Dus f.,":1pta, J v. LAX:\fAN MAHADEV DESHPANDE & Ors.

The Legislature of the State of Bombay enacted an Act called the Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watans (Abolition) Act LX of 1950, which ab0lishcd all P<1mga1111 and Kullcmni Wrilrms. The respondent applied to the Collector of South Satara for an order under s. !) of the Act awarding Rs. J0,4/!l-2-8 as compensation for ~xtinction of his right in the 1m!,an the land land, and of his "right to enjoy part of revenue." By his order dated April 2!.l, l!l.57, Collector rejected the application, and the order of the Collector was affirmed by the Bombay Revenue Tribunal in appeal under s. !I (4) of the Act.. But in a petition under Art. ~27 o~ the Constitution the High Court of Bombay set aside the order of the Collector and directed that Officer to assess and pay compensation to the respondent under s. !l (I) of the Abolition Act. The land was granted to an ancestor of the respondent as for performance of Paru.~ana service some time in the sixteenth century remuneration • • - • • • 196' The Coll1ctor SC1uth Satar• •• Laxm .. Mahadto Deshta.U Shah /. • - • • 2 S.C.R. SUPRE~E COURT REPORTS 51 by the Ruler of Satara, and that grant was confirmed by the British Government. The original grant and the confirmation 8anad have not been produced, but it is common ground between the parties that the grant was of the soil and not merely of the royal In adjudging the claim made by share of revenue. the respondent for compensation under s. 9 of the Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watans (Abolition) Act it is necessary in the first instance to ascertain the true character of the rights of a watandar in the land granted as remuneration for performance of service and the effect of the commutation settlement, in the light of the material provisions of the Bombay Hereditary Offices Act, III of 1874, commonly known as the Watan Act. Bys. 4 of the Watan Act 'Watan property' is defined as meaning-"moveable or immovable property held, acquired, or assigned for providing remuneration for the performance of the duty appertaining to an hereditary office x" 'Hereditary Office' is defined as meaning "every office held hereditarily for the performance of duties connected with the administration or collection of the public revenue or with the village police, or with the settlement of boundaries, or other matters of civil administration. The expression includes such office even where the services originally appertaining to it have ceased to be demanded. The watan property, if any, and the hereditary office and the rights and privileges attached to them together constitute watan" and the expression 'watandar' means a person having an hereditary interest in a watan : it includes a person holding watan property acquired by him before the introduction of the British Government into the locality of the umtan, or legally acquired subsequent to such introduction, and a person holding such property from him by inheritance. Section 15 of the Act provides for commutation of service. x By sub-s. (I) it is provided : "The Collector may, with the consent of the • - ' • .. I• 52 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL. 1963 [hr Co 1/tc 1ot' S1uth Sat or a •• f.axmtJM Maliadt1· DtshpanJe Shaii /. holder of a watan, given in writing, relieve him and his heirs, and successors in perpetuity of their liability to perform service upon such conditions, whether provisions of this Act or not, as may be agreed upon by the Collector and such holder." consistent with By sub-s. (2) which was repealed by Act XVI of 1805, it was provided : "Any settlement made for this purpose before the date of th.is Act coming into force by any Collector or other officer acting on behalf of Government with the holder of any watan shall have the same force as if made under this Act." Clause (3) provides : "Every settlement made or confirmed under this section shall be binding upon both the State Government and the holder of 1he 1natan and his heirs and successors." It is clear that the wata;; property, if any, the here ditary office, and the rights and privileges attached thereto, together constitute a u:r,tan and a hereditary office does not lose its character merely because the service originally appertaining to the office has ceased to be demanded. Commutation of service does not, therefore, in the absence of an express agreement to that effect alter the tenure of the land hrld as ,,,·atan. By agreement, the State, for consideration, may agree to relieve the holder of the office and his successors of the duty to perform the service for performance of which the grant was made, but the office and the grant continue, subject to the terms of the settlement under s. I.5 of the Bombay Hereditary Offices Act, .I 874. In A]Jpaji Ba]luji v. /{eshavShamrav ('), the nature of the tenure of land held originally as (I) (1890) l.L.R. 15 Bom. 13. 