The ;;~spital v. THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX

The appellant challenged the validity of the assessment on the ground that the principle of natural justice had been violated in that the Tribunal had taken into consideration the rate of profit in other cases without giving an opportunity to the appel lant to explain those cases, and relied upon Dhakeshwari Cotton Mills Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal. [1955] r S.C.R. 94r. He also urged that the non-production of stock account was not such a defect as to entitle the Taxing Authorities to reject the books and apply the proviso to s. 13 of the Act. Held: (r) that the percentage of profits made by traders in other cases was not the basis made by the Tribunal for arriving at any conclusion as to the percentage at which income should be computed in the present case, but was merely an ancillary support to that conclusion and that Dhakeshwari Cotton Mills Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal, was not applicable to the case. (2) that the keeping of a stock register is of great importance because that is a means of verifying the assessee's accounts by having a quantitative tally; that if, after taking into account all the materials including the want of a stock register, it is found that from the method of accounting correct profits of the business are not deducible, the operation of the proviso to s. 13 of the Act would be attracted. Ghansyam Das Permanand v. Comniissioner of Income-tax C.P. & Berar (1952) 21 I.T.R. 79, Bombay Cycle Stores Company Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax. (r958) 33 I.T.R. 13 and Commissioner of Income-tax v. McMillan and Co. [1958] S.C.R. 689, relied on. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals· No. 218 of 1955 and 219 to 223 of 1955. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and . Order dated September 14, 1951, of the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Madras, in LT.A. No. 3158 of 1949-50. Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated September, 30, 1953, of the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Madras, in LT.A. Nos. 7840 of 1952-53 and E.P.T.A. Nos. 300, 301 and302of1952-53. S. Chowdhuri, N. A. Palkhivala and Naunit Lal, for the appellant, .. - - • L S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 887 H. N. Sanyal, Additional Solicitor.General of India, r960 R. Ganapathi Iyer and D. Gupta for the respondent. 5 1960 February 3. The Judgment of the Court was " N . 1v. . an1-asivayam Chettiar v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Madras. Kapur J. '. -· delivered by • KAPUR J. - In these SIX appeals the common ques- tion raised is whether the proviso to s. 13 of the Income-tax Act is applicable to the facts and circum- stances of these cases. They are therefore disposed of by one judgment. Civil Appeal No. 218 of 1955 arises out of the assessment for the year 1943-1944. Civil Appeals Nos. 219 to 223 relate to the assessment years 1944-1945, 1946-1947 and for the chargPahle accounting periods from January 1943 to February 1944, and from February 1945 to February 1946. The appellant in each of the appeals is the assessee and the respondent is the Commissioner of Income-tax and Excess Profits Tax, Madras. The appellant is a 'resident and ordinarily resident' in India and carried on extensive trade in Colombo in grains, folder, gram and other food-stuffs for cattle and poultry. For the assessment year 1943-1944 the appellant showed a turnover of Rs. 17,74,825 and a gross profit of Rs. 63,217 which is about 3·5 per cent. :E'or the two previous assessment years the appellant's gross profits were 9 per cent and 8 per cent respecti vely. The Income-tax Officer, by his order dated March 20, 1948, rejected the accounts and estimated the gross -profit by adding back Rs. 2,38,831 to the returned income. Thus he raised the turnover to Rs. 20,00,000 and the gross income to Rs. 3,00,000 giving a profit of 15 per cent on the estimated turn over. On appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commis sioner, the order of the Income-tax Officer was confirmed. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal on appeal by its order dated September 14, 1951, after pointing out various defects, rejected the account books but accepted the appellant's turnover and computed the profits at 15 per cent on grains import ed from India and 12! per cent on grains purchased in Ceylon. It held that correct profit for the year under assessment could not be deduced from the books produced by the appellant. The Excess Profits tax u~ 888 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)) r96o - . S.N. Namaswayam h I Chettiar v. for the chargeable accounting period from February 10, 1942 to January 16, 1943, was decided on the basis of O .c t e ncome-tax assessment J.Or t e year 194 -44. n November 21, 1951, the appellant applied to the Commissioner of Tribunal for stating a case under s. ·66(1) on the h 3 Income-Tax, Mad.as. Kapur]. following four questions : (1) Whether under the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was