RAJ A BAHADUR MOTILAL POON A MILLS v. TUKARAM PIRAJI MASALE

The appellant which may hereafter, for the purpose of convenience, be called "The Mill", is a limited company owning and possessing a Cotton Textile Spinning and Weaving Mill situated in Poona, em ploying a large number of workmen who have a union of theirs. The first respondent is a workman em ployed by the Mill and the second respondent is the Poona Girni Kamagar Union of which the first res pondent is a member. Respondents 3 to 5 were for mally added as parties in the first instance, but their names were struck off as unnecessary at the time of the hearing. · The appellant was running 580 looms, for working which one weaver had been allotted at the rate of two looms; and when things were in that state on August 29, 1951, the Management issued a notice to the effect that from September 1, 1951, it was desired to carry on an experiment of four looms to a weaver for a period of 2 months, on 16 looms. If at the end of that period or before the expiry of the same it was found that the working was successful, Management would introduce the scheme after giving the notice of change required under the Act. The object of this notice was ostensibly to introduce rationalization or rather efficiency system of work, if and when the suggested experiment proved success ful. As a resut of this notice on September 4, 1951, the Secretary of the Union wrote to the Manager of the appellant Mill intimating that under the Bombay Industrial Relations Act the Management could not legally introduce any change in the existing system of working without first giving notice of the change 1956 Raja Balladur Motilal Poona Mills v. Tttkaratn Piraji Masale GovifJda Menon J. .. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT. REPORTS 941 in the prescribed form to the representatives of the Union and workers and without going through the .other procedure prescribed by the Act; and the Management were further informed that if they in sisted in carrying on the change illegally, the work- • men would be free to move the proper courts. The notice also stated that the introduction of the new system would affect the workers' wages and cause great hardship; and that if anything untoward hap pened, the blame would be wholly on the manage ment, as it would be impossible for the Union to con trol the workers in the matter. Four workers volunteered to work the experiment and started working accordingly on the 16 looms on September 6, 1951, whereupon the other workmen raised an objection and the four loyal workmen were prevented from continuing with the experimental work. But the Management did not withdraw the notice and none except the 4, was required by the Management to take part in the experiment. The second shift among the workmen also refused to work with the result that there was a complete strike in the Mills between the 6th and the 26th of September, 1951. On September 10, 1951 the appellant filed an appli cation under sections 78 and 97 of the Bombay In dustrial Relations Act, 1946 (Born. XI of 1947), pray ing that the strike resorted to by the weavers work ing on both the shifts commencing on September 6, 1951, and continuing till the presentation of the application be declared illegal being in contravention of the provisions of the said Act. On September 16, 1951 the Vice-President of the Mill Mazdoor Sabha filed a written statement in answer to the above com plaint stating that the workers did not strike work in contravention of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act and that the weavers never refused to do their proper and usual work but refused only to do the illegal work insisted on them by the employers; in other words, they were agreeable to have two looms per weaver and not to work the attempted experiment. Within three days of the filing of the 11,bove written 1956 Raja Bahadur Motilal Poona Mills v. Tukaram Piraji Masale Govinda Menon J. 942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1956] statement, two of the workers filed an application under sections 78 and 98 of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act before the same Labour Court against the Management praying for a declaration that the action of the Management had resulted in an illegal lockout in contravention of the Act, and, therefore, the Management should be ordered to withdraw the said illegal change. The appellant filed a written statement countering the allegations contained in the application for the declaration of an illegal lockout and stated that their action was not in con travention of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, as it did not constitute an illegal change. The Labour Court at Bombay heard both the applications together and by a combined order dated September 26, 1951, held that since the Management had not compelled any one to accept any work, their action could not be considered ari illegal lock- out. At the same time, it held that the workers did not create a situation amounting to an illegal strike. The result of these findings was the negation of the grant of the prayers contained in the respective appli cations, but in addition the court declared that the action of the Management was an illegal change and, therefore, the notice whereby the experiment was attempted to be tried, should be withdrawn. The workers were content with the outcome of their application but the Management ha.;,ing been aggrieved by the declaration that their action amounted to an 'illegal change' filed an appeal before the Labour Appellate Tribunal at Bombay (Appeal No. 293 of 1951) upon which the learned Judges of the Labour Appellate Tribunal took the view that the strike by the workmen was illegal. They also concluded that there was no lockout on the part of the Management. That being the case, the order of the Labour Court declaring that there was an illegal change was set aside with the declaration that the strike in question was illegal with the necessary con sequences. In order to get the said- order of the Labour Ap pellate Tribunal quashed, an application for a writ • ~ .• .... - • - - S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS ' 943 of certiorari under Arts. 226 and 227 of the Constitu- tion was filed by the two of the workers before the , R High Court of Bombay where Chagla C.J. and Dixit J., took the view that since the decision of the Appel- late Tribunal was erroneous, the same should be quashed, with the result that the ·decision of the Tukaram Piraji Labour Court was upheld. It is this judgment that is under appeal before us as a result of the certificate Govinda Menon J. granted by the High Court of Bombay. 