1963 Ths Colle<tor South Satflra v. Laxman Maht1deu Deshpande Shah J. 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 53 • watan land, after commutation of service, fell to be determined before the Bombay High Court. Sargent C. J., observed at p. 23 : x x x x x "What is termed a Gordon Settlement was an arrangement-entered into in 1864 by a Com mittee, of which Mr. Gordon, a~ Co!Lector, was chairman, acting on behalf ofGovernment with the vatandars in the Southern Maratha Country, by which the Government relieved certain vatandars in perpetuity from liability to perform the services attached to their offices in consideration of a 'judi' or quit-rent charged upon the vatan lands. x the reports of x Mr. Gordon's Committee on the Satara and Poona Districts and their correspondence with Government can, we think, leave no doubt that the settlements made by that committee, unless it was otherwise specially provided by any particular settlement, were not intended by either party to these settlements, to convert the vatan lands into the private property of the vatandars with the necessary incident of aliena bility, but to leave them attached to the heredi tary offices, which although freed from performance of service remained intact, as shown by the definition of hereditary office in the declaratory Act III of 1874." But the Commutation settlement does not confer an indefeasible title to the grantee, for the right affirmed by the settkment under s. 15. (3) of the Watan Act is liable to be determined by lapse, confiscation or resumption (s. 22 of the Watan Act). The State having created the watan, is entitled to put an end to the watan i.e. to cancel the watan and to resume the grant : Bachharam Datta Patil v. Vishwanath Pundalik Patil (' ). Therefore if there be mere commutation of service, the watan office ordinarily (IJ [1956J s.c.R. 67~. ' - > .. 1963 Tiu Colltttor S1nith SdJtJro v. Luman Maluultti Duhp.1114 Shah J, 54 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [191l4]V01.. • survives without liability to perform service, and on that account the character of watan property still remains attached to the grant. the State Government may abolish the ottice and release the property from its character as 11!<-'Utn property. But It is in the light of these features of the vXJtan and the property granted for remuneration of the Watandftr that the relevant provisions of the llombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watans (Abolition) Act, have to be considered in adjudging the right to receive compensation claimed by the respondent on abolition of his ..vatan. By s. 3 of the Abolition Act, it is provided that : "With effect from and on the appointed day, notwithstanding anything contained in any law, usage, settlement, grant, sanad or order- ' - (!) all Paragana and be deemed abolished ; Kulkarni watans to have been (2) , all rights to hold office and any liabi lity to render service appertainin~ to the said watans are hereby extingui shed; ( :J) subject to the provisions of section 4, all watan land is here by resumed and shall be deemed to be subject to the payment of land reven uc under the provisions of the Code and the rules made thereunder as if it were an unalienated land : Provided that such rcsumrtion shall not affect the validity o any alienation of such watan land made in accordance with the provisions of ... . 2 s.c.k . st.Ji>RE1'1E COURT REPORTS 55 .. I - section 5 of the Watan Act or the rights of an alienec thereof or any person claiming under or through him; (4) all incidents appcrtammg to the said watans are here by extinguished." 1963 The C11lleet<Jr StJutl1 StJtara v. La>:man Mahal.cu Deshpande The material part of s. 4 provides that : x x x x "A watan land resumed under the provisions of this Act shall regranted to the holder of the watan to which it appertained, on payment of the occupancy price equal to twelve times of the amount of the full assessment of such land x the holder x shall be deemed to be an occupant within the meaning of the Code in respect of such land x x; all the provisions of the Code and rules "relating to unalienated land shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, apply to the said land:" x x x x x Bys. 6 right to compensation in lieu of cnsh allow ance or land revenue is granted. It provides : "6. Notwithstanding anything contained m any law, usage, settlement, gnmt, sanad or order,- (1) a sum equal to seven times the amount of the cash allowance due to a holder on the appointed day of a watan in respect