justified in holding that Section 13 of the Indian Income-tax Act applies to the case. (2) Whether the reasons set out by the Appellate Tribunal in paragraph 2 of its judgment are suffi cient to invoke Section 13 of the Act. (3) Whether the Tribunal, having disagreed with the department on the basis of the assessment, had jurisdiction to apply Section 13 and make an assess ment on an alleged estimate. ( 4) Whether the Tribunal was justified in making an assessment on the basis of Section 13 without giving an adequate opportunity to the assessee to meet the materials upon which eventually the assess ment was rested. But the Tribunal, by its order dated February 12, 1950, held that no question of law arose and there fore declined to state a case and thus rejected the application. The appellant then applied to the High Court of Madras under s. 66(2) of the Act on the same four questions of law. This application was dismissed by the High Court on February 26, 1953. Against this order of the appellant applied for special leave to appeal and, by leave of this Court, amended the petition so as to make it an appeal against the order of the High Court as well as the order of the Tribunal dated September 14, 1951. In the other appeals also the course of proceedings before the Income-tax Officer, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal was the same. For the assessment years 1944-1945 aud 1946-47 the appellant disclosed a turnover of Rs. 10,35,748 and Rs. 5,98,728 respectively and the gross profits rates were 10·7 per cent and 8·7 per cent respectively. As the hooks of accounts in regard to these years also were rejected, the Income-tax Appel late Tribunal applied s. 13 and estimated the gross ' . ' - - • - ' . - - S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 889 · d 66(1) r960 - ~ t e .. c f h A t .c l n una _un er s. profit rates at 12! per cent and 10 per cent for the to the respective years. The appellant applied T "b • .1.or statmg a case to the High Court for its dec1s10n on the following two points: S.N. Namasivayam Chettiar · v. Commissioner of (1) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances Income-Tax, of the case, the Department was right in acting · A!adras. under the proviso to section 13 of the Act in the · Kapur J. absence of a finding that income, profits and gains cannot properly be deduced from the books pro- duced or that. no method of accounting has been regularly employed. . (2) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Department hatl sufficient mate rials before it to justify the rates of 12! per cent and 10 per cent gross profits on the total turnover on the ground that the rates worked out by the figures submitted by the assessee work out at a lesser figure. The Tribunal dismissed the application on January 15, 1954. The appellant did not apply to the High Court under s. 66(2) of the Income Tax Act but obtained special leave from this Court against the order of the Tribunal by which it applied the proviso to s. 13 of the Income Tax Act. All the six appeals were heard together and a common question arises whether the Income tax Appellate Tribunal was justified in applying the proviso to s. 13 of the Income Tax Act. . It was contended by the appellant in Civil Appeals Nos. 218, 219 and 221 of 1955 that the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal was not justified in applying the proviso to s. 13 and assuming that the proviso did apply then the percentage worked out was unjustified and had been arrived at by relying upon material which the appellant had no opportunity to meet and therefore the case fell within the rule in Dhakeshwari Cotton Mills Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal (1 ) where a similar violation of the fundamental rule of natural'justice-i.e., the informa tion upon which the Tribunal relied was not disclosed .to the assessee and no opportunity was gjven_ to. him (I) (1955] I S.C.R. 941, ' 890 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] S.N. J\Tamasivayam CJ"ttiar I960 to rebut 8uch material-was held to be a ground for intArference with the order of the Tribunal. v. • J h b d Kapur J. Income.Tax, Madrns. It was rightly argued that the power to compute profits under the proviso to s. 13 arises only where no Commission" of method of accounting bas been regularly employed d · d by t rn assessee an wnere t e met o emp oye IS such that the income, profits and gain cannot properly be deduced therefrom. It means that the method adopted by the assessee must prima facie prevail where it is regularly employed, though the Income. tax Officer can resort to the proviso if the method is such that true profits cannot be correctly determined therefrom. In other words, even if the assessee has regularly employed a method of accounting it can be discarded under the proviso if the method does not show correct profits of the year. ] The Appellate Tribunal, by its order dated September 14, 1951, held that correct profits could not be deduced from the hooks produced by the assessee and therefore the proviso to s. 13 of the Income Tax · Act applied. The reasons