8 ;:t~raz°P;:; Mills v. Masale 7956 h d . A reading of the relevant portions of the statute is necessary to find out whether the order appealed against is justified or not. The Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946 was enacted to regulate the rela tions of employer and employees, to make provisions for the settlement of industrial disputes and to pro vide for certain other purposes. This statute repealetl the Bombay Trade Disputes Conciliation Act, 1934 and the Bombay Industrial Disputes Act, 1938. Section 3(8) defines "change" as meaning an altera tion in an industrial matter and sub-s. (15) contains a definition of 'illegal change' as meaning an illegal change within the meaning of sub-ss. (4) & (5) of s. 46 which are in the following terms:- " (1) ............................................... . (2) ............................................... . (3) ............................................... . (4) Any change made in contravention of the provisions of sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) shall be illegal. (5) ]'ailure to carry out the terms of any settle ment, award (registered agreement or effective order or decision of a Wage Board), (a Labour Court or the Industrial Court affecting industrial matters) shall be deemed to be an illegal change". Section 42 which speaks of change may also be quoted so far as it is relevant for our purpose:- " (1) Any employer intending to effect any change in respect of an industrial matter specified in Schedule II shall give notice of such intention in the prescribed form to the representative of employees. He shall send a copy of such notice to the Chief Conciliator, the Conciliator for the industry concerned for the {)44 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1956) 1956 Raja Bahadur Motilal Poona Mills v. Tukaram Piraji Ma sale local area, the Registrar, the Labour Officer and such . other person as m .. y be prescribed. He shall also affix a copy of such notice at a conspicuous place on the premises where the employees affected by the change are employed for work and at such other place as may be directed by the Chief Conciliator in any particular case. Govinda Menon J. " 'Industrial matter' has also been defined in the Act in s. 3(18) in the following words: " 'Industrial matter' means any matter relating to employment, work, wages, hours of work, privi leges, rights or duties of employers or employees, or the mode, terms and conditions of employment, and includes:- ( a) all matters pertaining to the relationship between employers and employees, or to the dismissal or non-employment of any person; (b) all matters pertaining to the demarcation of functions of any employees or classes of employees; (c) all matters pertaining to any right or claim under or in respect of "()r concerning a registered agreemerit or a submission, settlement or award made under this Act; (d) all questions of what is fair and right in relation to any industrial matter having regard to the interest of the person immediately concerned and of the community as a whole;". Schedule II, para 4 mentions "rationalization or other efficiency system of work" and therefore when any such rationalization is introduced, it is obliga tory upon the employer to give notice of such an in tention in the prescribed form to the representatives of the employees. We may also refer to s. 3(35-A) defining 'stoppage' in the following terms:- " 'Stoppage' means a total or partial cessation of work by the employee in an industry acting in combination or a concerted refusal or a refusal under a common understanding of employees to continue to work or to accept work, whether such cessation or refusal is or is not in consequence of an industrial dispute;". -• • ,. - S.C.lt. SUPltEME COUltT REPORTS 945 Sub-section (36) defines 'strike' as follows:- " 'Strike' means a total or partial cessation of work by the employees in an industry acting in com bination or a concerted refusal or a refusal under a common understanding of employees to continue to work or to accept work, where such cessation or • refusal is in consequence of an industrial dispute". 1956 Raja Bahadt1r Motilal Poona Mills v. Tttkaratn Piraji Masnl.: Chapter XIV of the statute concerns itself with illegal strikes and lockouts of which s. 97 deals with illegal strikes, whereas s. 98 deals with an illegal lock out. According to s. 97(1)(c), a strike shall be illegal if it is commenced or continued only for the reason that the employer has not carried out the provisions of any standing order or made "an illegal change". Govinda Menon J. - ' ' In considering whether the strike in question was illegal, the learned Judges of the High Court )lave expressed the opinion that there is a common law right for an employee to stop work and that it is only by statutory prohibition that certain strikes have been made illegal in the interest of labour relations. In the present case since there had been no 'illegal change" effected by the employer, the High Court took the view that on the very finding of the Appel- late Tribunal that the change was a legal change, the strike in question did not come within the ambit of s. 97. Learned counsel for the appellant has pressed two arguments before us with regard to the construction of s. 97(1)( c) of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946. His first argument is that the High Court was in error when it held that there was any such right as a common law right of an employee to go on strike ._""' and s. 97 constituted an inroad on that right. Learned counsel has submitted that under s. 97(l)(c) a strike shall be illegal if it is commenced or continued only for the reason that the employer has not carried out the provisions of any standing order or has made an illegal change; if a st.rike is illegal when it is com menced or continued only for the reason that the em ployer has made an illegal change, a fortiori it must be illegal when it is commenced or continued for a legal change. The contention of learned counsel is 128 ... • • 946 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1956] 1956 Raja Bahadur MotitatPoona Mills v. Tukaram Piraji Masate that by necessary implication cl. (c) condemns a strike which is commenced or continued for a change which is not illegal. The second argument of learned counsel is that the true scope and effect of cl. (c) is this: the word 'only' occurring in the clause goes with the