Bakshish Singh Sessions Judge took of the dying declaration and of Tile v. THE ELECTION TRIBUNAL, BAREILL Y

Appeal from the judgment and order dated the 30th August, 1955, of the Allahabad High Court in SpeCial Appeal No.8 of f955 arising out of the Judgment and order dated the lOth December, 1954, of the ·Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court in Civil Misc. Writ No. 1245 of 1954. R.S. Narula,, for the appellant. B.B. Tawa~ley and K. P. Gupta, for the respondent. 1957. September 17. The following Judgmc-nt of the court was delivered by · s. K. Das J. S.K. DAs, J.-This appeal has been preferred to .this Court on the strength of a certificate granted by the High Court of Allahabad on February 3, 1956, to the effect that the case is a fit one for appeal to Supreme Court under Art. 133 (1) (c) of the Constitu tion. The question that falls for 4ecision is the true scope, meaning and effect of cl. (g) of s. 13-D of the U.P. Municipalities Act, 1916 (U.P. II of 1916), herein referred to as the Act. The relevant facts, which are not now in dispute, are these. There was a general election to the Municipal 420 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958) 57 1 9 and Others s. K. Das J. Board of Bareilly in October, 1953. The appellant,. Mangoo Singh Mangoo Singh, and respondent No.3, Jmdad Husain,. along with . several others, were candidates at the said Thl! ;;ectlon Tribunal, Bareilly election from Ward No. 15. The date fixed for filing nominations was October 5, 1953, and the date for scrutiny of the nominations filed was October 7, 1953. The appe11ant and respondent No. 3 both filed their nominations on the due date, and at the time of scrutiny Imdad Husian raised an objection to the nomination of the appellant on ·the ground that the latter was disqualifi~d under cl. (g) of s. 13-D of the Act for being chosen as a member of the said Municipal Board because he was in arrears in the payment of municipal tax in excess of one year's demand. This objection was dismissed, and the nomination of the appellant was accepted by the Assistant Returning Officer. The poll took place on October 26, 1953 and the counting of votes was done on October 29, 1953. Four persons were to be elected from the said Ward, and the appel lant was the third in the list by reason of the number of votes which he had obtained. lmdad Husain was fifth in the list. Accordingly, the appellant was de clared as one of the returned candidates, and lmdadl Husian was at the top of the unsuccessful candidates .. Imdad Husain then filed an election ·petition to set aside the election of the present appellant on various. grounds. The only grounds with which we are now concerned is the disqualification under cl. (g) of s.l3-D of the Act. This election petition was heard by the Election Tribunal and by its judgment dated October 20, 1954, the Election Tribunal held that the appellant was in arrears in the payment of municipal tax in excess of one year's demand to which s. 166 of the Act applied and, therefore, came under the disqualifi cation in cl. (g) of s. 13-D of the Act. It further held that the payment of a sum of Rs. 115-3-0 on October 10, 1953, five days after the date fixed for the filing of nominations, did not wipe off that disqualification, and the appellant was not entitled to the benefit of the second proviso to s. 13-D of the Act. It may be here stated that the Election Tribunal also held that no bill for payment of the tax was presented to the appellant S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 421 as required by s. 166, nor was any demand notice -served on him as required by s. 168 of the Act. On Mangoo Singh the. 3:bove findi!Jgs, the Trib?nal aHowed the election The Eiection petition, set aside the electron of the appellant and Tribunal, Bareilly declared a casual vacancy under cl. (a) of sub-s. (2) of s. 25 of the Act, which vacancy was subsequent]) , filled up by the election of the third respondent on April 5, 1955. The next general election in Municipality is due in October, 1957. and Others s. K. Das :1. t9S7 Against the decision of the Election Tribunal, the appellant moved the High Court of Allahabad for the issue of a writ under Art. 226 of the Constitution. The main point urged by the appellant was that the Elec tion Tribunal was in error in its interpretation of cl. (g) of s. 13-D of the Act. Chaturvedi J. who dealt with the application of the appellant, agree with the view of the law as expressed .by the Election Tribunal and dismissed the application. The appellant then preferred an appeal to a Division Bench of the said High Court. This appeal was aJso dismissed by Agarwala and Sahai JJ. by their judgment dated August 30, 1955. The appellant then moved and obtained a certificate of fitness under Art. 133(1) (c) of the Constitution from the said High Court. Learned counsel for the appellant has not contested any of the findings of fact arrived at by the Election Tribunal and has confined his submissions to the question of the true construction of cl. (g) of s. 13-D of the Act. Therefore, it is nece~sary to read that section in so far as it is relevant for our purpose: "13-D. Disqualifications for membership.