SUPREME cotrR~ 1 REPOR'l'S v. THE STATE OF BIHAR AND ANO'I'HER

On the ·30th December, 1949, a bill entitled the Bihar Land Reforms Bill was passed by the Bihar r~egislature and having been reserved for the consider ation of the President received bis assent on the 11th September, 1950. 'l'be Act so passed and assented to was published in the Bibar Gazette on the 25th September, 1950, and was brought into force on the same day by a notification made by the State Govern ment in exercise of powers conferred on it by section 1(3) of the Act. Many of the proprietors and tenure took proceedings holders against the State of Bihar for appropriate orders restraining the State Government from taking over the estates under the provisions of the Act which they claimed to be beyond the legislatiye competency of the Bihar Legislature and otherwise void. On the 12th March, 1951, a Special Bench of the Patna High Court held that the Act was unconstitutional on account of its contravention of article 14 of the Constitution. The State of Bihar appealed to this Court. Pending that appeal, the provisional Parlia ment passed the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. The respondents in the main appeal took proceedings in this invalid. This Act amending the Constitution w11s .Court, contending 1968 Motipur Za1nindari Oo. Ltd. v. The Stato of Bihar and Another. Da.s J. [1953] • 722 SUPREME COURT REPORTS Court, however, on 5th October, 1951, upheld the amending Act. On 6th the validity of November, 1951, notifications were issued under section 3 of the Bihar Act declaring that certain Touzies belonging to the appellants specified in the notification had passed to and become vested in the State. Both the appellants made separate applications to the Patna High Court under article 226 of the Constitution praying for mandamus or suitable direc· tion or' order restraining the respondent from taking possession of their respective estates or tenures by virtue of the said notifioations and for other ancillary reliefs. The appeals filed by the State of Bi bar against the order of the Special Bench declaring the Act to be void came up for hearing before this Court and this Court upheld the validity of the Act, except as to a few provisions mentioned in the majority judg· ment which were held to be severable. Thereafter, the two applications made by the two appellants under article 226 before the Patna High Court came up for bearing and were dismissed by a Bench of that Court on the 22nd December, 1952. The present appeals have been filed with leave of the Patna High Court against the said dismissal. The question raised before the High Court was whether the Act was, on its true construction, intended to apply to Zamindari estates of companies incorpor· ated under the Indian Companies Act. In support of the appellants' contention that it was not, it was urged- that the Bibar Legislature bad no authority to legislate with respect to trading corporations or non-trading corporations· whose objects were not confined to one State. Reference was made to entries 43, 4411.nd 45 of List I to show that it was Parliament alone which was authorized to make law with respect to matters set forth in those entries. 'rbe contention was that the Bibar Legislature in enacting the Act invaded the Union field and so the Act was invalid. '.11 bis argument was sought to be reinforced by reference to the provisions of t,)ie Act and the winding up provisions of the Companies Act. The Patna. High .. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 723 1958 Motipur Zamindari Co. Ltd. v. The State of Bihar and A not her. Das J, Court overruled this contention and Mr. P.R. Das appearing these appeals has not challenged this part of the decision of the Patna High Court. in support of · tenure-holder have passed The main point urged by Mr. P.R. Das is that even if the Bihar Legislature could make a law for acquir incorporated companies ing Zamindari estates of it did not, by the Act, in fact do so. Section 3 autho rises the State Government to declare by notifica tion that the estates or tenures of a proprietor to and become vested in the State. It will be recalled that it was under this section that the State Government on the 6th November, 1951, issued thenotificationswith respect to the estates of the appellants situate within the State. Mr. P. R. Das's principal contention is that the appellant companies do not come within the terms "proprietor" or "tenure- holder" as defined by the Act and consequently no part of their estates were intended to be vested or did in fact vest in the State. "Proprietor" -is defined by section 2(o) as meaning a person holding in trust or owning for his own benefit an estate or a part of an estate and includes the heirs and successors-in-interest of a proprietor and, where a proprietor is a minor or of unsound mind or an idiot, his guardian, committee or other legal curator. Tenure-holder is defined by section 2 (r} as meaning a person who has acquired from a proprietor or from any tenure-holder a right to hold land etc. The argument is that the word "person" in the two definit'1ons referred to above does not, in the context of the Act, include a company. It is conceded that under section 4(40) of the B1har General Clauses Act the word "person" would ordinarily iuclude a com pany, but it is urged by Mr. P.R. Das that the definitions given in that section apply only where there is nothing repugnant in the subject or context. His contention is that the definition of "proprietor" and "tenure holder" indicates that a company which owns Zamin daries is not covered by that definition. We are unable to accept this contention. It is not disputed 9t 1958 Moti1n1,r Za1nindar·i Go, Ltd. v. The State of Bihar and Another. Das J, 7'24 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] is pointed out that a company can own an estate or a part of an estate and, indeed, the appellant companies are fight ing these appeals only to protect the estates they own. Therefore, they CO!lle within the first part of the definition. The definition after stating what the word means proceeds to state what else the defini tion would include under certain specified circum stances, namely, the heirs and successor-in-interest