arya Vaidya Patasala, 25 per cent to be shared equally by the two branches of the family of the testor for a period of 20 years .and thereafter to be utilized for the purpose of the Arya Vaidya Sala and Arya Vaidya Hospital and 15 per cent to be given to the said branches; that is to say, 60 per cent of the total properties for a period of 20 years from the. demise of the testator should be utilized for religious and charitable purposes and thereafter 85 per cent to be utilized for the said purposes and the rest to be spent on non-religious and non-charitable purposes. Therefore, under the Will the E Schedule properties, including the business, were held under trust and the object of the trust was to utilize uO per cent of the profits of the business for 20 years and 85 per cent thereafter for religious and charitable purposes. The assessment years in question fell within 20 ye.1rs from the death of the testator and, therefore, we are concerned only with 60 per cent of the income from the trust properties. The question is whe.ther the 60 per cent of the income from the trust properties is eXe!fipt from assessment to income-tax under s. 4(3) (i) of the Act. The relevant provisions of the Act read: Section 4. ( 3) Any income, profits or gains falling within the following classes shall not be inc!ud ed in the total income of the person receiving them: (i) any income derived from property held under trust or other legal obligation wholly religious or charitable purposes, and in the case of property so held in part only for such purposes, the income applied, or finally set apart for application, thereto: Provided that such income shall be included in the total income ..................... . (b) in the case of income derived from business carried on behalf of a religious or charit- 44 ll)IU CJ.T . ... ,j(rishna Warnar SUPREME COURT REPORTS able institutions, unless applied wholly for the purpose of the insti tution and either- income Subba Rao J. (i) the business is carried on in tbe cours~ of the actual carrying out of a primary purpose of the institution, or (ii) the work in connection witb the busineS5 is mainly carried on by beneficiaries of the institution. A brief history of the proviso may not be out of place here. Before the amendment of this clause by the Amending Act of 1953 the proviso was in the form of a separate substantive clause and was numbered as cl. ( i-a). The said cl. (i-a) It was argued on behalf of came under judicial scrutiny. the Revenue that though a business was held under trust for religious or charitable purposes, it would fall under cl. (i-a) and the income therefrom could not be exempted income-tax unless th~ conditions laid down in the said clause In Charitable Gadodia Swadeshi were complied with. Stores v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Puniah ( 1 ) .• the Lahore High Court rejected that contention, and one of the reasons given for the rejection was that if the s.aid clause was intend ed to narrow down the scope of cl. (i), the said clause should have been added as a proviso to the old clause. Pre sumably on the basis of this suggestion the Amending Act of 1953 substituted cl. (i-a) by cl. (b) of the proviso. But it is not an inflexible rule of construction that a proviso in a statute should always be read as a limitation upon the effect of the main enactment. Generally the natural presumption is that but for the proviso the enacting part of the section would have included the subject-matter of the proviso; but the clear language of the substantive provision as well as the proviso may establish that the proviso is not a qualify ing clause of the main provisions, but is in itself a substantive In the words of Maxwell, "the true principle is provision. that the sound view of the enacting clause, the saving clause and the proviso take.n and construed tog; ether is to prevail". So construed we find no difficulty, as we wiU indicate later (I) (1944) I i I.T.R. 385. 8 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 45 ia our judgment, in holding that the said cl. ( b) of the proviso de.als with a case of business which is not vc, ted in trust for religi~us or charitable purposes within the moaning Kmlm;i •. """' of the substantlve clause of s. 4 ( 3) ( 1). 1964 CJ. r. " 6 -·· Subba Rtro 1. With this introductory remarks we shall proceed to con· strue the provisions of s. 4(3)(i) of the Act, along with cl. (b) of the Proviso. Under cl. (i), so far as it is relevant to the question raised before us, to earn the exemption the income shall have been derived from property under trust wholly or in part held for religious or charitable purposes. Under cl. (b) of the proviso to that clause, in the case of income derived from business carried on on behalf of a religious or charitable institution, unless the condition laid down thereunder are complied with, the said income cannot If business is property and is held under trust be exempted. wholly or partly for religious or charitable purposes, it falls squarely under the. substantive part of cl. ( i) and i" that event cl. (b) of the proviso cannot be attracted, as under that clause of the proviso the business mentioned therein is not held under trust but one carried on on behalf of a religious or charitable institution. To take a business out of the substantive cl. ( i) of s. 4 ( 3) and place it in cl. (b) of the proviso, it is suggested that business is not property and that even if it is property the said property is not wholly or partly held in trust for re!lgious or charitable purposes. That business is property is now well settled. The Privy Council in In re Trustees of the Tribune(') did not question the view expressed by the Bombay High Court that business of running the newspaper Tribune was property held