it gave were (1) that vouchers for several purchases made in Colombo had not been produced and for purchases of over Rs. 3,00,000 no vouchers were forthcoming and with out the vouchers the entries in the account books could not be verified; (2) there was no quantitative tally for the grains and for other materials purchased by the appellant, which were ground into powder, turned into fodder, packed in different sizes and then sold. It was not possible, according to the Tribunal, t.o accept the books of account, where the turnover was as large as about seventeen lacs of rupees, without a quantitative tally ; (3) a fairly big sum of money was alleged to have been paid towards purcha sing of licenseR for export from India; and Rs. 19,000 worth of purchases were made in Tuticorin when only a small sum of money in cash was shown in the assessee's accounts; (4) several outsiders' cheques had been entered in the accounts of the assessee without any proof as to why those cheques were paid to the assessee; and (5) a fairly big sum of money bad been invested in India in the purchase of property without .. - - S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 891 money being received from Colombo. On these facts the Tribun~l said : ' In view of these defects, we are clearly of opinion that the correct profit could not be deduced from the . .books produced by the assessee, and Commissioner of accordingly hold that proviso to Section U of the Act applies in this case. The question, t ereiore, is regarding the estimate.' Income-tax, Madras. Kapur J. h ,, S.N. Namasivayam Chettiar v. z96o After giving this finding the Tribunal accepted the turnover as shown in the appellant's books. In making the computation of profits the Tribunal took into consideration the following matters: that the export of food grains from India was prohibited except under a license, that there was an acute shortage of cattle fodder in Ceylon and the appellant had to resort to dubious means. in order to obtain grains, that during a substantial portion of the year of accounting there was no price control in Colombo, that as the appellant was a manufacturer of forage by mixing several kinds of grains and powdering them and sold them in packets of various weights, the appellant must have made higher profits than persons who deal in grain only. Keeping all this in view the Tribunal was of the opinion that the rate of 15 per cent adopted in regard to imported grains was not too high but in the case of local purchases it was, and therefore reduced the rate of profit in the latter case t'o 12i per cent. It was on this material that the Tribunal adopted the figure of profit as estimated by the Income-tax Officer, and in order to support this opinion further, the Tribunal remarked that in certain cases which had come to its notice the rate of profits 'went up to 20 per cent.' On the basis of this remark it was argued that the principle of natural justice had been violated in that the Tribunal had taken into consideration the rate of profit in other cases without giving an opportunity to the appellant to explain those cases and relied upon Dhakeshwari Cotton Mills Ltd. v. The Oomff!issioner of Income-tax, West Bengal (1) where a violation of the fundamental rule of justice, i.e., where the infor mation was not disclosed to the assessee and no opportunity was given to rebut that material, waa . (I) (l955l I. s.c.R, 94l - - - 892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] t 1 t• Chettiar v. Madras. Kapur J. z960 - - . SN N • . amasivayamth e presen appea . L,o m orma 10n, as m 1'T held to be a ground for interference with the order of the Tribunal. In our opinion, no such case arises in • £ . Dh k h a es - wari's Case was supplied to the Tribunal by any one Commissioner of and taken into consideration by it, and therefore it Income-Tax, was not necessary to give any such opportunity as the appellant contends for. In the present case the Tribunal has held that from the method of accounting adopted by the appellant correct profits could not be deduced because of the various reasons which have been set out above and the reference to profits made in other cases was only by way of supporting that conclusion. It was not the basis on which the conclusion was formed nor the basis on which the percentage was arrived at. As a matter of fact, the Income-tax Officer who also rejected the accounts of the appellant had also given similar reasons. He had held that there was absence of vouchers, that the stock account and the manufacturing account had not been kept or produced, that the cheques of other parties had been credited in the accounts of the appellant which had not been explained and that there was purchase of goods and property by the appellant without there being sufficient cash in hand. The Income-tax Officer also said that in other cases where grains were pur chased in India and sold in Colombo the rates of profit were higher, ranging between 20 per cenb and 39 per cent. He then Worked out profits in respect of various grains in the case of the appellant and found that the average rate of gross profit worked out to 15·8 per cent., and in his opinion the gross profit in fodder should have been higher. He further took into consideration the fact that Colombo was bombed in April 1942, resulting in panic in that town and therefore during a portion of the accounting year the appellant might not have made the same margin of profit. He estimated the sales at twenty lacs and the gross profit at three lacs, thus arriving at a figure of 15 per cent on the turnover. It appears to us that neither the Income.tax Officer nor the Appellate Tribunal relied upon the profits made by traders in other cases as a basis for arriving at any conclusion - -