etc. The word "heir" certainly is inappropriate with regard to a company, but there is nothing inappro priate in the comp:rny having a successor in-interest. It is no provision in the definition of proprietor to include the directors, managing agents and, in case of winding up, the liquidator of the company. This circumstance does not appear to us to be a cogent reason for holdfog that the word "proprietor" as defined does not cover a It is to be noted that the agent or, in case company. of insolvency, the official assignee or receiver of an individual proprietor are alw not included in the definition. Reference to proprietor who is a minor or of unsound mind or an idiot and his guardian etc., was obviously necessary because those proprietors suffer from legal disabilities. the acts therem referred to. M~. P.H. Das refers us to various sections and rules framed under section 43 of the Act to show that only natural persons were intended to be affected by the Act, because, he urges, the company is not com petent to do It is not disputed by Mr. P. R. Das that there is no difficulty on the part of an incorporated company to do all these acts by its directors or managing agents or other officers empowered in that behalf by its articles of association, but his contention is that tbe provi.'>ions of the Indian Companies Act should not be imported into the consideration of the provisions of hiK Act. He relies prim~rily on the case of PharnMl'eutical Society v. The London and Provincial Snpply Associa tion, Limited(') where it was held that a corporation ('! (1880) L.R. 5 App. Cas. 857. .. 1958 Motipur Zamind11ri Go. Ltd. v. Th• Stat• of Bih(l,·r a.nd Another. Da• J,

8.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPOitTS 72S did not come within the word "person" used in th~ Pharmacy Act, 1868 (31 & 32 Vic., Chapter 121). Reliance was placed upon the observations of Lord Selborne L.C. at page 863. 'The preamble to that Act recited, amongst other things, that it was "expe dient for the safety of the public &bat persons keeping open shop for the retailing, dispensing or compound ing of poisons, and persons known as chemists and druggists should possess a competent practical know ledge of their business." This clearly comtemplated • persons skilled in matters pharmaceutical and not impersonal corporate bodies which would know Indeed, nothing about that particular business. Ijord Blackburn in bis speech in the House of Lords in the Pharmaceutical Society's case(') referred to this preamble and observed at page 870 :- "Stopping there, it is quite plain that those who used that language were not thinking of corporations. A corporation may in one sense, for all substantial purposes of protecting the public, possess a competent knowledge of its business, if it employs competent directors, managers, and so forth. But it cannot possibly have a competent knowledge in itself. The metaphysical entity, the legal 'person', the corpora tion, cannot possibly have a competent knowledge. Nor, I think, Qan a corporation be supposed to be a 'person known as a chemist and druggist'." His Lordship then referred to the provisions of sections 1 and 15 of that Act and came to the conclu sion that the word "person" in that Act . meant a natural person. 'The effect of that case is that whether the word "person'' in a sLatute can be treated as including a corporation must depend on a consi deration of the object of the statute and of the enact ments passed with a vie\v to carry that object into effect. In view of the object of that Act as recited in the preamble there could be no manner of doubt that the word "person" in that Act could not possibly include a corporation. Lord Selborne towards the end of page 863 indicated, by reference to the 18th • (11 (1880) L.R. 5 App. Cas. s,57· 1958 Motipur Zamindart Co. Ltd. v. The State of Bihar a nil Another. Das J. 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] stiction, that the Legislature hy the word "person" referred only to individual persons as it was clearly repugnant to the subject of tha~ Act to include a corporation within the word "per.<on" as u~ed in that Act. Mr. 1'. R Das urges that the judgment of Lord Selborne was founded on the fact that the corporation could not come within the term "person" on the ground that it could not make an application in writing signed by it. From this Mr. P. R. Das urges that the necessary implication of this part of the judgment of Lord Selborne is that it was not permiss ible to take tbe provisions of tbe Companies Act into If that consideration for construing another Act. were the implication of the speech of Lord Selborne, with respect, we are unable to accept the same. Indeed, one cannot think of a company unless one has in view the provisions of tbe Companies Act, for a company is the creature of the Companies Act. Its existence, powers and rights are all regulated by that Act. 'fhe trend of the speeches of !·he noble Lords in the case relied on by Mr. P. R. Das is that the object of the particular Act uuder consideration was entirely repugnant to the word "corpora.tion" being included within the term "person" as used in that Act, it, that decision lays down and as we apprehend nothing beyond that. In support of his contention th~t a company owning an estate was never intended to be affected by the Act, Mr. P. R. Das draws our attention to the winding up sections of the Indian Companies Act and urges tha"t it is not possible to fit in the scheme of winding u·p into the scheme of the Bihar Act. If the Zamindari assets of the company are faken over and compensation is paid by non-transferable bonds it will, he contends, he impossible to a.pply the law of winding up in case the company goes into liquida '!.'here will, according to him, be conflict of tion. jurisdiction between the Court where the winding up is ptoceeding, which may conceivably be in another State, and the Bihr1t· Government and its officers. this contention. U pou a We see no S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPOR'fS 727 notification being issued under section 3, the Zamin dari estate will vest in the 8tate and the company will cease to have auy interest in it. Its only right will be to receive compensation. In case of winding up the liquidator will have to pursue the remedy provided by this Act. He or the company will be in no worse position than the official assignee or official receiver of an individual proprietor who may happen to become insolvent in another State. 