Lodhi v. NaNnadabai

Appeal from the Judgment and Order dated the 19th March, 1951, of the High Court of Judicature at ' l030 siJ:PREME coun:r REPORTS [1953j 19;3 . - ~~~'0':;/0 re v. o. Bombay in Appeal No. 95 of 1950 aiising from the . Order dated the 28th August, 1950, of the said High 8'"/::i;9 Court exercising its Ordinary Original Civil J urisdic- · tion in Civil Miscellaneous No. 2 of 1950. James Oluuiwick and Bros. Ltd. the appellants. Bishan Narain (Sri Narain Andley with him) for 11:!. G. Setalvad, Attorney-General for Indi.a, and G. K. Daphtary, Solicitor. General for India (J. B. Dadachanji, with them) for the respondents. Registrar of 'l'rade JYJarlcs in person.

#1953. May 7. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MAHAJAN J.-This is an appeal on a certificate under section lO!J( c ), Civil Procedure Code, from the judgment of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay reversing the judgment of Mr. Justice S. C. Shah in Civil Miscellaneous No. 2 of 1950 and restoring the order of the Registrar of 'l'ra.de Marks refusing to register the appellants' trade mark. 'l'he two questions that were canvassed before us and that fall for our determination are (1) whether the judgment of Mr. Justice Shah was subjeut to appeal under clause 15 of the Lettern Patent of the Bombay High Court and (2) whether Mr. Justice Shah was right in interfering w[th the discretion exercised by tho Registrar in refusing registration of the appellants' mark. · 'l'he relevant facts shortly stnted are these. 'l'he appellants are a limited liability compnny incor porated under the Indian Companies Act, 1913, having their registered office at Chidambaram, South Arcot District, in the Province of Mndras and carrying on the business of manufacturing cotton sewing thread. 'l'he respondents are also a limited liability company registered under tlw English Companies Act. They have their registered office at Eagley Mills, Bolton, (England) where they manufacture sewing thread. One of the trade marks used by them on such thread consists of the device of an Eagle with S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1031 I 1953 outspread wings known as "Eagle Mark". This mark . -;-s . was first advertised in the Calcutta Exchange Gazette N of 5th ,June, 1896. Since then sewing thread bearing T~;:::; 00. ''J:i~~g this mark is being regularly imported into and sold in the Indian markets on an extensive scale. v. Jamea Chadwick · Ronncl about the year 1940 the appellants started and Bros. Ltd, selling cotton sewing thread under a mark consisting Mahajan J. of the device of a bird with wings folly spread out perched on a cylinder of cotton sewing thread, with the words " Eagle Brand " and the name of the appellant company printed on the mark. The res- the mark, upon which the pondents objected to appellants substituted the words "Vulture Br1tnd" in the place of the words " Eagle Brand". Thereafter in the year 1942 the appellants applied to the Registrar of Trade Marks, Bombay, for registration of their amended mark as a trade mark, in class 23, in respect of cotton sewing thread claiming the mark had been in use by them since the year 1939. Though on the objection of the respondents the appellants had named the Eagle in their mark a "Vulture" in every other respect the mark remained unchanged. The respondents grievance started a passing off action in the Dist.rid, Court of South Arcot against the appellants. That action failed on the ground that the evidence offered on their behalf was meagre and they failed in proving that there was any probability of purchasers exercising ordinary caution being deceived defendants' goods under the impression that they were the plaintiff's goods. The result was that the grievance of the respondents remained unredressed. in buying redress As above stated, in 1942, the appellants made an application to the Registrar of Trade Marks at Bombay for the registration of their mark "Vulture Brand" under the Trade Marks Act, 1940. The respondents gave notice of their opposition to that application under section 15(2), Rule 30, of the Trade Marks Act, 1940. By his order dated 2nd September, 1949, the Registrar of Trade Marks allowed the res pondents' opposition and rejected the application ' 1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] 1953 v. made by the appellants. He came to the conclusion National-Sewing that the appellants' mark so nearly resembled ~he Thread 0 0 • LUI. mark of the respondents as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion. He further held James Chadwick describe the mark of the appellants as " Vulture and Bros. Ltd. Brand " when the device was that of an eagle Mahajan J. was misleading and liable to cause confusion. The appellants preferred an appeal against the order of the Registrar to the High Court of Bombay as permit ted by the provisions of section 76 of the Trade Marks Act. Mr. Justice Shah allowed the appeal, set aside the order of the Registrar and directed the Registrar to register the mark of the appellants as a trade mark. From the judgment of Mr. Justice Shah an appeal was preferred by the respondents under clause 15 of the Letters Patent of the Bombay High Court. The