under ocsst for charitable purposes. This Court in J. K. Trust, •ombay 'Y. Commissioner of Income-tax .. Excess profits Tax :lombay(") endorsed the said view and held that "property" ii .11 term of the widest import and that business would un doubtedly be property unless there was something to the con If business was property, it could trary in the enactment. be held under trust for religious and charitable purposes. As the business of running the Arya Vaidya Sala vested under trust for religious and charitable purposes, it would iall under (1 ) (1939) l.T.R. 415 (P.C.) (2) (19 58) S.C.R. 65 _J • SUPREME COURT REPORTS - 11164 C.L.T. cl. (i), if the other conditions laid down therein were satis· fied. The necessary condition for the application of cl. (i) Kri.rhna Y. Warrior of ~· 4(3) of the Act is that the said property, namely,. the busmess, shall have been wholly or iD part held for rehg10us S11bba RJIO 1. or charitable purposes. As 40 per cent of the profits in the business would be given to purposes other than religious or charitable purposes it cannot be said that the business was held wholly for religious or charitable purposes. But as 60 per cent of the profits thereof would be spent for religious or charitable purposes, the question is whether it can be held that the business was held in trust in part for religious or charitable purposes. The argument advanced on behalf of the Revenue is that the expression "in part" in cl. (i) applies only to a case where an aliquot part of property is vested in trust and that is not legally possible in the case It is said that a business is one and indivisible of business. and, therefore, the subject-matter of trust can only be the share of the profits payable to a partner during the con tinuance of the partnership or after its dissolution. Reliance is placed in support of the said proposition on the decisions in K. A. Ramachar v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras('), David Burnet v. Charles P. Leininger( 2 ), Mohammad Ibrahim Riza v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Nagpur( 8 ). The first two decisions dealt with a different problem, viz., whether an assessee is liable to tax on his share of profits in a finn after setting or assigning the same in favour of a third party and the courts have held that the profits accrued to the assessee before the assignments could operate on them and he was Ii.able to be assessed to tax OD. In the third decision, the Judicial Com the said profits. mittee held that there was no valid trust for charitable pur poses, as the utilization of the income to charitable or secular purposes was left to the absolute discretion of the head of the community. None of the three decisions has .any bearing on the question whether a business could be held in wholly or in part for religious or charitable purposes. That question falls to be considered on different considerations. In our view, the expression "in part" does not refer . to an aliquot part; if half a house is held in trust wholly Jor (I) [I96I] 3 s.c.R. 380 (2) (I 932) 76 L.Jld. 665. (3) (1930) S7 I.A. 260 '1964 C.I.T., ... Krishna W arriar Subba Rao J. S S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 47 religious or charitable purposes, it would be covered by the first part of the substantive clause of cl. ( i), for in that event the subject-matter r.f the trust is only the said half of the ·,ouse and that half is ':leld w:1011y for religious or charitable purposes. The expression "in part'', therefore, must apply to a case other than a property a part of which is wholly held for religious or charitable purposes. In India there are a variety of trusts wherein there is no complete dedication of the property but only a partial dedication. A property may be dedicated entirely to a religious or charitable insti tution or to a deity. This is an instance of complete dedica tion. A property may be dedicated to. a deity, subject to a charge that a part of the income shall be given to the grantor's h€irs. A property may be given to an individttal subject to, or burdened with, a charge in favour of an. idol or a religious institution or for charitable purposes. An owner of property may retain the property for himself but carve out a beneficial interest· therefrom in favour of the public by way of easement or otherwise. There may be is a trust, it many other instance, where involves only a partial dedication of the property held under trust in the sense that only a part of the income of that property is utilized for religious or charitable purposes. The dichotomy between the two expressions "wholly" and "in part" is not based upon the dedication of the whole or a fractional part of the property, but between the dedication of the said property wholly for religious or charitable pur If so understood, the poses or in part for such purposes. two limbs of the substantive clause fall into a piece. The first limb deals with a property or a part of it held in trust wholly for religious or charitable purposes, and the second limb provides for such a property held in trust partly for religious or charitable purposes. On the said reading of the provision it follows that the entire business of Arya Vaidya Sala is held in trust for utilizing 60 per cent of its profits i.e., a part of the income, for religious or charitable purposes. The present case, therefore, falls squarely within the scope of the substantive part of cl. (i) of s. 4(3) of the Act. though Even so it is contended that cl. ( b) of the proviso exemption can be imposes further limitations before the -48 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1964 CJ.T. "· .., • . h .. rzs na - "a1riar S~bbo Rao ·1. I . . . . . granted. But the :said clause of the proviso only applies to the case of