1953 Motipu.r Zamindari Co. Ltd. v, The State of Bihrir and An.other. Das J, Finally, Mr. P.R. Das strongly relies on section 41 of the Act and contends that that section would be wholly inapplicable to a company and that circum stance by itself would indicate that the Bthar Legis lature did not intend that a company owning an estate should be governed by this Act. A corporation, it is true, cannot be made liable for treason, felony or any misdemeanour involving personal violence or for any offence for which the ouly penalty is imprison ment or corporal punishment. (Halobury, 2nd J!;di tion, Volume IX, article 5, p. 14). Section 41 dot!s not prescribe punishment by imprisonment only. Mr. P. R. Das suggests that the infliction of imprison ment or fine would depend upon the gravity of the offence and not on the character of the o·ffender. This argument, however, would seem to run counter to the opinion of Lord Blackburn set forth at pages 869-870 of the report of the vary case relied on by Mr. P. R. Das. The reeent cases of Director of Public Prosecutions v. Kent and Sussex Contractors Limited( 1 ) and Rex v. I.C.R. Haulage, Limited and Another( 2 ) seem to indicate that a corporation may be con victed even of an offence requiring an act of will or a state of mind. Apart, however, from the consi deration whether a company may be held guil~y of wilful failure or neglect, as to which we need not express any definite opinion on this occasion, there can be no difficulty in applying the provisions of section 41 to the officers or agents of the company. On.a notification under section 3(1) being published the estate vests in the State. Section 4 sets out the (r) [I9H] l K.B. 146. (2) [r9HJ l K.B. 551. 1958 Motipur Zamindrtri Co. Ltd. v. Th• St•te of Bihar and Another. Das J. 728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953) consequences of such vesting. Clause (g) of that section empowers the Collector by written order serv ed in the prescribed manner to require any person in possession of such an estate or tenure or any part thereof to give up possession of the same by a date specified in the order and to take such steps or nse such, force as may be necessary for securing com If any officer or agent pli:.noe with the said order. of the company in the possession of the estate wilfully fails or ignores to comply with snob lawful order, then surely he can be proceeded against under section 41. Likewise, under section 40, the officers therein mentioned are authorized at any time before or after the date of vesting by a written order served in the prescribed manner to require a proprietor or tenure holder or any other person in possession of such an estate or tenure or any agents or employees of such proprietor, tenure-holder or other person to produce at a time and place specified in the order such docu ments, papers or regiiters or to furnish such informa tion relating to such estate or tenure as such officer may from time to time require for any of the purposes of this Act. A wiliul failure or neglect to comply with such o~der would clearly bring the recalcitrant officer or agent of the company within the penalty provided under section 41. Section 41. therefore, does not neces sarily preclude Lhe application of the Act to in corporated companies. It cannot be denied that a company is competent to own and bold property. 'fhe whole object of the impugned Act is thus stated by Mahajan J. in the State of Bihar v. Kameshwar Singh\ 1 ) : "Now it is obvious that 0oncentration of big blocks of land in the hands of a few individuals is contrary to the principle on which the Constitution of [ndia is based .. The purpose of the acquisition contemplated by the impugned Act therefore is to do away with the concentration of big blocks of land and means of production in the hands of a few individuals and to so distribute the ownership and contro! of the (1) [1952] S.C.R. 889 at p. 941. 1958 Motipur Za1nindari Co. Ltd. v. Tho State of Bihar and Another. • S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 729 material resources which come in the hands of the State as to subserve the common good as best as possible. Iu other words, shortly put, the purpose behind the Act is to bring about a reform in the land distribution system of Bihar for the general benefit 'of the community as advised." In view of this purpose there is no reason to differentiate between au individual prnprietor and a company which owns egtates or tenures. Indeed, there is not only nothing repugnant in the. subject or context of the Act which should prevent the inclu sion of a company owning estate within the definition of "proprietor", such inclusion is necessary iu order to give full effect to the very object of the Act. In Appeal No. 63 of 1953 Mr. P.R. Das raises an additional point. namely, that the appellant company in that appeal owns estates which are situate in Purnea in the district of Bibar and in Maida in tbe district of West Bengal but it bas to pay a single Government revenue at Purnea. It is further alleged that the appellant company h:i.s let out portion" of the estates on Patni leases, e:i.ch of the Patnis com prising land situate both within and out, ide Bihar. The acquisition of that part of the estate which is situate in Bihar has made it difficult, if not impossible, for the appellant company to pay its revenue or recover its rent. That part of the estate which is in Bihar cannot be severed frnm the rest and therefore the notification covering only the portion of the estate situate in Bihar is invalid. We do not think there is any substance in this argument. As stated by the High Court it is a simple case of apportionment of the revenue and also apportionment of the rent. The necessity for such apportionment cannot possibly affect the validity of the notification. For reasons stated above these appeals fail and must be dismissed with co>.ts. Appeals dismissed. Agent for the appellants: R. R. Biswas. Agent for the respondents: G. H. Rajadhyaksha,