appeal was allowed and the order of the Registrar was res tored with costs throughout. Hence this appeal. In our judgment both the questions canvassed in this appeal admit of an easy answer in sp:te of a num ber of hurdles and difficulties suggested during the arguments. It is not disputed that the decision of Mr. Justice Shah does constitute a judgment within the meaning of clause 15 of the Letters Patent. That being so his judgment was subject to a.ppeal under that clause, the material part of which relevant to this enquiry is :- "And We do further ordain that an appeal shall lie to the said High Court of Judicature at Bombay from the judgment of one Judge of the said High Court or one Judge of any Division Court, pursuant to section 108 of the Government of India Act." It was said thaithe provisions of this clause could not be attracted to an appeal preferred to the High Court under section 7() of the Trade Marks Act and further that the clause would have no application in a case, where the judgment could not be said to have been delivered pursuant to section 108 of the Government of India Act, 1915. Both these objections in our opinion are not well-founded. Section 76 ( 1) provides; , S.O.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1033 "Save as otherwise expressly provided in the Act 1953 . d . . t 1 G f th R e . • 1 atrnna Sewing eg1s- Thread 00. Ltd. t f en ra ove~nmen , rom any ec1s10n o an appeal shal!'lie, within the period prescribed by the N C trar under this Act or the rules made thereunder to the High Court having the jurisdiction." v. Jame• Chadwick The Trade Marks Act does not provide or lay down and Bros. Ltd. any procedure for the future conduct or career of that Mahajan J, appeal in the High Court, indeed section 77 of the Act provides that the High Court can if it likes make rules in the matter. Obviously after the appeal had reached the High Court it has to be determined according to the rules of practice and procedure of that Court and in accordance with the provisions of the charter under which that Court is constituted and which confers on it power in respect to the method and manner of exercising that jurisdic- tion. The rule is well settled that when a statute directs that an appeal shall lie to a Court already established, then that appeal must be regulated by the practice and procedure of that Court. This rule was very succinctly stated by Viscount Haldane L.C. in National Telephone Go., Ltd. v. Postmaster-General (1 ), in these terms :- "When a question is stated to be referred to an established Court without more, it, in my opinion, im ports that the ordinary incidents of the procedure of that Court are to attach, and also t.hat any general right of appeal from its decision likewise attaches." The same view was expressed by their Lordships of the Privy Council in R.M.A.R.A. Adaikappa Chettiar v. Ra. Chandrasekhara Thevar ('), wherein it was said:- "Vi'here a legal right is in dispute and the ordinary Courts of the country are seized of such dispute the Courts are governed by the ordinary rules of pro cedure applicable thereto and an appeal lies if autho rised by such rules, notwithstanding that the legal right claimed arises under a special statute which does not, in terms confer a right of appeal." (1) (1913] A.C. 546. J.J4 (z) (1947) 74 I,A. 264, ' 1034 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] 1953 Again in Secretary of State for India. v. Chellikani . -,-s . Rama Rao ('), when dealing with the case under the J d h' ,or s tps o iserve ewing Madr h . t elf A F d J · as follows:- n iona N t Tlmad co. Ltd. v. James Chadwick and Bros. Ltd. 1\.fahajan .J. "It was contended on behalf of the appellant that all further proceedings in Courts in India or by way of appeal were incompetent, these being excluded by the In their Lordships' terms of the statute just quoted. opinion this objection is not well-founded. Their view is that when proceedings of this character reach the District Court, that Court is appealed to as one of the ordinary Courts of the country, with regard to whose procedure, orders, and decrees the ordinary rules of the Civil Procedure Code apply." Though the facts of the cases laying down the above rule were not exactly similar to the facts of the present case, the principle enunciated therein is one of general application and has an apposite application to the facts and circumstances of the present case. Section 76 of the Trade Marks Act confers a right of appeal to the High Court and says nothing more about it. That being so, the High Court being seized as such of the appellate jurisdiction conferred by section 76 it has to exercise that jurisdiction in the same manner as it exercises its other appellate jurisdiction and when such jurisdiction is exercised by a single Judge, his iudg ment becomes subject to appeal under clause 15 of the Letters Patent there being nothing to the contrary in the Trade Marks Act. The objection that Mr. Justice Shah's judgment having been delivered on an appeal under section 76 of the Trade Marks Act could not be said to have been delivered pursuant to section 108 of the Government of India Act is also without force and seems to have been based on