- A person, notwithstanding that he is otherwise qualified, shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a · member of a board if he- . .... .. . .. .. . .. .... . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . ... ... . ( a) .... . .... .. ...... . . ..... . ........... . .... . (cb)) .... ... .. .. ... ... .. ........ . ............. . ( (d) ..................... . ... . .... . · . . ... . ... . . ..... . ............. . .. . . . .... ... . ........ . (e) . ........•......... . ... . .. .... . . . ......... (f) 1957 Mangoo Singh v. The Election Tribunal, Bareilly and Others S. K. Das J. 422 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958) (g) is in arrears in the payment of municipal tax or other dues in excess of one year's demand to which section 166 applies: Provided further the dis qualification shaH cease as soon as the arrears are paid." that in the case of (g) The first contention of learned counsel for the appel lant relates to and arises out of the expression "for being chosen as" occurring in the section. The argu ment is this. It is submitted that a person is "chosen as a member of a board" when the poll takes place and a majority of voters vote for him as their chosen candidate; therefore, the relevant date for the opera tion of the disqualification is the date of the poll, and inasmuch as on October 10, 1953, which was several days before the date of the poll, the appellant was n() longer in arrears of municipal tax in excess of one year's demand by reason of the payment made on that date, the disqualification did not attach to him on the d~e of the poll. We are unable to accept this argument. that an identical expression ~'shall be disqualified for being chosen as" occurs in Art. 102 of the Constitution and s. 7 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. This expres in s. 7 of the Representation of the sion occurring People Act, 1951, was~considered by this Court in Chatturbhuj Vithaldas Jasani v. Moreshwar Para3hram and Others(~). In that case the question was when the disqualification mentioned in cl. (d) of s. 7 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, arose and it was held that the date for putting in the nominations. was one of the crucial dates. On this point, the foltow ·ing observations made in that case are apposite: It is worthy of note "Now the words of the section are "shall be disqualified for being chosen". The choice is made by a series of steps starting with the nomination and ending with the announcement of the election. It follows attaches to a candidate at any one of these stages, he cannot be chosen." that if a disqualification (•) [1954] S.C.R. 817, 821. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 423 · d b It wasApointed out in N.P. Ponnuswami v. The Return- ing Ojftcer, Namakka/ Constituency and Others(!) that Mangoo Sing/1 'election' is a continuous process consisting of several stages an em racmg many steps o w 1c nommat10n Tribunal &reilly is one; nomination is the foundation of a candidate's right to go to the polls and must be treated as an integral part of the election. If a person is disqualified on the date of nomination, he cannot be chosen as a candidate because the -disqualification mentioned in s. 13-D attaches to him on that .date. . v. The Election f h' h S. K. Das J. and Others t957 · · This is also clear from para. 22(2) of the U .P. Municipalities (Conduct of Election of Members) Order, 1953, That sub-para. states- "22(2)-The Returning Officer shall then examine the nomination papers and shall decide all objections, which may be made to any nomination, and may, either on such objection or on his own motion, after such suinmary inquiry, if any, as he thinks necessary,. refuse any nomination on any ofth~ following grounds: to be (a) that the candidate is not qualified chosen to fill the seat under the Act; or (b) that the candidate is disqualified for being chosen to fill the seat under the Act; or (c) that there has been any failure to comply with any of the provisions of paras. 16 and 17; or (d) that the signature of the· candidate. or any· proposer or seconder is not genuine or has been ·obtained by fraud." If the disqualification of cl. (g) of s. 13-D of the Act iS. to come into operation only on the day of the poll, then it is quite unnecessary for the Returning Officer to consider that disqualification at the time of scrutiny; and indeed it will be improper for him to refuse nomination on the ground of such disqualifica tion. Clause (b) of para. 22(2) uses the same expres-· sion "disqualified for being chosen"-showing clearly enough that the starting point of the act of choosing is not on the date of the poll only. The process of choosing commences on the date of filing nominations. (t) [1952] S.C.R. 218. 424 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] • Evl. J rl~ !957 . 