of which a commutation settlement has been effected, shall be paid to such holder; (2) in the case of any land or village, in respect of which the watan property consists of the whole or a part of the land revenue of such land or village, a sum equal to ten times the 1963 Thi Coll"'"' South Solar a v. 1.axm4'I Maltadto Dt1~pande Slwll J, • • • ' \ - 56 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] vot. amount of such land revenue shall be paid to the holder x." x x x x x Section 9 provides for assessment and p.i yment of compensation for the abolition, extinction or modi fication by virtue of s. 3 of rights in property not provided for in the Act. Sub-section (I) provides : "If any person is aggriev!!d by the provisions of this Act as abolishing, extinguishing or modi fying any of his rights to or interest in property and if compensation for such abolition, extin guishment or modification has not been pro vided for in the provisions of this Act such person may apply to the Collector for compen sation." Sub-section (2) prescribes the procedure of an appli cation for compensation and sub-s. (3) precludes the grant of compensation ground that any watan land which was wholly or partially exempt from the payment of land revenue has been under the provisions of the Act subjected to the payment of full assessment. to any person on It appears clear from the scheme of s. 6 that if the remuneration of the Watandm is merely cash allowance, or part or whole of the land revenue of the land, compensation at the rate prescribed is pay If the able to the holder on abolition of the wata11. remuneration consists not of cash allowance or remis sion of land revenue, but of the land itself by the combined operation of ss. 3(:1) and 4 the holder of the walan land is entitled to be regrantcd occupancy rights as in unalienated land. Section 9 deals with the rights of persons to receive compensation for abolition, extinguishment or modification of the right or interest in watan property by virtue of the provisions of the Act, in cases where no other provi sion is made in that behalf in the Act. There is 1963 Thd Collector South Satara •• Laxman Maharlev Deshpande Shah J. - 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 57 no serious dispute raised about this being the true position in law. But two questions remain in controversy bet ween the parties : (1) Whether the right to or interest in property of a watandar is abolished, extinguished or modified by the provisions of the Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watans (Abolition) Act; and (2) Whether provision for compensation for the abolition, extinguishment or modifica tion or the right or interest in the watan land of the holder is made by any provi sion in the Act, so as to exclude the opera tion of s. 9(1) of the Act. the right in which the little difficulty m its The first question presents for aboli solution. Section 3 in terms provides the office and tion of the watan, extinction of modification of \and is held. The abolition, extinction and modification arise by the operation of s. 3 of the Act, and not from the exercise of the executive power of confis cation or resumption, by the State. Undoubtedly the power of resumption of a watan may be exercised under s. 22 of the watan Act and such a resumption may destroy the right of the holder both to the office and the watan land, and in the absence of any provi sion in that behalf no right to compensation may arise. But where the abolition of the watan is not by executive action, but by legislative decree, its consequences must be sought in the statute which effectuates that abolition. On the second question the respondent affirms the contention which appealed to the High Court that where the grant to a watandar is of the soil and 1963 l h1 Colltctor So1.t/1 Sotara v. l.armon Mol1adtv Duh/J«'fde Shah J. • 58 SUPREME COURT REPORts [1!164] Vat. • ' - • It must be remembered that noL merely of cash allowance or of remission of land revenue as remuneration for performance of the duties of his oflice, compensation has to be awarded under s. !J, for Act LX of l!J50 makes no provision for payment of compensation to the •.mtandar for abolition of his oflice and rights in the land held by him. The correctness of this view is challenged by the appellant. power which the State Government always possessed by the clearest implication of s. 22 of the Bombay Hereditary Offices Act, 187'1, of resumption is statu torily enforced by s. :I in respect of the Paragana and Kulkarni ll'l1tans. The State Government having the power to abolish a walan office, and to resume land granted as remuneration for performance of the duties attached to the office was not obliged to compensate