a very narrow and limited construction of that section and on an erroneous view of its true intent and purpose. Section 108 of the Government of India Act, 1915, provides :- " Each High Court may by it~ own rules provide as it thinks fit for the exercise, by one or more ~fudges, or by division courts constituted by two or more Judges \1) (1916) l.L.R. 39 Mad. 617. , 1953 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1035 of the High Court, of the original and appellate juris- diction vested in the Court." , National Sewing 'Ihe scct10n is an enablmg enactment and confers Thread oa. Ltd. , . v. the argument power on the High Courts of making rules for the exercise of their jurisdiction by single Judges or byJames Chadwick division courts. The power conferred by the sec- and Bros. Ltd. tion is not circumscribed in any manner whatever Maha.fan J. and the nature of the power is such that it had to be conferred by the use of words of the widest amplitude. There could be no particular purpose or object while conferring the power in limiting it qua the jurisdiction already possessed by the High Court, when in the other provisions of the Government of India Act it was contemplated that the existing juris- diction was subject to the legislative power of the Governor-General and the jurisdiction conferred on the High Court was liable to be enlarged, modified and curtailed by the Legislature from time. It is thus difficult to accept the power vested in the High Court under sub- section ( 1) of section 108 was a limited one, and could only be exercised in respect to such jurisdic- the High Court possessed on the date tion as when the Act of 1915 came into force. The words of the sub-section "vested in the court" cannot be read as meaning "now vested in the court". It is a well-known rule of construction that when a power is conferred by a statute that power may be exercised from time to time when occasion arises unless a con- trary intention appears. This rule has been given statutory recognition in section 32 of the Interpreta- tion Act. The purpose of the reference to section 108 in clause 15 of the Letters Patent was to incor- porate that power in the charter of the Court itself, and not to make it moribund at that stage and make it rigid and inflexible. We are therefore of the opinion that section 108 of the Government of India Act, 1915, conferred power on the High Court which tlmt Court could exercise from time to time with reference to its jurisdiction whether existing at the coming into force of the Government of India Act, 1915, or whether con- ferred on it by any subsequent legislation. ' l036 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] 8 v. . d t' 1953 . . . - l f th Mahajan J. ~. "' ationa Thread co. Ltd. an o e enactmen o I s prov1s10ns m sec 10n It was argued that simultaneously with the repeal . of section 108 of the Government of India Act, 1915, t f "t 223 of the Government of India Act of 1935 and later on James Chadwick in article 225 of the Constitution of India, there had not been any corresponding amendment of clause 15 and Bros. Ltd. of the Letters Patent and the reference to section 108 in clause 15 of the Letters Patent could not therefore taken as relating to these provisions, and, that being so, the High Court had no power to make rules in 1940 when the 'I'rade Marks Act was enacted under the repealed section and the decision of Mr. Justice Shah therefore could not be said to have been given pursuant to section 108. This objection also in our opinion is not well-founded as it overlooks the fact that the power that was conferred on the High Court by section 108 still subsists, and it has not been affected in any manner whatever either by the Govern ment of India Act, 1935, or by the new Constitution. On the other hand it has been kept alive and reaffirmed with great vigour by these statutes. The High Courts ~till enjoy the same unfettered power as they enjoyed under section 108 of the Government of India Act, 1915, of making rnles and providing whether an appeal has tu be heard by one Judge or more Judges or by Division Courts consisting of two or more Judges of the High Court. It is im material by what label or nomenclature that power is described in the different statutes or in the Letters Patent. The power is there and continues to be there and can be exercised in the same manner as it could be exercised when it was originally conferred. As a matter of history the power was not conferred for the first time by section 108 of the Government of India Act, 1915. It had already been conferred by section 13 of the Indian High Courts Act of 1861. We are further of the opinion that the High Court was right in the view that reference in clause 15 to section 108 should be read as a reference to the corresponding provisions of the 1935 Act and the Constitution. The canon of con struction of statutes enunciated in section 38 of the I S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS . 1037 0 • 1963 rea v. Interpretation ·Act and reiterated with some modifica- tions in section 8 of the General Clauses Act is one of general application where statutes or Acts have to be N;,~ion~ 08"~ng construed and there is no reasonable ground for hold- td. ing that that rule of construction should not be applied James Chadwick in construing the charters of the different High Courts. and Bros. Ltd. These charters were granted under statutory powers and are subject to the legislative power of the Indian Mahajan J. LPgislature. Assuming however, but not conceding, that strictly speaking the provisions of the Interpreta- tion Act and the General Clauses Act do not for any reason apply, we see no justification for holding that the principles of construction enunciated in those pro- visions have no application charters. For the reasons given above we hold that the High Court was perfectly justified in overruling that an the preliminary objection and in holding appeal was competent judgment of Mr. Justice Shah under clause 15 of the Letters Patent. for construing Reliance was placed by the appellants in tho High Court and before us on the decision of the High Court of Judicature of Calcutta in Indian Electric Works v. ) wherein a contrary view Registra.r of Trade 2ll arks( 1 was expressed. judgment delivered in After a full consideration of the very elaborate and exhaustive that case by both the learned Judges of the Bench that heard the appeal and with great respect we think that that case was wrongly decided and the decision is based on too narrow ancl restricted a construction of section 108 of tho Government of India Act, 1915, and that in that decision full effect has not been given to the true intent and purpose of clause 44 of the Letters Patent. Both tho learned Judges there took the view that the authority given by. section 108(1) of the 1915 statute to make rules for the exorcise by one or more Judges of the Court's appellate jurisdiction was limited to the jurisdiction then vested in the Court by section (1) A.LR. 1947 Cal. 49· ' ' 1038 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l953J v. l f A 1953 d b Mahaja1~ J. . ·1· t' · 8 ewing 1 . - - N 1 . ationa TMead co. Ltd: re ate to Jlmsc lC 10n con erre 106 (1) of the Act and by clause 16 of the Letters . Patent. It was held that such rules thus could not f' y an ct passec a ter the commencement of the 1915 statute nor to an ap Jaines Chadwick peal heard by the Court pursuant to such an Act, since and Bros. Ltd. the jurisdiction to hear such appeal having been con ferred by the particular Act could not be said to have been conferred upon, or vested in, the Court by section 106(1) and by clause lG of the Letters Patent. This argu ment suffers from a two-fold defect. In the first place it does not take into consideration the other provisions of the Government of India Act, 1915, particularly the provision contained in sections 65 and 72. By section 65(1) of the Government of India Act, 1915, the Gover nor-General in Legislative Council was given power to make laws for all persons, for all courts, and for all places and things, within British India. By section 72 he was also given power for promulgating ordinances in cases of emergency. By the Charter Act of 1915 therefore the High Court possessed all the jurisdiction that it had at the commencement of the Act and could also exercise all such jurisdiction that would be con ferred upon it from time to time by the Legislative power conferred by that Act. Reference to the provi sions of section !) of the Indian High Courts Act of 1861 which section 106 (1) of the Government of Inditi Act, 1915, replaced makes this proposition quite clear. In express terms section 9 made the jurisdiction of tlie High Courts subject to the legislative powers of the Governor-General in Legislative Council. Section lOG only conferred on the High Court " jurisdiction and power to make rules for regulating the practice of the court, as were vested in them by Letters Patent, and subject to the provisions of any such Letters Patent, all such jurisdiction, powers and authority as were vested in those comts at the commencement of the Act. " The words "subject to the legislative powers of the Governor-General" used in section 9 of the Charter Act of 1861 were omitted from the section, because of the wide power conferred on the Governor-General by sec tion 65 of the Government of India Act, 1915. The S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1039 ' 1993 , . , , jurisdiction couferred on the High Courts from the very inception was all the time liable to and subject to N t. -l-" 'ng a iona oewi , It 1s therefore Thread co. Ltd. alterat10n by appropnate leg1slat10n. not right to say that section 108 (1) of the Govern- ment of India Act, 1915, empowered the High Courts to James Chadwick make rules only concerning the jurisdiction that those and Rroa. Ltd. courts exercised when that Act was passed ; on the Mahajan J. other hand power was also conferred on them to make rules in respect of all jurisdiction then enjoyed or with which they may be vested hereafter. v. Clause 16 of the Letters Patent on which reliance was placed by the learned Judges of the Calcutta Court is in these terms :- " The High Court shall be a Court of appeal from the civil Courts of Bengal and from all other Courts subject to its superintendence and shall exercise appellate jurisdiction in such cases as are subject