SUPREl\'IE COURT REPORTS v. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal Srivasta'IJa [1958J S.C.R. 533, The Crown v. Gunput, 1868 Pun,i. Rec. Cr!. Case No. 6, P. E. Billinghurst v. H. P. Blackburn, 27 C.W.N. 821; Legal Remem brancer v. Manmatha Bhusan Chatterjee, & Legal Remem brancer v. Hridoy Narian I.L.R. 51 Cal. 250, Emperor v. Faza! Din (1906) 4 Cr. L.J. 355, Queen Empress v. Appasami, I.L.R. lZ ~/lad. 151. As/:iwani Kumar Gupta v. Emperor. I.L.R. 1937 (1) Cal. ?l and In re: Hampshire Land Company, [1896] (2) Ch. 743. referred to. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1,34 of 1962. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated July 17, 1962 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Criminal Revision Case No. 298 of 1961. A. S. R. Chari, G.D. Gupta, S. Balakrishnan, R. K. Garg, S. C. Agarwa/a, D. P. Singh and M. K. Ramamurthi, for the appellant. S. G. Patwardhan and B. R. G. K. Achar, for the respon dent. March 23, 1964. The Judgment of the Court was deli vered by Raghubar Dayal, J. RAGHUBAR DAYAL, J.-The facts leading to this appeal. by special leave, are these: The Madras Public Service Commission, hereinafter refer red to as the Service Commission, by its notification published . '7 S.C.R. SUPRE:\IE COURT REPORTS 411 in the Fort St. George Gazette dated August 3, 1948, invited applications for appointment of Assistant Surgeons in the Madras Medical Service (Men's Section), from persons who had rendered temporary service as Assistant Surgeons in that Ser ·vice at any time between September 3, 1939 and December 31, 1947 and from persons who had rendered War Service and possessed the qualifications mentioned in paragraph 3 of the notification. Paragraph 3 of the notification, inter alia, reads: 1964 Kanu.m11kkala Krishna Murthy v. State of Andhra Pradtsh Rayhubar Dayal, J, "Applicants must satisfy the Commission- (a) that they are registered practitioners within the meaning of the Madras Medical Registration Act, 1914; (b) that they possess the L.M.S. degree or the M.B., . B.S., degree of a University in the Province or an equivalent qualification." The appellant, who was at the time serving as a Civil Assistant Surgeon in the Madras Medical Service on a tempo rary basis, applied for the permanent appointment to the posts notified by the Public Service Commission. In this application he made the following representations, which have been found to be false, by the Courts below : (i) that his name was Kaza Krishnamurthy; (ii) that his place of birth was Bezwada, Krishna dis trict; (iii) that his father was K. R. Rao of Bezwada; and (iv) that he held the degree of M.B.,B.S., TI Class, from the Andhra Medical College, Vizagapatam, Andhra University. On these facts, the appellant was convicted of the offence under s. 419 I.P.C. for having cheated the Madras Public Ser vice Commission by personating as Kaza Krishnamurthy and misrepresenting that he had the necessary qualifications for the post advertised inasmuch as he held the degree of M.B.,B.S., and that this deception of the Service Commission was likely to have caused damage to its reputation. It may now be mentioned that the appellant was also tr,ied for offences under s. 420 and s. 465 I.P.C. in connection with certain acts committed by him in June and October, 1944. The trial Court acquitted him of the offence under s. 465, but con victed him of the ·other offence. He was, however; acquitted on appeal, by the Sessions Judge, of the offence under s. 420 I.P.C. The appellant's conviction under s. 419 I.P.C. was con firmed by the Sessions Judge and the revision against that 1961 KanumUJ:ala Kriahna Murlhy v. Siok of A71dlwa Praduh 412 SUPRE1\1E COURT REPORTS [1964] order was dismissed by the High Court. It is against this order of the High Court that the appellant has preferred this appeal, after obtaining special leave. It has been contended for the appellant that on the facts estabtished in the case, no offence under s. 419 l.P.C. is made llagkobar Dayal, J. out against him, as the appellant's efficiency as a surgeon is not in dispute, he having secured good reports from his supe riors during the period of his service and as therefore there could be no question of the Service Commission suffering damage in its reputation. On the contrary, it is urged for the State that the offence of cheating is made out against the appellant as he deceived the Service Commission and that such deception was likely to damage its reputation as he deceived the Service Commission and obtained from it 'property' viz., the admission card entitling him to sit at the Competitive Examination for the appointment of candidates for these posts, and as the appellant also de ceived the Government of the State by his false representations. and dishonestly induced it to appoint him in service and pay him salary during the period of his service. Section 415 I.P.C., defines 'cheating' and reads: "Whoever, by deceiving any person, fraudulently or dishonestly induces the person so deceived to deliver any property to any person, or to consent that any person shall retain any property, or in tentionally induces the person so deceived to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and which act or omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person in body, mind, reputation or property, is said to 'cheat'. Explanation-A dishonest concealment of facts is a deception within the meaning of this section". Cheating can be committed in either of the two ways des cribed in s. 415 l.P.C. 