income derived from business carried on on . behalf of a religious or charitable institution. A business held m. trust wholly or m part for reltg10us or chantable purposes is not a business carried on on hehalf of a religious or charitable institution, for the business itself is held in trust. A few decisions cited at the Bar bringing out the distinction between the substantive part of cl. (i) of s. 4 ( 3) and cl. (b) of the proviso may usefully be referred to at this stage. Where a business was held in trust for charitable ourposes, a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in Dharma Vijiya Agency v. Commissioner of . Income-tax, Bombay City(') held that it was not business which was institutions carried on on behalf of religious or charitable within the meaning of cl. (b) of the proviso. Shah J., after considering the relevant authorities and the provisions of the Act, observed: "In our view, the business referred to in cl. (b) of the proviso need not be business which is held for religious or charitable purposes, provided it is business carried on on behalf of a religious or charitable institution." Desai I., stated thus: " ........ it is impossible to equate the scope of proviso (b) with the scope of property consist ing of business held under trust wholly for reli gious or charitable purposes. It must of neces sity mean that we have in clause ( i) a very wide category of business which is trust pro perty, and we have in proviso (b) a restricted and a lesser category of business which carried on by or on behalf of a religious or charitable institution." A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court in Dharmodayam Co. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Kerala( 2 ) expressed much to the same effect. A Division Bench of the Madras High Court, in Thiagesar Dharma Vanikam v. Commissioner ( 1) (2) (1960) 38 l.T.R. 392, 405-466, 410. (1962) 45 I.T.R. 478. 8 S.C.R SUPREME COURT REPORTS <Jf Income-tax, Madras('), after considering the decisions of the various High Courts and the relevant provisions of the Act, observed: "When the trustee acts, it is only the trust that acts, as the trustee represents the trust. A business carried on on behalf of a trust .rather indicates a business which is not held in trust, than a business of the trust run by the trustees." l9H C.I.T. "· Krishna W"""" Subb<r llJlo 1• It concluded thus: "fn our opinion proviso (b) to section 4(3) (i) does not restrict the operation of the main provision in section 4 ( 3) ( i). If a trust carried on busi ness and the business itself is held in trust and the income from such business is applied or accumulated for application for the purpose of the trust. which must of cou· ;e be of a religious or a chariL1hle character, the conditions pres cribed in sec; ion 4(3)(i) . e fulfilled and the income is ex~rnpt fr'.!111 ta~~tibn. Thb exemp tion cannot lle defeated e-. en if the business were to be conducted by somebody else acting on behalf of the trust. Pr JViso (b) to section 4(3) (i) has application only to businesses which are not held in trust, and the field of its operation is, therefore, distinct and separate from that covered by section 4 ( 3 )( i)." Emph~sis is laid upon the expression "such income" in the openir:g words of the proviso and a crntention is raised that the inrnme dealt with in the proviso is income derived from prope; :y held under trust. To state :. differently, the adjec tive 'such" in the expression "such income" refers back to the in ome in the substantive clause. There is some plausi bility in the contention, but if the intP-pretation be accepted, we w' l be attributing an intention to the legislature to make a dis'. inction between bm.iness ano other property though bfl:h >f them are held under trmt. There is no acceptable expression rl'.f·~• t for this distinction. T:rnt apart, (( (I963) 50 f.T.R. 798, 807, 809. jl S. C.-4 50 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [rg64J IfJfU CJ.T. • "°- Sublla Rao 1. "such" may . as weU refer to the "income" in the opening sentence of sub-s. (3). The said rnb-section says that the ~I h "· WanllJ incomes mentioned thereunder shall not be included in the ' total income, but the proviso lifts the ban and says that such incomes shall be included in the to:al income if the condi tions laid down are satisfied. We think that the expression usuch income" only means the income accruing or arising in favour of the trust. The legal position may briefly be stated thus. Clause (i) of s. 4,(3) of the Act takes in every property or a frac tional part of it held in trust wholly for religious or charit able purposes. It also takes in :mch property held only in part for such purposes. Business is also property within the meaning of the said clause. Clause (b) of the proviso to s. 4(3)(i) applies only to a business not held in trust but carried on on behalf of religious or charitable institutions. For the foregoing reasons we hold that the High Court has co~ectly answered the question referred to it. In the result, the appeals fail and are dismissed with costs. One set of hearing fees. Appeal dismissed. 1964 April, 29. JAGDISH CHANDER GUPTA v. KAJARIA TRADERS (INDIA) LTD. (K. N. WANCHOO, M. HIDAYATULLAH, K. C. DAS GUPTA AND N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR JJ.) hrbitration Act-Partnership agreement-Provision arbitration-Partnership not registered-Application the High Court for appointment of arbitrator-If maintainable-Interpreta sociis-Indiarc tion of statute-Ejusdem Generis--No1citur a Partnership Act, 1932 (9 of 1932), •· 69-Arbitration Act, 1940 (Act 10 of 1940), " 8(2). lbo respondent entered into a partnership agreement with tho appel lant. But this was not registered. There was an arbitration clauoe sti- referring