to appeal to the said High Court by virtue of any laws or regulations now in force." This clause is also subject to the legislative power of the appropriate Legislature as provided in clause 44 of the Letters Patent. This clause is in these terms: "The provisions of the Letters Patent are subject to the Governor-General in the legislative powers of Legislative Council." That being so the last words of the clause "now in force " on which emphasis was placed in Calcutta judgment lose all their importance, and do not materially affect the point. The true intent and purpose of clause 44 of the Letters Patent was to supplement the provisions of clause 16 and other clauses of the Letters Patent. By force of this clause appellate jurisdiction conferred by fresh legisla tion on the High Courts stands included within the appellate jurisdiction of the court conferred by the Letters Patent. A reference to clause 1.5 of the Letters Patent of 1861, which clause 16 replaced, fully sup ports this view. This clause included a provision to the following effect :- " or shall become subject to appeal to the said High Court by virtue of such laws and regulations ' 1040 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] 1953 relating to Civil Procedure as shall be hereafter made v. · 1 8 Mahajan J. · by the Governor in Council," . J.: attona N Thread c •. Ltd. in addition to the words" laws or regulations now in force". The words above cited were omitted from J:':i'8,~~-"1~:~k clause 16 of the late~ charter,~nd only th? worrls "laws or regulations now m force were rctamcd, because these words were incorporated in the Letters Patent and were made of general application as governing all the provisions thereof by a separate clause. The Judges who gave the Calcutta decision on the other hand in ferred from this change that the appellate jurisdiction of the High Court as specified in clause 16 was con fined only to the jurisdiction to hear appeals from the the civil Courts mentioned in that clause and appeals under Acts passed and regulations in force up to the In our opinion the learned Judges were year 1865. in error in thinking that the appellate jurisdiction possessed by the High Court under the Letters Patent of 1865 was narrower than the jurisdiction it possessed under clause 15 of the Letters Patent of 1861. What ever jurisdiction had been conferred on the High Court bv clause 15 of the Letters Patent of 1861 was incor porated in the Letters Patent of 1865 (as amended) and in the same measure and to the same extent by the provisions of clauses 16 and 44 of that charter. vVe are further of the opinion that the Calcutta deci sion is also erroneous when it expresses the view that the range and ambit of the power conferred on the High Court by section 108 of the Government of India Act of 1915 was limited by the provision of section 106 (1) of the Act or by the provisions of clause 16 of the Letters Patent. There is no justification for placing such a construction on the plain and unambiguous words of that section. Section 108 is an enactment by itself and is unrestricted in its scope, and covers a much wider field than is covered by section 106 of the Government of India Act. The only association it has with section 106 is that in sequence it follows that sec tion. It confers a power on the High Court to make rules in respect not only of the jurisdiction that it s.c.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1041 I enjoyed in 1915 but it also conferred power on it to make rules in respect of jurisdiction which may here- N . ational Sewing f a ter e con1erre on it y the enactments enacted by Thread 00 . Ltd: the Governor-General in Legislative Council. . b 1953 b d " . - v. On the line of thought adopted in the Calcutta deci-James Chadwick sion the learned Judges were forced to the conclusion and Bros. Ltd. which seems somewhat strange that the jurisdiction Maha.janJ. conferred by the Letters Patent on the Calcutta High Court is much more limited and restricted than has been conferred on some of the new High Courts in India Illustratively, Clause 11 of by their Letters Patent. the Letters Patent of Patna High Court issued in 1916 provides as follows:- "And We do further ordain that the High Court of Judicature at Patna shall be a Court of Appeal from · the Civil Courts of the Province of Bihar and Orissa and from all other Courts subject to its superintend ence, and shall exercise appellate jurisdiction in such cases as were, immediately before the date of the publi cation of these presents, subject to appeal to the High Court of Judicature at Fort \Villiam in Bengal by virtue of any law then in force, or as may after that date be declared subject to appeal to the High Court of Judi cutiire at Patna by any law made by competent legislative authority for India ". The Letters Patent of the Lahore High Court, the High Court of Rangoon and the Letters Patent of th@ Nagpur High Court also contain identical clauses. It is clear from these clauses that in respect of cases sub ject to appeal to these High Courts the civil appellate jurisdiction is flexible and elastic. Mr. Justice Das in the Calcutta decision under discussion took the view that omission of the