1 ~C /On on October 10, _1953, We now tum to the second proviso to s. 13-D. The Mangoo Si~rgll submission of learned counsel for the appellant is that, as Stated in the proviso, the disqualification is transient Tribrmnt, Bareilly and ceases to operate as soon as the arears are patd ; the appellant was no longer arzd Others s. K. Das J. disqualified and, therefore, he could be chosen on the date of the poll, that is, on October 26, 1953. The argument is that in the case of such a transient dis qualification, the second proviso must be so read as to mean that a disqualification subsisting on the day of nomination can be wiped off completely by subsequent payment of arrears of tax; otherwise a disqualification at the time of nomination will disentitle a person to stand for election; even though it ceases to operate before the day of the poll. This argument also we cannot accept as correct; it is really the first argu ment in a different form. The wiping off of the disqualification under the second proviso has no and the disqualification which retrospective effect, subsisted on the day of filing nominations did not cease to subsist on that day by reason of a subsequent payment of the arrears of municipal tax. On this point we accept as correct the view expressed in Ahmed Hossain v. Aswini Kumar (1), where a similar question under the Bengal Municipal Act (Ben. XV of 1932), fell for consideration. The question was if a person disqualified on the date of nomination could shake off his pre-existing disqualification by acquiring a new right between the date of nomination and the date of scrutiny. What happened in that case was this: on the material date, that is, the last date for submission of nominations, a person was in arrears for more than three months in payment ·of the tax which he was liable to pay, and he came within the mischief of cl. (g) of amended s. 22(1) of the Bengal Municipal Act. The contention was that the name of the Press of which the candidate was the proprietor and not his name was recorded in the books of the Municipality as the assessee and that the name of the candidate was in the electoral roll by reason of his educational quali fications, This contention was repelled and it was (1) A.I.R. 1953 Cal. 542. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 425 . 1957 h d <r' Evl. , tze d h d aad Others s. K. Das J. observed that if a person was disqualified on the date of the nomination, he could not shake off his pre- Mangoo s;,11h existing disqualification by acquiring a new right • , . f 1 ec 101 t e ate o Tribu11al, Bareilly etween t e ate o nommatlon an b f scrutiny. There is also other judicial authority which In Harford v. Linskey(!), a supports the same view. similar question arose for decision under the Municipal Corporations A~t, 1882, s. 12 whereof enacted that '~a person shall be disqualified for being elected and for being a councillor" if and while he is interested in -contracts with the Corporation. The petitioner in that case admitted that at the time of his nomination he was interested in contracts with the Corporation; but contended that he could and would have got rid of his disqualification before the day fixed for the poll, and was therefore not disqualified for nomination. The question was whether he was so disqualified. Wright J. delivering the judgment of the Court observed- " In the absence of any guide, we think it safest to hold that in cases of elections under the Municipal Corporations Acts a person, who at the time of nomination is disqualified for election in the manner in which this petitioner was disqualified, is disqualified also for nomination. The nomination is for this purpose an essential part of the election, and if there are no competitors it of itself constitutes the election by virtue of the express words of s. 56. A different construction might .produce much confusion. On the nomination day no ·one· could know whether the persons nominated will at the poll be effective candi dates or not. It is true that in the case put the disqualification may be removed before the election is completed, but what the effect if the the poll begins, or disqualification continues until until the middle of the polling day, or until the close of the poll ? Will votes given before the removal of the disqualification be valid? If not, how is the number of them to be ascertained? It seems to us unreason to hold that the Act means to leave the matter in such a state of uncertainty, and for these reasons, to be (1}(1899) I Q .B. 852, 858. 426 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [195& 1957 we think that this petitioner was disqualified Mangoo Singh nomination or election." The mecrion The same state of uncertainty and confusion, to which Tribnnal, Bareilly a reference has been made in the aforesaid observa- d 'f h . twns, w1 counsel for the appellant has pressed for our aceept ance is adopted in the case before us. t e constructiOn w tc · anse 1 h' h 1 s. K. Das J. and Others .11 · Lastly, it has been argued on behalf of the appellant that the expression 'to which s. 166 applies' in cl. (g) of s. 13-D means that a bill of the sum due must be presented to the person liable for it, as required by that section, before he can come within ·the mischief of the clause; furthermore, the use of tht! expression 'demand' makes it essential that a demand notice must also be served as required by s. 168 of the Act. As on the finding of the Election Tribunal neither a bill was presented to the appellant, nor was he served with a demand notice, learned counsel contends that the appe1lant does not come within the mischief of the clause. Sections 166 and 168 are in these terms- ''S. 166. Presentation