'Deceiving a person' is common in both the ways of cheating. A person deceived may be fraudulently or dishonestly induced to deliver any property or to consent to the retention of any property by any person. The person deceived may also be intentionally induced to do or to omit to do. anything which he would not have done if not deceived and which act of his caused or was likely to cause damage or harm in body, mind, reputation or property. The Courts below, as already stated, found that the appel lant cheated the Service Commission by deceiving that he held the degree of M.B.,B.S. and by intentionally inducing the 7 S.C.R. SUPREIIIE COURT REPORTS 413 1964 tat~%.U:h - Commission to recommend his appointment to the post of Civil Assistant Surgeon, 11 Class, and that this act of the Service Kanumukkala Commission was likely to damage its reputation as the appel- Kri•h•• Mu..U.y !ant did not really possess the degree of M.B.,B.S. Assuming, s ,;A_ dMG without deciding, that such a deception of the Service Com- mission and its recommendation could, in certain circum- stances, cause damage to its reputation, we are of opinion that Raghubar Dayal, 1• in the circumstances of this case there was no likelihood of the causing of such damage to its reputation. There is nothing on the record to show that the Service Commission could have ordinarily detected the deception or that the appoint- ment of the applicant to the post in the Medical Service was the appointment of a person who proved to be inefficient. On the contrary, the evidence on the record shows that for about 10 years between his appointment and the institution of this case, he served efficiently and obtained good reports from the Departmental Superiors. His incompetency for the post was due (O his having not obtained the minimum academic qualifi- cations prescribed for the candidates for these posts. We are therefore of opinion that the appellant has not committed the offence of 'cheating' as defined in the latter part of s. 415 I.P.C., even though he had deceived the Service Commission by re- presenting himself to be a duly qualified candidate, and thus induced it to select him for the post. • It was argued for the State that the Public Service Com mission held a competitive examination and must have there fore issued an admission card to the appellant entitling him to sit at that ccmpetitive examination and that therefore the ap pellant having induced by deception the Service Commission to deliver to him the admission card which is 'property', com mitted the offence of 'cheating' as defined in the first part of s. 415 I.P.C. There is no force in this contention for the simple reason that there is nothing on the record to indicate that an admission card was issued entitling the appellant to sit at the competitive examination. In fact, no examination as such took place, and the contention for the respondent appears to have been made under a mis1pprehension arising out of the letter of the Secretary of the Service Commission to the Surgeon General with the Government of Madras stating thQt he was enclosing the list containing the names and other particulars of 45 candidates who were successful at the competitive examina tien held by the Commission for the direct recruitment of Civil Assistant Surgeons. Class JI (Men) in the Madras Medical Service. It is however clear from the record that the candidates were simply interviewed by the Commission. There is nothing on the record to show that any written examination to wh'ch admission was by admission cards. took place. The judgment of the Magistrate states: 19" Kan11muHalG KrnAna .Murthy v. Sum of Andhra Praduh Boghbar Dago I, J. 4!4 SUPRE:~IE. COURT REPORTS [1964] "The accused was interviewed by the Service Commis sion as seen from Exhibit P-70, extract of Service Commission particulars". The same statement is made in the judgment of the Sessions Judge who said: "The accused sent an application Ex. P-72 ...... showing that he passed M.B.,B.S. degree examination, and on receiving it and interviewing him, the Public Service Commission selected him as Civil Assistant Surgeon, Class I". The High Court states the same" in its judgment. It said: "In 1948 he sent an application to the Madras Public Service Commission for selection as class JI Civil Assistant Surgeon and was selected ac such 'follow ing an interview by the said body''. In these circumstances, we cannot hold merely on the basis of suggestions, that any competitive written examination was held and that any admission card was issued to the appel· lant entitling him to sit at the examination and, consequently. cannot hold that the 9ffence of cheating by dishonestly induc ing the Service Commission to deliver him property was com- mitted by the appellant. The only other question to determine now is whether the appellant deceived the Government of Madl'"ds and dishone;;tly induced it to deliver something in the form of salary to the appellapt. It is urged that the appointment to the post Jay with the Government and not with the Service Commission and that the Government would not have appointed him to the post in the Medical Service if it had not believed that the appellant possessed the necessary qualifications which. in his case, would be a degree of M.B., B.S., and that such a belief was entertained by the Government on account of the deception practised by the appellant in misrepresenting in his applicatinon that he held such a degree. On the other hand, it is contended for the appel lant that the delivery of 'property' is to be by the person deceiv ed, in view of the language. of s. 415 l.P.C., and that the person deceived, if any, was the Service Commission and not the Government, the application containing the misreprcsentatio:1 having been made to the Service Commission and not to the Government. We accept the contention for the respondent. The ap pointments to the Medical Services are made by Government. The Service Commission simply selected the candidates and recommends their names to Government for appointment. This is clear from the Secre tary to the Service Commission to the Surgeon-General with the Govern111ent of Madras. The letter refers to the enclosing letter Exhibit P. 47 from • 7 S.CR. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 415 of a list containing the names arid other particulars of the can didates who were successful at the examination, their names being arranged in order of merit. It refers to the relaxing of a certain rule in view of the paucity of candidates and states that they may be appointed, if necessary, pending receipt of the certificate of physical fitness and a further communication from the commission. Kan1unukkafa J(ri8hna Murthy v. Sia/I' of And'hrtJ Pradesh Ragliubar Da.'Juf, J. This is also clear from the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935. Section 241 provided that appointments in connection with the affairs of a Province will be made by the Governor of the Province. Sub-s. ii) of s. 266 makes it a duty of the Provincial Public Service Commission to conduct examinations for appointments to the ·services of a Province. Clause (a) of sub-s. (3) provides that the Provincial Public ~~r­ vice Commission shall be consulted on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts and cl. (bl provides that it shall be consulted on the principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and posts and on the suitability of candidates for such appointments. The Public Service Commission is constituted in pursuance of the provisions of s. 264. It is thus a statutory body and ind~pen­ dent of the Government. This aspect ·of a Public Service Com mission was emphasized in State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal Srimstava(') when considering the corresponding provisions of· art. 320 of the Constitution. This Court said: "Once. relevant regulations have been made, they are meant to be followed in letter and in spirit and it goes without saying that consultation with the Commission on all disciplinary matters affecting a public servant has been specifically provided tor. in order, first, to give an assurance to the Services that a wholly independent body, not directly con cerned with the making of orders adversely affect ing public servants, has considered the action proposed to be taken against a particular public servant, with an open mind; and. secondly, to afford the Government unbiassed advice and opinion on matters vitally affecting the morale o[ public services". It is in view of these provisions that the Public Service Com mission invites applications for appointment to the various posts under the Government and subsequently makes a selec tion out of the candidates for appointment to those posts. The selection may be after holding a written examination or after interviewing candidates or after doing both. Names of the cnndidates selected are arranged in order of merit and forward ed to the Government. The Government is expected, as a rule. I') [1958] S.C.R. 533, 543. 416 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964) to make appointments to the posts from out of the list, in the same order. It has, however, diocretion not to appoint any part of the persons so selected and securing a place in the order of merit which would have ordinarily led to his appointment. 1964 Kanumttkkala Kriskoo Murthy v. Blale of Andkm P,aiJ.,..h Any representation made in an application for appoint llagh,,bar Dayal, J. ment is really a representation made to the Government. !he appointing authority, and not only to the Public Service Com mission to which the application is presented and which has to deal with that application in the first instance, up to the >tage of selection. The object of the applicant was to secure an ap pointment and not merely to deceive the Public Service Com mission and sit at the examination or to appear at the inter•:iew. The deception was practised for that purpose and therefore there seems to be no good reason for holding that the deception came to an end once the Service Commission was deceived and had taken action on it as a result of the deception. A false representation in an application to the Service Commission continues and persists to be so till the application is considered by the final authority responsible for making the appointments and must therefore be deemed to be made to that final ,rntho rity as well. In the instant case, when the recommendation of the Service Commission was sent to the Government, the qualifications of the recommended candidates, including the fact that the appellant had passed the M.B.,B.S. examination were mentioned. The Government therefore believed that the appellant possessed the degree of M.B.,B.S., that as the Service Commission had scrutinized the application in that regard and had satisfied itself that the appellant possessed that degree. The consequence of that is that the Government were led to believe that fact, which thus became a false representation. We are therefore of opinion that the appellant's misre presentation to the Service Commission continued and persisted till the final stage of the Government passing an order of ap· pointment and that therefore the Government itself was deceived by the misrepresentation he had made in his applica cation presented to the Service Commission. The fact that the Service Commission is an independent statutory authority has no relevant bearing on this question. lt is a statutory body as it is constituted under he provisions of a statutes. It is independent of the Government in the sense that in its selection of candidates or in its tendering advice to the Government it does not take any hint or instructions or