words underlined in clause 11 appellate Calcutta High Court made the civil jurisdiction of that court under clause 16 as rigidly fixed, and that it could be exercised only over courts and only in respect of cases mentioned therein. When the attention of the learned Judge was drawn to the provisions of clause 44 of the Letters Patent he clause 16 of the Letters Patent of 135 ' 1042 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] 1 v. 1963 MahajanJ. was constrained to say that inflexibility had to a • -;:s . great extent been modified by preserving the powers N ;h~= 0/~;;a of Indian Legislative authority in section 9 of the High Courts Act, by the amended clause 44 of the James Oha:lwick Letters Patent and by section 223 of the 1935 Act. and Bro ... Ltd. The learned Judge however felt that there was still a difference of a vital character between the Letters Patent of the Calcutta High Court and of the newly constituted High Courts inasmuch as cases subsequ ently declared by any Indian enactment to be subject to appeal to the Calcutta High Court could not strict. jurisdiction ly speaking come within its appellate under clause 16 although the High Court exercised VvT e have not been appellate jurisdiction over these. able to appreciate this distinction and it seems to us it is based on some misapprehension as to the true intendment of clause 44 of the Letters Patent. The purpose and intent of clause 44 of the Letters Patent was to declare that in addition to the jurisdiction eonferred by clause 16 it would also exercise the appellate jurisdiction which from time to time would be conferred on it. by subsequent enactments. It is inconceivable that larger appellate jurisdiction and greater powers in the matter of making rules would have been conferred upon the newly constituted High Courts than upon the High Court of Calcutta. The words "pursuant to section 108 of the Government of India Act 1915" occurring in clause 15 of the Letters Patent do not in any way restrict the scope of the right of appeal conferred by that clause to appeals that come to the High Court under its appellate juris diction under clause 16 of the Letters Patent only. On the other hand we think that these rules have application to all appellate jurisdiction exercised by that court whether existing or conferred upon it by subsequent legislation. The learned Judges in the Calcutta case negatived the applicability of the principle enunciated in 1913 Appeal Cases 546 and applied by the Privy Council in several cases to the matter before them, on the following reasoning set out by Mr. Justice Das : - • S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPQR,TS 1043 "The incidents and powers attached to the Registrar 1963 v. d h (1) 1 . h G d . 1 . h ""t"'na uewing to w uc Thread co. Ltd. as a tribunal fall far short of those which were attached ,. . - l " 'b ·ur wara case to t e tn una !Il t e Sir George Rankin particularly and pointedly referred. Having regard to the plain language of clm18e 16, and Jumea Ohmlwick in the absence therein of like words which appear and Bros. Ltd. in the concluding portions of the corresponding Mahaja-n J. clauses of the Letters Patent of the other High Courts, to which I have already referred and which make their appellate jurisdiction flexible and elastic it is impossible to hold that section 76 of the Trade Marks Act has merely extended the appellate jurisdic- tion of this Court under clause lG by the addition of a new subject-matter of appeal so as to attract the general principle enunciated in 1913 Appeal Cases 546 ......... The truth is that the Trade Marks Act has created new rights, e.g., a right to get a trade mark registered and has given certain new advantages con- sequent upon such registration. It has created new Tribunals for its own purposes and it has conferred lt new appellate jurisdiction on this Court. It has authorised this Court to make rules regulating the conduct and procedure of the proceedings under the Act before it. This Court has framed separate set of rules accordingly. This very fact makes it impossible to attract the ordinary rules of procedure regarding appeals in this Court and indicates that an appeal under section 76 of the Act involves the exercise of a new appellate jurisdiction regulated by new rules". This reasoning in our opinion is faulty on a number of grounds. The first error lies in the assumption that the Gmdwara Act did not create new rights and did not create new appellate jurisdiction in the High Court which it did not possess before. The Uurdwara Act created peculiar rights in religious bodies and negatived the civil rights of large bodies of JVIahants .and other persons. Such rights were unknown before in civil law. The High Court as an established court of record was constituted a court of appeal from the decisions of the Gurdwara Tribunal. The principle enunciated in 1913 Appeal Cases 546 was applied by (I) 63 I.A. 180. ' • 1044 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] 0 · v. k 1953 · · "th t · Mahajan J. Sir George Rankin to appeals heard by the High Court . . -- . under its newly created appellate juristliction, and we t l'iatwnal Sewing Th ad 0 Ltd spea w1 great respec , m our opm10n, very correc - · ly. We have not been able to appreciate the special James Chadwick peculiarities of the rights created by the Trade Marks and Bros. Ltd. Act which place the appellate jurisdiction conferred on the High Court by section 76 on a ddferent level from the jurisdiction created by the special provi sions of the Gurdwara Act.