of bill-(1) As· soon as a person becomes liable for the payment of- (a) any sum on account of a tax, other than an octroi or toll or any similar tax payable upon immediate demand, or (b) any sum payable under clause (c) of section 196 or section 229 or section 230 in respect of the supply of water, or payable in respect of any other municipal service or undertaking, or (c) any other· sum declared by this Act or by rule (or bye-law) manner provided by this chapter, the board shall~ with all convenient speed, cause a bill to be presented to· the persons so liable. recoverable to be (2) Unless otherwise provided by rule, a person shall be deemed to become liable for the payment of every tax and licence fee upon the commencement of the period in respect of which such tax or fee is pay able". S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 427 ,..,, Ev • • 1 teen Tribu11al, Btrrem, . t!CfiOn "S. 168. Notice of demand.-If the sum for which t957 · uU! · h' 1 . and Otlters s. K. Das J. or to a person empowered by a bill has been presented as aforesaid is not paid in Mangoo Singh· municipal office, } regu atwn to :receive sue 1 payments, Wlt m days from the presentation thereof, the board may liable for the cat!se to be served upon the person payment of the said sum a notice of demand in the form set forth in schedule IV, or to the like effect." We are clearly of the view that the expression 'to which s. 166 applies' cannot beat the meaning sought to be given to it on behalf of the appellant. That expression merely describes the nature of the demand refered to in cl. (g). Section 166 refers to three types of dues; cl. (a) of sub-s. (I) refers to any sum on account of a tax other than an octroi or toll or any' similar tax payable upon immediate demand; cl. (b) refers sums payable under ·cl. (c) of s. 196 or s. 229 or s. 230 in respect of the supply of water, etc., and cl. (c) refers to any other sum declared by the Act or by rule or bye- law to be recoverable in the manner provided by Chapter VI. The demand to which s. 166 applies must be a demand of the nature or type mentioned in one or other of the aforesaid three clauses, · ~nd the demand referred to incl. (g) of s. 13-D must be of that nature or type; this, in our view, is the true meaning and effect of the expression 'to which s. 166 applies'. Nor do we think that the word 'demand' attracts the operation of s. 168. It .may be readily con~eded that the word 'demand' ordinarily means something more than what is due; it means something which has 'Qeen demanded, called for or asked for. But meaning of a word musf take colour from the context in which it is used. In cl. (g) the context in which the word 'demand' is used has .a very obvious and clear reference to the amount of arrears or dues on· which the disqualification depends; therefore, the expression used is-'arrears in the payment of municipal tax or other dues in excess of one year's demand'. The word 'demand' in that contest and in the collocation of in which it has been used can only mean 'in excess of one year's municipal tax or other dues'. We have been referred to sevetal meanings of the word 55 428 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 1957 'demand' in standard English dictionaries and lexicons. When the context makes the meaning of a Mangoo Singh The liection word quite clear, it becomes unnecessary to search for Tdhunal, Bareilly and select a particular meaning out of the diverse attrl Others meanings a word is capable of, according to lexico graphers. It is sufficient for our purpose to state that S. K. Das J. even in standard dictionaries and law lexicons, it is weil recognised that the word 'demand' may mean simply a 'claim' or 'due' without importing any further meaning of caiJing upon the person liable to pay the claim or due. For the reasons given above, we hold that not one of the contentions urged on behalf of the appellant is worthy. of a~ceptance. The election petition was rightly decided, as the appellant was disqualified for being chosen as a member of the Municipal Board in question on the day he filed his nomination, under cl. (g) s. 13-D of the Act. Accordingly, the appeal is dimissed with costs in favour of respondent 3 who alone constested the appeal before us. Appeal dismissed. 1957 September 17. SUBRAMANIA GOUNDAN v. THE STATE OF MADRAS (B.P. SINHA, GOVINDA MENON and J.L. KAPUR, JJ.) Crfmina//aw-Retracted confession-Corroboration, requirement of-Question by recording magistrate-If an inducement. The appellant was charged with murder. The eye witnesses against him were not relied upon. He made a confession before a magistrate. One of the questions put by the magistrate to . the appellant before recording the confession was : ·"For what pur~ pose are you going to make a statement ?" To this he replied, "Others will be implicated in the case for murder, I alone have committed murder." inducement was given by the magistrate by the manner in which the question was put. The next day after the murder "a drawer, a baniyan and a bed~sheet", all stained with human blood were recovered from the appellant, for which no explanation was given by him. The con fession was retracted before the Court of Session. These recoveries It was argued that an