duu from the Government. lt brings to bear its own independent mind to judge the comparative merit~ of the candidates and their suitability to the posts they apply for. Its function is to advise the Government on the suitability of the candidates. It is therefore a statutory adviser to Government in the matter of appointment to the Services. Deception of such an adviser is ( 7 S.C.R. _ SUPREME COURT REPORTS 417 deception of the Government which is expected to pay heed to its advice and act accordingly. There have been cases in which servants or agents of an authority have been deceived while the loss has been surtered by the authority concerned. In such cases, the person deceil(ing the servants or agents has been held to have deceived th~ authority concerned, though no direct question was raised about the deception being made not to the authority but to i;s servant. The principle of the cases, to our mind, fully applies to the case of candidates deceiving the Public Service Commis sion and thereby deceiving the Government in believing llmt they satisfied the various conditions prescribed for candidates for those appointments. We may refer to some such cases. 1964 Kanumukkala Krisluia Murthy T. State of Andhra Pradeek Raghubar Dayal,, J. In the Crow" v. Gunput(') the accused who had produced a railway pass with an altered number before lhc ticket co\kc tor when travelling by a train, was held to have thereby t11s honcstly induced the railway company to do or omit to do what they otherwise would not have done or omitted by the production of the altered pass. The deception of the t1claet coilector was considered to be deception of the railway wra pany. In P. E. Billinghurst v. fl. P. Blackburn(') certain bills were presented by a company for payment. They were che~ked by Government officials who were deceived by certain repre sentations made by subordinate officials through whom the 1 bills had passed, and consequently payments were _made in satisfaction of the demands under the bills. The persons con cerned in causing the deception were convicted of cheating ihe Government. In Legal Remembrancer v. Manmatha Bhusan Clw!ter;te and Legal Remembrancer v. Hridoy Narain(-') it was held that if the evidence showed that responsible officers of the East Indian Railway Company and its Asansol Office were dcce;ved and induced either to allot wagons to a certain colliery which would not otherwise have been allotted or to make out wagon chalans for the colliery which would not otherwise have been made, it was sufficient lo support the allegations in the charges that the railway company was, by reason of deceipt, induced to act in a certain way. The deception of the responsible officers was thus taken to be the deception of the railway com pany, the possible damage to whose reputation was remote. In Emperor v. Fazal Din(') it was held that the deception practised was likely to cause damage or harm to the person on !') 1868 Punj. Rec. Col. Case No. 6. (') I.L.R. 51 Cal. 250 (') 27 C.W.N. 82:. (') 1906 4 Cr!. L.J. 355. L 0P(D)ISCI-l4 418 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] 1964 Kanumukka'a Kriahna Murthy whom it was practised or to the railway authorities whose agent he was in the matter of appointments. y, Stale of Andkra Pradesh - Raghubar Daya, • 1 b In Queen-Empress v. Appasami(') the act of the accused . b . . m o tammg, y personation, a hall ticket from the Supcrinten- J dent at a University Examination and in signing the name.of · d' · ano er person on t e exammat10n papers was e to m 1cate an intention on his part to lead the University authorities to believe that the examination papers were answered by the other person. This again is on the principle that the deception of the Superintendent who was working for the University was a deception of the University itself. h Id h · Similarly, in Ashwini Kumar Gupta v. Emperor(') accused personated another person at a University examina tion cheating the Registrar. It was held that this not only damaged the reputation of the Registrar, but also that of the University. Reference may also be made to the case reported as In re: Hampshire Land Company(') in which a Society had lent money to a company on the borrowing of the directors of thift company who were not competent to borrow, the resolu tion conferring on them the power of borrowing being invalid for certain reasons. It was held that the Society had a right to assume, in a case like that, that all the essentials of imernal management had been carried out by the borrowing compariy. On the same principle it can be said that the Government of the State' had a right to assume that the Service Commission had verified that the candidates selected by it for appoi!1tment by the Government possessed the necessary qualifications and in that view the scrutiny by the Service Commission can be said to be on behalf of the Government. The Government appointed the appellant to a post in its Medical Service on being induced by deception that he was fully qualified for the appointment. Jn consequence of the appoiht ment, Government had to pay him the salaries which fell due. It is clear therefore that the appellant, by deceiving the Govern ment, dishonestly induced it to deliver property to him and thus committed the offence of cheating under s. 415 I.P.C. as he pre tended to be Kaza Krishnamurthy which he was not. The offence really committed by him was 'cheating' by persona tion, punishable under s. 419 l.P.C. The conviction of the appellant for this offence is therefore correct. We accordingly dismiss his appeal and order that he will surrender to his bail and serve out the sentence. (') I.L.R. 12 Mad. 151. '') I.L.R. 1937 (]) Cal. 71. (') 1896 (2) Ch. 74~ Appeal dismissed. .. • 11