the 11Yiu1ndar for extinction of his rights. But the Legislature has, as a matter of grace, presum ablv because of settlements between the holders and the 'Government under the Gordon Settlement, provid ed bys. 6 that cash compensation be awarded for loss of the right to cash allowance or remission of land revenue and has by s. 4 conferred upon the holder of the 1i:atan land, for loss of his right, a right to re grant of the land as occupant and free from the obligation imposed by its original tenure as 11:utan land. Provision is also made by s. !J for awarding right or interest in compensation to persons whose property is abolished, extinguished or modified by virtue of the section, and no other provision for compensation for such extinction, abolition or modifi cation is made by the Act. The right to cash com pensation under s. 9 depends upon the existence of two conditions : the abolition, extinction or modifi cation of rights in property by virtue of the provisions of the Act; and the absence of any other provision in If, there the Act for compensation in that behalf. fore, s. 4 which provides for conferment of occupancy rights in land, be regarded as a provision for compen sation for ' '1olition, extinction or modification of the 1963 7 he Coll1cto1 South Satara •• Lo xman i\tfa"4,ev DeJhpande Shah J, • 2 s.a.R.. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 59 • - for ' performance of service right to hold it as watan land, the residuary enact ment in s. !l will not on the plain terms be attracted. By the operation of s. 3 all Paraganas and Kulkarni watans falling within the Act are abqlished, the right to hold office is extinguished, and the land granted as remuneration resumed. The holder of the land is thereafter liable to pay land revenue, and is entitled, on payment of the occupancy price at the prescribed rate, to be regrant ed occupancy rights as if it is unalienated land. The right so conferred is, though not a right to cash compensation, a valuable right of occupancy in the land. By the resumption of watan land and regrant thereof in occupancy right, all the restrictions placed upon the holder of watan land are by the provisions of the Watan Act, and the terms of the grant, statu torily abolished. But the right of occupancy granted bys. 4 adequately compensates the holder for loss of the precarious interest of a watandar, because the land regranted after abolition of the ioatan, is held subject only to the restrictions imposed by sub-s. (2) of s. 4, and is freed from the incidents of ioatan tenure, such as restriction on alienation beyond the life-time of the holder, devolution according to the special rule of succession, and the liability to confiscation or resumption. In our judgment, compensation con templated to be awarded, not as a matter of right but as of grace, is not merely money compensation; it includes grant of occupancy rights which compensates for the loss of office and the interest of a watandar in the land. By s. 4 the Legislature has granted for the loss suffered by the watandar on abolition of the watan and the rights in watan land, a right of occu pancy in the land which may properly be regarded as compensating him for the abolition of his rights. Provision for levy of what is substantially a nominal occupancy price will not detract from that character. After the commutation settlement, the holder being relieved of the obligation to perform service, the office of watandar survives in name only, but the land 1963 Tiu Coffector Soul~ Satara v. !Axman i\fahadtci D1Jh/i,ndt Shah J. 60 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL. granted as 1catan remains subject to the restrictions imposed by the Wat an Act. By the regrant of the land in occupancy right, on abolition or extinction of the 1mt<in, the holder is not in truth prejudicially affected. Loss of 1catan rights in land, and the watan office is compensated by the rcgrant of occu It would, therefore, be pancy rights in the land. reasonable to infer that the Legislature contemplated the grant of compensation under sub-s. (2) of s. 9 for abolition, extinction or modification of rights other than the rights of the UYtlandar to land or to cash allowance or remission of land revenue. The appeal is therefore allowed and the order passed by the High Court set aside. We arc informed at the Bar that the respondent has not claimed right of occupancy in the land which was previously held by him as 1catan land be granted to him. Whether he will be entitled thereto in view of his failure to make a claim to a regrant is a matter on which we express no opinion. Having regard to the circum stances, we direct that there will be no order as to costs throughout. A ppcal all-Ou·cd. . - - ' •