· The rights created by the Trade Marks Act are civil rights for the protection of persons carrying on trade under marks which have acquired Registrar a tribunal for safeguarding these rights and for giving effoct to the rights created by the Act, and the High Court as such without more hP~s been given appellate juriodiction over the decisions of this tribu nal. It is not easy to understand on wha.t grounds it can be said that the High Court while exercising this appellate jurisdiction has to exercise it in a manner jurisdiction. It different from its other appellate seems to us that this is merely an addition of a new subject matter of appeal to the appellate jurisdiction already exercised by the High Court. reputation. The statute creates The second error lies in the assumption that the appellate jurisdiction exercised by the High Court of Calcutta is much more limited than that possessed by the other High Courts. The matter has been discuss ed at length in an earlier part of this judgment. We have also not been able to appreciate emphasis laid to negative the applicability of clause 15 of the Letters Patent by reference to the provisions of section 77 of the Act. The provisions of that sec tion are merely enabling provisions and, as already pointed out, it is open to the High Court to make use of them or not as it likes. There is nothing in the provisions of that section which debars the High Court from hearing appeals under section 76 of ths Trade Marks Act according to the rules under which all other appeals are heard, or from framing rules for the exercise of that jurisdiction under section 108 of the Government of India Act, 1915, for hearing those , s.c.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1045 • h 1g t en 'd th Id h ·H· h C h at t e t our wou 1953 --- National Sewing ave no Threa.d Oo. Ltd. appeals by single judges or by division benches. Even if section 77 had not been enacted it could not b e . sat power to make rules for the hearmg of appeals under section 76. There are a number of legislative enactments Jamea Chadwick which have conferred appellate jurisdiction on the and Bros. Ltd. High Court without more and the High Court exercises appellate jurisdiction conferred by these enactments Mahajan J. by framing its own rules under the ·powers it already possesses under its different charters and under the various statutes which have conferred power on it. v. It was suggested that the reasoning of the High Court is supported by the rule laid down in Secretary of State v. Jt!ask and Co.(1). In our opinion that rule has neither any relevancy in this case nor is it in any manner in conflict with the rule laid down in 1913 Appeal Uases 546 or in the later Privy Council deci sions above referred to. There, by section 188 of the Sea Customs Act the jurisdiction of the civil courts was excluded, and an order made by the Collector on an appeal from an order of the Assistant Collector was made final. A suit was filed to challenge the order of the Collector on the ground that the fimility declared by section 188 was no bar to such a suit in a civil court. That contention was negatived on the ground that when a liability not existing in common law is created by a stajj!tte which at the same time gives a special and particular remedy for enforcing it, with respect to that class it has always been held that the party must adopt the form of remedy given by the statute. The Trade Marks Act has not created any special forum for the hearing of an appeal as had been ereated by the Sea Customs Act. On the other hand, the Trade Marks Act has conferred appellate :Further, jurisdiction on an established court of law. the Sea Customs Act had made the order of the Col lector passed on an appeal final. There is no such provision in the Trade Marks Act. It has only declared that an appeal shall lie to the High Court from tho order of the Registrar and has said nothing more about it. Clearly, thereforn, to this case the rule (I) 67 I.A. 222 I • 1046 SUPREME COU11T REPORTS [1953) ws.J . - l enunciated in 1913 Appeal Cases 546 had application, . and the rule stated in irl ask' s case (1) had no bearing at-tona N Thread Go. Ltd. on this pomt. etJJing 8 . . v. As regards the merits of the case we are in entire James Chadwick agreement with the decision of the High Court and and BrM. Ltd. with the reasons given in that decision. The relevant Mahajan J. part of section 8 of the Trade Marks Act is in these terms : "No trade mark nor part of a trade mark shall be registered which consists of, or contains, any scanda lous design, or any matter the use of which would by reason of its being likely to deceive or to cause confusion or otherwise, be clisentitled to protection in a court of justice". Under this section an application made to register a trade mark which is likely to deceive or to cause con fusion has to be refused notwithstanding the fact that the mark might have no identity or close resemblance with any other trade mark. The Registrar has to come to a conclusion on this point independently of making any comparison of the mark with any other registered trade mark.. What the Registrar has to see is whether looking at the circumstances of the case a particular trade mark. is likely to deceive or to cause confusion. The principles of law appWi:able to such cases are well-settled. 