8.0.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 893 t It . is ex reme y ou t u 1 as to the percentage at which the income should be computed and that they used that material for a N I\' - - . 5 . . amas1vayam 1 d b f 1 "f th d ·cc e iuerent purpose. Chettiar · order of the Income-tax Officer or the Tribunal would v. have been different if no reference had been made to Commissioner of the rate of profits in other cases. In other words, the profits in other cases were not the reason for holding that 15 per cent. profit was a proper rate but merely an ancillary support to that conclusion. Income-Tax, Madras. Hapur 1. z96o ~· It may be mentioned that throughout in his grounds of appeal the appellant has emphasised the inapplicabi lity of s. 13 of the Income Tax Act and the proviso thereto, but not to this particular violation of principles of natural justice which was emphasised and particulari sed before us. In his appeal to the appellate Assistant Commissioner no objection was taken to the reference by the Income-tax Officer to the rate of profits made In the grounds of appeal by other dealers in grains. t.o the Tribunal also there was no such objection. In the application under s. 66(1) there was no specific ground taken and in the application under s. 66(2) the matter does not seem to have been raised. The order of the High Court, dated February 26, 1953, does not show that any such question was raised before it ; all it shows is that the appellant's books of account were found to be defective and afforded no data for arriving at correct profits of the business. The order also refers to the non-production of invoices, the unex plained steep fall in profits made during the year when compared with the previous .years. The High Court could not find any legal flaw in the order of the Appellate Tribunal to justify an order for directing the case to be stated. -In the grounds of special leave to this Court no pointed reference was made to the n;iaterial which is now alleged to have been used by the Tribunal without giving an opportunity to the appellant to explain that material. An amended petition by leave of this Court was filed on April 28, 1954, ·and there also no such pointed reference was made to the material to which objection is now being taken before us. Dhakeshwari's Gase (i) cannot, in our opinion, apply to the facts of this case. (rl [19~~l I, s.c;.R. ~4l -' - - 894 SUPREME COUHT REPORTS (1960(2)) f • t• u 1' or Kaput]. e Income-Tax, Madras. r960 -- S.N. Namasfoayam Chettia' · v. It was then urged that the four reasons given, which we have set out above, could not make s. 13 1. bl 1 app rna e. reJeC ton o accounts severa reasons were given by the Appellate Tribunal; one of Commi»ione.of these reasons was the non-production of stock registers and manufacturing accounts. This reason was given by the Income-tax Officer and adopted by the Appel late Tribunal. It was submitted that the non-produc tion of stock account was not such a defect as to entitle the Taxing Authorities to reject tbe books and apply the proviso to s. 13. Reliance was placed on the judgment of the Punjab High Court in Pandit Brothers v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, Delhi (1 ). The facts in that case were very different. The Income-tax Officer there added a certain sum to the assessee's profits on the ground that the expense ratio was too high and the profits disclosed were too low and there was no stock register. The finding in that case was that the assessee maintained regular accounts of his purchases and sales and there was no finding by the Income-tax Officer that ·in his opinion the income could not properly be deduced therefrom. Khosla, J. (as he ·then was) there said : 'There is no finding that there was material before the Income-tax Officer to lead him to the conclusion that a proper statement ofincome, profits and gains could not be deduced from the material placed before him. All he said was that the profits appeared to be somewhat low and there was no stock register.'