word 'reason', and if the strike is commenced or continued for the only reason that the employer has made an Govinda Me,onJ. illegal change, it shall be illegal. The test is not whe ther there was a legal or illegal change in fact but what was the reason for which the employees went on/strike, and if the employees commenced or conti nued a strike only for the reason that the employer had made an illegal change, the strike would be illegal within the express terms of the clause. In our opinion it 'is unnecessary to decide in this case whether the first argument of learned counsel for the appellant is correct or not; because we are clearly of the opinion that the second argument with regard to the construction of s. 97 ( 1) ( c) is correct and should prevail. In this c'ase the workmen themselves came to court with the plea that the action of the employer amounted to an illegal change. In their application to the Labour Court, they said: "That for the above-mentioned reasons it is prayed that this Honourable Court be pleased to declare the said lock out by the opponent Mills as illegal being in con travention of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, and the opponent be ordered to withdraw the said illegal change". It is obvious, therefore, that the workmen in this case struck work only for the reason that the change or experiment made by the appellant employer was an iflegal change. The action of the workmen, therefore, came within the express terms of s. 97(1)(c) of the Act. The learned Chief Justice did not consider this aspect of the case, and reached a conclusion with regard to the legality of the strike on a reasoning which did not give full effect to the words used ins. 97(1)(c). In our view, the true test was to find out the reason for which the strike was com menced or continued, and it was unnecessary to con sider or decide whether there was a common law right of the workmen to go on strike or whether the work- 1956 Raja Bahadur Motilal Poona Mills v. Tukaram Piraji Ma sale Govinda MenonJ. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 947 men had the right to go on strike as a means of col lective bargaining against a change which they did not like. Mr. Gokhale appearing for the workmen has taken us through the different provisions of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946, and has contended that the workmen have the right to go on strike as a means of collective bargaining against any measure adopted by the employer which the workmen may consider to be detrimental to their interests, provided the strike does not come within the prohibited ambit of s. 97. Even assuming that Mr. Gokhale is right in his contention, it is clear to us that if the wol"kmen commence or continue a strike for the only reason that the employer has made an illegal change, they come within the express terms of s. 97 (1) ( c). It is immaterial whether the change is subsequently found by the Labour Court to be a legal change. It is worthy of note that there is a separate provision for imposing a penalty on an employer who makes an illegal change. The relevant consideration, however, with regard to s. 97(1)(c) is the reason fo:t which the strike is commenced or continued. That reason in this particular case is clear enough. The workmen them selves said that they commenced and continued the strike because the employ~r had made an illegal change. That being the position, the strike was illegal within the express terms of s. 97(1)(c) of the Act. We are, therefore, of the opinion that, on a proper interpretation of s. 97(1)(c) of the Act, the strike which was commenced and continued from September 6, to September 26, 1951, was clearly illegal. The appeal is, accordingly, allowed and the order of the High Court dated July 2, 1953, is set aside. The result, therefore, is that the order of the Labour Appellate Court dated September 4, 1952, stands, with the declaration that the strike in question was illegal with its usual consequences. In this case, the appellant had agreed, while asking for a certificate from the Bombay High Court for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court, to pay the taxed costs of the respondents in one set. Learned • - 948 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1956] 1956 Raja Bahadu,. Motilal Poona Mills v. Tukaram Piraji Ma sale Govinda Menon J, counsel for the appellant himself has drawn our atten tion to the agreement. In view of that it is n9t necessary for us to decide in this case whether it was open to the Bombay High Court to pass any order about costs in this Court while granting a certificate of fitness under Art. 133(l)(c) of the Constitution, and we direct that the appellant should pay to the respon dents the costs of this appeal in one set and bear its own·costs thereof. Appeal allowed. 1956 November 1. DW ARKA DASS BHATIA v. THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR. - [JAGANNADHADAS, B.P. SINHA and J&FER IMAM JJ] Preventive Detention-Grounds based on alleged illicit smtigglina of three categories of essential goods to Pakistnn-Two categories found not to be essential goods-Whether order of detrntion bad Jammu and Kashmir Preventive Detention Act, Wll, ss. 8(2) and 12(1). The petitioner was detained by virtue of an order of detention passed by the District Magistrate, Jammu, under s. 3(2) of the Ja.mmu and Kashmir Preventive Detention Act, 2011 and tbat order was'confirmed and continued by an order passed by the Government of the State of Jammu and K"shmir under s. 12(1) of the Act after taking the opinion of the Advisory Board. The order recited tl!at it was necessary to detain the petitioner vdth a view to preventing him from acting in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community and was based on the ground of alleged illicit smuggling by the petitioner of essential goods such as shaffon cloth, zari and mercury to Pakistan. It was found that shaffon cloth and znri were not essential goods. It was not established that the smuggling attributed to the petitioner was substantially only of mercury or that the smuggling as regards shaffon cloth· and zari was of an inconsequential nature. Held, that the order was bad and must be quashed. The sub· jective satif:;faction of the detaining authority must be properly based on all the reasons on which it purports to be based. If some out of those reasons are found to be non-existent or irrelevant, the Court cannot predicate what tbe subjective satisfaction of the authority would have been on the exclusion of those rea&ons. To '-