'l'he burden of proving that the trade mark which a person seeks to register is not likely to deceive or to cause confusion is upon the applicant. It is for him to satisfy the Registrar that his trade mark does not fall within the prohibition of section 8 and therefore it should be registered. Moreover, in deciding whether a particular trade mark is likely to deceive or cause confusion that duty is not discharged by arriving at the result by merely comparing it with the trade mark which is already registered and whose proprietor is offering opposition to the registration of the mark.. The real question to decide in such cases is to see as to how a purchaser, who must be looked upon as an average man of ordinary intelligence, would _react to a (1) 67 I.A. 222. s.c.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1047 • particular trade mark, what association he would form by looking at the trade mark, and in what respect heN . - ati.ona he would be purchasing. . ewin~ connect the trade mark with the goods whwh Thread 00. Ltd. Id I953 1 8 . . v. So far as the present case is concerned the goods sold Jamea Chadwick under the respondents' trade mark are well-known and and Bros. Ltd. are commonly asked for as "Eagley" or "Eagle", and Ma;;;,;;;n J. the particular feature of the trade mark of the respond- ents by which the goods are identified and which is associated in the mind of the purchaser is the repre- sentation of an E<igle appearing in the trade mark. If the trade mark conveys the i\].ea of an Eagle and if an unwary purchaser is likely to accept the goods of the appellants as answering the requisition for Eagle goods, then undoubtedly the appellants' trade mark is one which would be likely to deceive or cause confu- It is clear to us that the bird in the appellants' sion. trade mark is likely to be mistaken by an average man of ordinary intelligence as an Eagle and if he asked for Eagle goods and he got goods bearing this trade mark of the appellants it is not likely that he would reject them by saying that this cannot ho an Eagle. Two years prior to the application for registration, the respond- ents described this particular bird an Eagle and called their brand Eagle Brand, The same bird was later on described by them a vulture and the explanation offered was that they so described owing to an honest arid bona .fide mistake. We have no hesitation in holding that the appellants' camouflaging an Eagle into a vulture by calling it such is likely to cause con- fusion. Whatever else may be said about the bird in the appellants' trade mark, it certainly does not repre- sent a vulture or look like a vulture of any form or shape. \Vhat has been named by the plaintiffs as a vulture is really an eagle seated in a different posture. That being so, the High Court was perfectly right in the view that Mr. Justice Shah was in error in interfering with tho discretion possessed and exercised by the Registrar, and that the appellants had failed to dis- charge the onus that rested heavily on them to prove that the trade mark which they wantecl the Registrar • 1048 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] 1953 to register was not likely to deceive or cause confu- • National~ewinf sion. Thread oo. Ltd. v. 8 ' 0 Mahajan J. The learned counsel for the appellants contended that the question whether his clients' trade mark was James Chadwick likely to deceive or cause confusion had been concluded "· Ltd. by the earlier judgment of the Madras High Court in the passing off action and already referred to in an early part of the judgment. It is quite clear that the onus in a passing off action rests on the plaintiff to prove whether there is likelihood of the defendant's goods being passed off as the goods of the plaintiff. It was not denied that the general get up of the a pp el· !ants' trade mark is different from the general get up of the respondents' trade mark. That being so, it was held by the Madras High Court in the passing off action that on the meagre material placed on record by the plaintiffs they had failed to prove that the defendants' goods could be passed off as the goods of the plaintiffs. The considerations relevant in a passing off action are somewhat different than they are on an application made for registration of a mark under the Trade l\farks Act and that being so the decision of the Madras High Court referred to above could not be considered as relevant on the questions that the Regist rar had to decide under the provisions of the Act. For the reasons given above we are of the opinion that this appeal must fail and we accordingly dismiss it with costs. Appeal dism.issed. Agent for the appellants : R. A. Govind. Agent for the respondents : Rajinder Narain.