. The want of a stock register was, in that particular case, not a very serious defect because the account books had been found and accepted as correct and disclosed a true state of affairs. It cannot therefore be said that that case laid down as a proposition oflaw that the want of a stock register by which a proper check could be made was not such a serious defect as to make the proviso to s. 13 inapplicable. The importance of such register was pointed out by the Nagpur High Court in Ghanshyam Das Permanand v. Commissioner of Income-tax, C.P. & Berar (2 ). In the keeping of a cases such as the instant case, (I) [I954) 26 l.T.R. I59• (2) [r952) 21 I.T.R. 79, Sr. , - -> S.C.R . SUPREME COURT REPORTS .895 r91io Kapur]. Chettiar v. Income-Tax, Madras. . stock register is of great importance because that is a means of verifying the assessee's accounts by having a S.N. Namasivayam If, after taking into account all ' quantitative tally'. the materials including the want of a stock register, it is found that from the method of accounting correct Commissioner of Profits of the business are not deducible, the operation of proviso to s. 13 of the Income-tax Act would be attracted, Bombay Cycle Stores Company Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax (1 ). It may also be added, as was he1d by this Court in Commissioner of Income- tax Y. MacMillan & Co. e), that the Income-tax Officer, even if he accepts the assessee's method of accounting, is not bound by the figure of profits shown in the accounts. It is for the Income-tax Authorities to consider the material which is placed btlfore them and, if, after taking intg account in any case the absence of a stock register coupled with other materials they are of the opinion that correct profits and gains cannot be deduced, then they would be justified in applying In our opinion therefore when the proviso to s. 13. the Tribunal applied the proviso to s. 13 because of the various blemishes which were pointed out by the Income-tax Officer and accepted by the Appellate Tribunal, it cannot be said that there. was any error in the order of the Appellate Tribunal justifying the interference of this Court under Art. 136. In regard to the Appeal No. 220 of 1955 for the assessment year 1946.-1947 the objection raised was that the Tribunal had committed the same error in that it took into consideration the earlier decision of the Tribunal 'in an identical situation ' i.e., in the case of the same assessee in regard to previous years. As we have held that there was no error in the order of the Tribunal in regard to the previous years, it cannot be said that this observation of the Tribunal was in any manner erroneous. This appeal should therefore be dismissed. The other appeals which arise under the Excess Profits Tax Act for the various chargeable accounting periods depend upon the result of the Income-tax (1) [1958] 33 I.T.R. 13. (2) [1958] 33 I.T.R. 182, 197. II4

896. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960 (2)] I960 - S.N. Namasfoayam Chettiar v. aSSeSSment appeals and, aS We have dismissed those appeals, these appeals also must be dismissed. . "th costs. As the appeals were consolidated there will be ie six a ppea s are 1sm1sse w1 e resu a !] t] I n d" d ] . Commissioner of one set of costs. Inconie~Tax, Madras. Appeals dismissed. February 3 MOTI RAM v. SURAJ BHAN & OTHERS. (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. SuBBA RAo AND K. c. DAS GUPTA, JJ.) Rent Control-Ejectment--Statute permitting ejcctment reconstruction of building~Subscquent atnendment making of provi sion more stingent--Whcther retrospective-Statute making appellate order final-Before making of order statute amended by providing revision to High Court-If amendment applies to pending appeal East Punjah Urban Rent Restriction Act, r949 (E.P. 3 of r949, ss. r3(3)(a)(iii) and r4(4)-East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction (Amendment) Act, r956. (Punj. 29 of r956). ss. 2 and 3. On August 28, 1956 the respondent l applied to the Rent Controller for the eviction of the appellant from a shop under s. 13 of the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949, inter alia on the ground that he wanted to reconstruct the shop. On the date, s. 13(3) (a)(iii) of the Act provided that a landlord may apply for the eviction of his tenant if he required the building for reconstruction or for its replacement· by another building or for the erection of other ,building. Section 15 provided for an appeal from the order of the Rent Controller and sub-s. (4) of s. 15 provided that the decision of the appellate authority, and subject only to such decision, the order of the Controller shall be final. By Amending Act 29 of r956, which came into force on September 24, 1956, ss. l3(3)(a)(iii) and r5 were amended; amended the landlord required it to carry out any building \Vork at the instance of the Government or Local Authority or any Improvement Trust under some improvement or development scheme or if it had become unsafe or unfit for human habitation; and new s. 15(5) introduced by the amending Act, gave to the High Court power to call for and examine the records relating to any order passed under the Act for satisfying itself as to the legality or propriety of such order. The application for eviction was dismissed by the Rent Contrpller and an appeal to the appellate .authority also failed. Respondent l went to the High Court in revision and the High Court decreed eviction holding that the shop was required for s. l3(3)(a)(iii) permitted ejectment if ' - I